فهرست مطالب حسن حمدی

Management of agricultural operations in sugarcane fields should be informed by the accurate knowledge of sugarcane growth stages and phenology and is to be reviewed based on variety differences. Given the importance of emergence stage on the establishment of seedling and final quality and quantity of sugarcane yield and given the absence of respective information, a study was conducted to investigate the effect of different planting dates on the phenological characteristics of the seedling stage of sugarcane cultivars in the south of Khuzestan Province during 2016-17 and 2017-18.

The experiment was carried out as a randomized complete block design with three replications. In terms of growth period length, Very premature, Premature, and Semi mature cultivars included CP73-21, CP57-614 and CP69-1062. Planting dates were Aug. 11th, Aug. 23rd, Sep. 1st and Sep 11th. Planting operation was conducted manually and with 1/3 overlap of grafts. In order to prevent the negative effects brought about by the dispersion and non-uniformity of the experimental field and the special conditions of sugarcane cultivation, each cultivar was cultivated in a separate field and after sampling and the study of different traits, the statistical analysis of each cultivar was performed separately.

The results showed that sugarcane seedling was not affected by annual conditions and the interaction effect of annual conditions and planting dates. The significant differences of planting dates were observed at the beginning of emergence, its completion and rate of emergence and the number of leaves produced and their area. The fastest rate of the beginning and the completion of emergence was obtained in CP73-21, and on different planting dates, it was more permanent than other cultivars studied, while CP69-1062 had the slowest and more behavioral diversity of emergence on different planting dates. The cultivar CP73-21 did not produce good results in terms of leaf area, but the CP69-1062 cultivar was able to produce the highest level of leaf area due to the extra number of leaves and the mean value of a single leaf area. In addition, the best results were obtained in all characteristics in August, followed by September.

Based on the results, in order to achieve the best emergence of sugarcane buds, it is necessary to complete the cultivation of most of the fields within the first twenty days of the beginning of the planting season and priority should be given to cultivar CP69-1062 and then cultivars CP57-614 and CP73-21. Due to the differences between sugarcane cultivars, utilizing seedling stage growth data can lead to more scientific management of the crops in terms of the characteristics of each cultivar, which eventually leads to desirable yields.

Identify the indices of leaf growth and development and study of phyllochron in commercial cultivars of sugarcane with the aim of better management of agricultural practices is very important. A field experiment was conducted in Amir Kabir Agroindustry in the south of Khuzestan, Iran in 2015-16 in randomized complete block design with three replications. The sugarcane cultivars included; CP69-1062, CP57-614 and CP73-21. Results showed that phyllochron was influenced by the characteristics of the cultivars and the leaf emergence rate in the CP57-614 cultivar was maximum and CP69-1062 and CP73-21 cultivars were in the next rank, respectively. CP73-21, although had more growth and developmental stability, but was not equal in number and leaf area with other cultivars. Significant correlation observed between leaf area and active leaf number in sugarcane cultivars, but CP69-1062 had higher correlation coefficient than others. With temperature drop in autumn and winter, the growth and development of the leaves decreased and the highest sensitivity was observed in the CP57-614 cultivar. CP69-1062 produced the highest stem yield but in terms of quality characteristics, CP73-21 and CP57-614 cultivars were superior. Considering the differences in sugarcane cultivars, the use of information obtained from the growth stages and leaf development of sugarcane cultivars may lead to accurate management of field based on the characteristics of each cultivar and increase the productive use of inputs to produce optimal yield.

Environmental stresses are one of the main causes of severe yield reductions. Drought is still a serious agronomic problem and also one of the most important factors contributing to crop yield loss in arid and semi-arid areas in the world. Filter Cake is a byproduct of sugarcane industry and experiments on corn showed that the use of 20 tons per hectare Filter Cake increases crop productivity, total amount of dry matter, protein and forage yield compared with the control.
This experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the Ramin Agricultural University of Khuzestan in 2012. The experiment was done as a split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Drought stress at the end of the growth period in three levels, non-stress, mild and severe drought stress, respectively irrigated after 25, 50 and 75% depletion of available water, and was considered as the main factor. Drought stress was applied in early stage of the male inflorescence of plants to maturity for 35 days, due to the critical stage of the plant in late spring. Soil moisture was determined by gravimetric method. Different doses of Filter Cake (0, 10, 20 and 30 tons per hectare) were considered as subplot factor and was added to the soil two days before the seeding. The final harvest as green corn was performed in the first phase of dough by hand in three times and two midfields of each subplot was considered as the margin of half a meter for each side. Finally, the data were analyzed using SAS 9.1 and means were compared by Duncan’s multiple range test at probability level of 5%.
In non-stress conditions, Filter Cake is significantly increased plant height, So the amounts of 20 and 30 tons per hectare increased by 11.7% and 10.1% of the plant’s height, respectively, but the use of 10 tons of Filter Cake did not have a significant effect on it. In severe stress conditions, the use of different levels of Filter Cake significantly reduced the plant’s height. Although Mild stress did not have a significant effect on membrane stability index, severe drought stress reduced it about 17.5% compared with non-stress treatments. The osmotic potential in normal conditions was the highest, however, it was decreased with increasing stress. Therefore, in severe stress conditions and treatment without Filter Cake, osmotic potential was -1.71 MPa. Mild and severe drought stress significantly reduced soluble proteins of the leaf by 12.5% and 17.1%, respectively compared with the control. Application of 10 tons per hectare of Filter Cake had no significant effect on sodium ion concentration, but using 20 and 30 tons per hectare of Filter Cake increased the concentration by 39% and 44%, respectivelycompared with the control. The use of 10 tons of Filter Cake in non-stress conditions had no significant effect on Na, but using 20 and 30 tons per hectare of Filter Cake increased the amount of Na by 10% and 13.7%,, respectively compared with the control. In severe stress conditions, the use of 20 and 30 tons per hectare of Filter Cake decreased fresh weight yield by 9% and 14.5%,, respectively. Under non-stress conditions, the use of Filter Cake led to increased dry matter production. In severe stress conditions the use of 10 tons per hectare of Filter Cake did not have significant effects on biological yield, but application of 20 and 30 tons per hectare of Filter Cake decreased biological yield by19% and 23%, respectively compared with treatment without Filter Cake.
The results showed that: (1) Drought stress reduces the growth and yield of sweet corn and economic benefit in spring planting in Khuzestan province. (2) The use of Filter Cake through physical modification of the soil, causes uniformity of germination and early growth acceleration of product, and in non-stress conditions increases economic performance. (3) In drought stress conditions, the use of Filter Cake, due to high salinity and salt accumulation in the root zone, causes secondary oxidative stress and increases damage to cell membranes and reduces the economic benefit.
In order to investigate the effect of Filter Cake levels application on some morpho-physiological characteristics and ear yield of sweet corn (Zea mays var saccharata) under late drought stress condition, an experiment was conducted in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University, Khuzestan, at 2012. The experiment was arranged in split-plots design in RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) with three replications. Treatments of experiment were drought stress (irrigation after 25, 50 and 75% depletion of available water content) in main plots and filter cake (0, 10, 20 and 30 ton.ha-1) arranged in sub-plots. Results showed that the effect of drought stress significant on more traits and led to decrease of plant height, leaf area index (LAI), membrane stability index(MSI), leaf osmotic potential, soluble protein contents, ear and biological yield while effect of drought stress on shoot sodium concentration was not significant. The intensive drought stress led to decrease 21.7 and 27.3% ear and biological yield compared to control respectively. Application of filter cake on non-stress led to increase height of plant and ear and biological yield. But high levels of filter cake in intensive stress led to increase salinity and damage to cell membranes and reduce LAI and MSI and thus reduce economic performance. It also the amount of 30 ton.ha-1 of filter cake in intensive stress condition has been decrease ear and biological yield 18.7 and 23.3% compared to non-filter cake application respectively.

In order to evaluate the effect of sugarcane (Sacharum officinarum L.) filter muds and chemical and biological fertilizers application on macro- and micronutrient elements and some heavy metals (Pb and Cd) absorption by canola (Brassica napus L.) grains, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2012 in the Experimental Farm of Ramin (Mollasani) Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan, Iran. A complete blocks design was used for the experiment with three replications. Different integrated treatments of filter muds and chemical fertilizers (A1: 100% filter muds, A2: 75% filter muds + 25% chemical fertilizers, A3: 50% filter muds + 50% chemical fertilizers, A4: 25% filter muds + 75% chemical fertilizers and A5: 100% chemical fertilizers) along with two levels of biological fertilizers application (with and without biological fertilizers) were investigated. The biological fertilizers investigated in this study were Nitroxin and Barvar2. Application of filter muds led to decreases in nitrogen, phosphorus and Cd of canola seeds. On the other hand, increase of filter muds application led to increase of Zn, Cu, Fe and Pb content in canola seeds. Biological and chemical fertilizers application resulted in increases of nitrogen, phosphorus and cadmium contents in canola seeds. Biofertilizers also increased phosphorus and cadmium contents in canola seeds.

Sugarcane is one of the most important industrial plants. There are many ways to improve the agronomic traits of this plant, such as genetic engineering and gene transfer methods. These modern techniques depend on optimizing the regeneration of plants from callus tissue. In this study, we attempted to optimize all different stages of tissue culture for regenerating the plants from callus tissue derived from terminal roll lives of two commercial sugarcane cultivars, CP48-10 and CP69-1062. Two types of cutting were applied, ring cutting and half-cylinder cutting from roll leaves. Among these cutting types, ring cutting from the roll leaves gives better results. Using solid MS medium with 3 mg per liter 2,4-D could attain the maximum callus production. To produce shoots from callus, the hormone combination of 1 mg per liter BAP and 2 mg per liter Kinetin showed the best response. Seedlings produced in MS medium containing 5 mg per liter IBA, 1 mg per liter Kinetin and 3 mg per liter NAA accompanied by 3 g per liter activated charcoal rendered the most root production. In the treatments with activated charcoal, the regenerated seedlings had superiority for the traits, days to root emergence, root length and number of roots in plants.

In order to investigate the effect of Filter Cake application on some morpho-physiological characteristics and yield of sweet corn (Zea mays var saccharata) under different irrigation regimes، an experiment was conducted in Ramin Agriculture and Natural Resources University، Khuzestan، in 2012. The experiment was arranged in split-plot design in RCBD (Completely Randomized Block Design) with three replications. Treatments were drought stress (irrigation after 25، 50 and 75% depletion of available water content) in main plots and Filter Cake (0، 10، 20 and 30 tonha-1) arranged in sub-plots. Results showed that drought stress increased electrolyte leakage (EL) and proline content (PC) while height of plant، relative water content (RWC)، chlorophyll stability index and ear and grain yield were decreased. The intensive drought stress had the greatest effect on EL and PC (54% increase)، and decreased ear and grain yield by21 and 37% compared to control، respectively. Application of filter cake on non-stress condition increased height of plant and economic yield. But Filter Cake in intensive stress reduced RWC and yield and increased EL compared to control. Also، the application of 30 tonha-1 of Filter Cake in intensive stress condition decreased ear and grain yield by 14. 5 and 10. 7% respectively. Thus، positive effect of Filter Cake application was clear on non-stress condition، but on drought stress condition it decreased the economic yield.

In order to evaluate effect of sugarcane filter muds and chemical and biological fertilizers application on canola (Brassica napus L.) yield and some of soil properties, a factorial experiment was conducted in 2012 in experimental farm of Ramin (Mollasani) Agriculture and Natural Resources University of Khouzestan. A complete blocks design was used for the experiment with three replication. Different integrated treatments of filter muds and chemical fertilizers including A1: 100 % filter muds, A2: 75 % filter muds and 25 % chemical fertilizers, A3: 50 % filter muds and 50 % chemical fertilizers, A4: 25 % filter muds and 75 % chemical fertilizers and A5: 100 % chemical fertilizers was investigated as an experimental factor. Other experimental factor was biological fertilizers application (with and without biological fertilizers). The biological fertilizers investigated in this study was included nitroxin and barvar2. Application of filter muds had significant effects on canola yield, yield components, grain oil and protein contents. The soil organic matter and salinity also were affected by filter muds significantly. Highest canola grain yield was obtained by integration of filter muds and chemical fertilizers. Increase of filter muds caused to increase of grain oil content and decrease of nitrogen and nitrate content. On the other hand, increase of chemical fertilizers caused to increase of nitrate and nitrogen contents and decrease of oil content. In addition, increase of filter muds result in higher soil organic matter and salinity, simultaneously.

In order to evaluate the effect of integrated weed management on the yield quality and quantity of Sugarcane, variety CP69, a field experiment was conducted during 2009-2010 at the Argo-Industrial farm of Deabel-e-Khozaie located on the Southeast of Ahvaz. The research was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 3 replications, including 9 diferent control mathods in three groups (i.e. Chemical, Agronomical and Integrated) with three replications. The control methods were 1: the combination of Atrazin and Ametrin+2.4D by the ratio of 5kg and 2.5kg + 2litre; 2: The combination of E.P.T.C +Metribuzin by the ratio of 8litre +2kg. 3: The combination of Tebuteyouran + Atrazin and Ametrin + metribuzin by the ratio of 2liter + 2kg and 3kg + 2kg in the hectar, respectively (Chemical Control). 4: only Sugarcane leaves; 5: only cultivation; 6: The combination of Bagas and mud (Agronomical). 7: The integration of Atrazin and Sugarcane leaves. 8: The combination of E.P.T.C and cultivation; 9 The combination of Tebuteyouran + Atrazin by the ratio of 2liter + 2kg and mud + bagas, respectively (integrated methods). The yield quality and quantity and yield components of Sugarcane and the weed's status were calculated. Results showed that the highest Cane's diameter, weight of main stem, cane yield and sugar yield were obtained in integrated method, treatment No. 8 (including herbicide & cultivation). Also, the best sugar quality including sugar purity and polarity was obtained in this treatment (i.e. method No. 8). Inaddition, based on these results we found that integrated approches had a higher quality and quentity for sugarcane yield compared to other methods (i.e. chemical & agronomical methods). Therefore, for ideal weed management and reduction of herbicide use, the integrated herbicide with interrow cultivation was the best weed management method in sugarcane.

Sugarcane is a tropical plant and a member of the poaceae family which, despite its low tolerance to cultivation in chilly climates shows no resistance to planing them in subtropical region. In order to evaluate different management methods in sugarcane fields damaged by cooling and yield reduction, a completely randomized block design (RCBD) was carried out with 3 replications and the 4 treatments (CP 48-103 cultivar) in 2008-2009 in Amirkabir Sugar cane company in the south of Ahvaz. The treatments were cutting of plant residue (Base Cutting), burning, application of Cytokinins hormone, and control. The results showed that the treatments had no significant differences in stalks numbers while the treatments of hormones and Base Cutting were significant in height, and the Base Cutting treatment had a maximum height. The Base Cutting, Burning and hormones treatments had significant differences in chlorophyll rate of leaf blade. Qualitative properties such as Recoverable Sugar (R.S) marked no significant differences between other treatments. The sugarcane yield showed a significant difference, where the treatment of Base Cutting had highest yield, but in the case of sugar yield production there were no differences between the treatments. Control, cutting of plant residue, burning and application cytokinins hormone treatments yield were 55375, 57625,56562 and 49125 kg/ha cane and 4651, 4955, 4049 and 4092 kg/ha sugar, respectively. Results indicated that when chilling occurring injury, the suitable economic method is leaving the injured fields without any field practices.