فهرست مطالب حجت حاتمی

A ritual is a certain chain of behaviors, whose characteristics are arrangement and repetitiveness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of performing rituals on increasing self-control, and to test the hypothesized mechanism of this effect, that is, increased self-discipline. In an experimental design, 111 female students of Islamic Azad University-Karaj branch, were randomly selected and assigned into three groups: ritual movements, non-ritual movements, and control. The ritual movements group performed movements that had sequence and repetitiveness, but the non-ritual movements group performed movements without these two features. Then, the three groups were asked to choose one for eating from cream bread and broccoli, and the selection of broccoli was indicator of higher self-control. Feelings of self-discipline were measured by four questions from Duckworth and Seligman (2005). Logistic regression analysis showed that participants who performed ritual movements, chose broccoli more than participants who did not perform any movement or just performed non-ritual movements. Moreover, mediation analyses showed that rituals have a positive effect on self-control through increased self-discipline.

  age is an  important risk factor for type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of resistance training on serum levels of selected cardiac biomarkers including hs-CTnI and GDF-15 in elderly diabetic men.

This research was an experimental study with a pretest-posttest design. For this purpose, 24 people were selected from among diabetic elderly men (Age: 71.7±6.6 years, weight: 74.1±13.5 kg, body mass index: 26.7±4.4 kg/m2) as research subjects and randomly divided into 2 groups of resistance training (12 people) and control (12 people). The training protocol was designed for eight weeks with three sessions per week, eight movements and each movement with 70% of one maximum repetition for the training group. The control group was also monitored in Kahrizak nursing home without any exercise to compare with the experimental group and to evaluate the effect of eight-week pre-test and post-test blood sampling time. Chemiluminescence and sandwich ELISA were used to measure serum levels of hs-CTnI and GDF-15, respectively. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

Serum hs-CTnI levels decreased significantly after eight weeks of resistance training (p=0.001). While, Serum GDF-15 levels did not show significant changes (p=0.71).

Resistance training leads to different outcomes of cardiac biomarkers in elderly diabetic men. However, our data confirm that resistance training may improve cardiac risk factors in elderly diabetic men.

When people want to make an emotional decision, they may avoid information that can make a rational decision stronger. With the aim of investigating information avoidance as a strategy to facilitate emotional decisions and in an experimental design, a call for participation in this study was sent to thirty thousand mobile phone subscribers in Tehran and Karaj and finally 383 people (149 men) with a mean age of 32 years participated in this research. First, participants were faced with rational and emotional choices, and then their information avoidance was measured. Participants were then randomly assigned to three groups and were given the same information they had avoided in three different ways. Finally, participants chose one of the two options and their desire for emotional choice was measured. Z Test and logistic regression analysis showed that most of the participants avoided information, but the same information affected their decisions, the participants who avoided information, chose more emotional choices, and the more the participants desire for emotional choice, the more their information avoidance. So, people avoid information to make emotional decision making easier.

The purpose of this study was to survey the relationship between organizational communications system and interpersonal conflict in physical education offices of Alborz province. The research methodology of this research was a descriptive and correlative and survey study. 55 of employees working in physical education offices of Alborz province were included in the sample which was randomly selected for this study. Researcher made questionnaire was used as investigation instrument. Reliability and validity of study instrument was confirmed through physical education experts and university professors’ opinions; the pilot study as well as its internal validity was found significant by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Descriptive statistics (f-frequency distribution, percenta -ge, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (Pearson correlation, t student Levenes) were used in the study. Results showed that there was opposite and significant relationship between organizational communications system and interpersonal conflict in these offices.

Exercises may alter the structure and function of the heart. Achieving the optimum performance of endurance activity depends creates compatibility in different body systems especially in the heart. The purpose of this study is to compare left ventricular structure of young taekwondo athletes’ men and non-athlete ones of Qazvin province.
In this descriptive-comparative study, 15 young and adult athletes are randomly selected and 15 non-athletes are selected by convenience sampling method. Echocardiograph machines Kontron with two-dimensional method, M- mode and Simpson measurement are used to investigate the left ventricular structure of the subject. Validity of Echocardiographic device is examined through a survey completed by cardiologist and reliability of the device is measured by the Pearson Correlation Coefficient P = 0.91. Data are analyzed using SPSS. 18.
The indexes of LVPWD, LVPWS, IVSD, IVSS and LVM (P = 0.001) of left ventricular of athletes are significantly higher than the one of non-athletes. But in the variables of LVEDV (P = 0.022) and LVESV (P = 0.023) there is no significant difference within two group.
The thickness of the walls and left ventricular mass of taekwondo athletes increased but dimensions did not change. Hence, it is suggested that coaches practice aerobic exercises and increase cardio respiratory fitness and left ventricular capacity such as taekwondo through annual examination of athlete's heart structure.

In this paper, the specific application of axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) machines as an in-wheel direct drive machine used in hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) is presented. Meanwhile a brief study of the merits and demerits of different structures for this type of machine, the most suitable structure for this application is introduced. The general design procedure and common methods for determining the parameters of the final design is presented. A new method to determine the design parameters, based on HEV velocity profiles, is proposed. Using the conventional and the proposed methods, different structures of AFPM are designed and performance analysis of them is done using finite element method. Characteristics of each AFPM are extracted and used in HEV model. The results show that, the overall efficiency of the hybrid car is improved using the electric car designed by the proposed method. Based on the results of the proposed design method, a sample of the AFPM is built and the obtained experimental results are compared with the analytical results.

The major aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of two teaching methods of traditional (common) and integrated for physical education on learning biology and developing social skills in male junior students. This study was semiexperimental which was conducted in Islamshahr city for 12 weeks. The statistical population consisted of 79 volunteer junior students who studied the second grade and 52 students were selected by an IQ test and were assigned to two groups of traditional (n=26) and integrated (n=26) purposively. During these three months, physical education and biology were taught by the common method (separately) for the traditional group while biology was integrated with physical education and taught for the integrated group. The data were analyzed using Wilcoxon test, U Mann Whitney test and t test. The results revealed a significant difference in learning biology between traditional and integrated groups at α<0.05. The t test results revealed a significant difference in the mean scores of impulsive behaviors between traditional and integrated groups at α<0.01, that is, the mean scores significantly decreased in the integrated method compared to the traditional method. Also, there was a significant difference in the mean scores of suitable social behaviors of subjects between integrated and traditional groups (α<0.001). In other words, mean scores of the students in the integrated group significantly increased compared to the traditional group.

It is possible that society and media attention to national athletes increase their narcissism. Based on this possibility، this study which was descriptive and field aimed at comparing narcissism between elite and non-elite athlete students and non-athlete students. The population consisted of students of physical education and sport sciences faculties of Tehran universities. 105 athlete students at national and regional levels from team sports (football، volleyball and basketball) (n=35) and individual sports (wrestling، Judo and track and field) (n=35) and non-athlete students (n=35) were selected by availability method as the sample of the study. Data were gathered by Narcissistic Personality Inventory (Raskin and Terry) and Eysenck personality questionnaire (EPQ) and analyzed by ANOVA and Newman-Keuls post hoc test. The results showed no significant difference between national athlete students and regional athlete students and non-athlete students in narcissism، nervousism and psychosism (P≤0. 05). But national athletes gained higher scores in extroversion compared with regional athlete students and non-athlete students (P≤0. 05).

This study compares visual and motor imagery in male blind and normal students of guidance schools in Tehran. Through a random and cluster sampling method, 60 students (30 blind students and 30 normal students) were recruited from schools in Tehran. In this study Vividness of Visual Imagery Questionnaire (VVIQ) and Vividness of Motor Imagery Questionnaire (VMIQ) were used. Independent t-student analysis revealed that there exists significant differences between visual imagery in blind and normal students. No significant difference was observed between motor imagery in blind and normal students and two group were at same level. Accordingly, we can suggest that blind persons have visual and motor imagery, but visual imagery in these persons is weaker than normal persons.