فهرست مطالب حسن شریفی

During the summer of 2022, an infection appeared in siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) reared in raceway system of Fars province. 30 pieces of fish with clinical symptoms were collected from the ponds. Bacterial samples were cultured from kidney tissue of fish using brain heart infusion (BHI) agar according to standard method. Gram staining, biological and biochemical tests were performed on the bacteria isolated from the samples; In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed on SrDNA16 gene. Initial isolation of bacterial culture colonies and biological and biochemical tests on the isolated bacteria showed that the isolates corresponded to the genus Staphylococcus. The results of the PCR test on the SrDNA16 gene with specific primers with accession number MK348063 in the gene bank created a band of 1500 base pairs (bp). The results of the analysis showed that the sequences belonged to Staphylococcus epidermidis with 100.00% similarity. This is the first report of the isolation of Staphylococcus epidermidis species from Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) farmed in southwest Iran. It was concluded from this study that further studies are necessary to investigate the pathogenicity of these organisms and their effects on Siberian sturgeon and other strains of sturgeon.

In recent years, there has been a significant interest in lanthanum-based perovskites due . Lanthanum strontium manganite (LSMO) is one of the most well-known materials. In this research, the synthesis and investigation of the effect of oleic acid on the structural and magnetic properties of La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 nanoparticles by the combustion sol-gel method is discussed. The structural and magnetic properties of the prepared samples were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), magnetic properties analysis (VSM), and field emission electron microscopy (FESEM). In the XRD study, it was found that the crystal structure of the samples is hexagonal. Also, the average crystal size in the samples increased from 18 nm to about 33 nm as a result of adding oleic acid. The images obtained from FESEM show that the presence of oleic acid in the synthesis of nanoparticles caused it to affect the shape of the particles as a surface layer. Synthesized nanoparticles have a particle size between 20-100 nm, and with the increase of oleic acid, the particle size becomes more than 100 nm. FTIR spectroscopy revealed the effective bonding between LSMO nanoparticles and oleic acid, based on these results, it clearly shows the presence of oleic acid molecules on the surface of magnetic particles. In the investigation of magnetic properties, it was found that the presence of non-magnetic sodium oleate surface layer, which due to the addition of oleic acid on nanoparticles, the saturation magnetization value decreased from 38.55 emu/g to 28.46 emu/g.

Nanoparticles have brought significant advantages in a wide range of fields due to their unique size-dependent physical and chemical properties. In this research, the combustion solution method is used to make La0.7Sr0.3MnO3 (LSMO) nanoparticles. Then the nanoparticles are covered with polyethylene glycol polymer. Due to the presence of hydrophilic molecular chains and high flexibility, polyethylene glycol is one of the most ideal coating agents to increase the colloidal stability and biocompatibility of LSMO nanoparticles. Using X-ray diffraction (XRD), the crystal structure, nanoparticle size and nanoparticle composition of LSMO were investigated, and a hexagonal structure with a crystal size of 18.4 nm was observed. Field emission electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to investigate the shape and size distribution of nanoparticles. The images showed that most of the grains are spherical with uniform distribution and the grain size in the processed sample is between 20 and 60 nm. The behavior of nanoparticles was estimated as ferromagnetic using Vibrating Sample Magnetic Analysis (VSM) and the saturation magnetization value before and after nanoparticle coating is 24.8 (emu/g) and 23.6 (emu/g), respectively. FTIR spectroscopy showed effective bonding between LSMO nanoparticles before and after treatment with polyethylene glycol.

The root of trees is one of the most important living materials for stabilizing and reinforcing the cut and fill slopes of forest road. This study was conducted to investigate the tensile strength of tree species according to changes in lignin, cellulose and root extracts content.

Darabkola forest in the southeast of Sari-Iran was selected for this study. To determine the tensile strength of tree roots, root samples from tress including the beech, hornbeam, alder, Zelkova carpinifolia, Persian Ironwood and oak were collected by soil profile trenching method and then the test of tensile strength was performed. The amount of lignin, cellulose and ash for the roots of different tree species was also measured in the laboratory. One-way anova was used to compare the means of roots tensile strength and also multivariate analysis was used to classification of species based on cellulose, lignin, ash and other extracts content.

The results showed that in beech, alder and Persian Ironwood, the measured rates of lignin were higher than cellulose levels. While in the Zelkova carpinifolia, the amount of cellulose was higher than others parameters, in beech and alder species (with higher lignin rate) the means of tensile strength was recorded less than other species, and for oak and hornbeam with higher cellulose levels, tensile strength was recorded higher than other species. The results of multivariate analysis based on tensile strength and numerical values of root decomposition showed three groups with high adaptability percentage (alder-beech, hornbeam-Zelkova carpinifolia and Persian Ironwood-oak).

According to the results, investigating the amount of lignin and cellulose in roots of different species as well as discriminant analysis with consideration of different factors can be a scientific method to select best species for soil bioengineering projects.

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were synthesized by simultaneous doping of Zn0.98Cu0.02O with Ca2+, Mg2+, and Co2+ ions using the microemulsion method. The phase, crystallization, and particle size of samples were identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The formation of the desired phase was confirmed by, X-ray diffraction. Also, the infrared spectrum (Far-FTIR) was confirmed the existence of the wurtzite structure, according to the position of the bands in the range between 420 cm-1 to 250 cm-1. The vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to investigate the magnetic properties, which the presence of magnetic properties was indicated in the produced samples. Morphological and particle size was obtained by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The particle size of spherical zinc oxide samples was found in the nano range (15 ±3 nm). Differential reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) analysis was used to investigate the electrical properties and measure the bandgap energy. The bandgap of the Cu-ZnO sample was 2.7 eV. The bandgap energy was reduced by the substitution of dopants in zinc oxide samples. Co-doped Ca-Cu-ZnO has the lowest bandgap energy among samples, and, the bandgap of the Co-Cu-ZnO sample was around 2.5 eV, so that, this sample can be optimum concerning higher magnetic properties and haven’t any impurity in the XRD pattern.

In this study, the effect of various treatments with cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) and ZnO during papermaking and coating with these nanomaterials and polycaprolactone (PCL) on the barrier properties of the papers was investigated. The samples were studied by Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) devices. In this research, the nanomaterials and the polymer with the specified condition (4%, 6% NCC, 3% ZnO and 10% PCL) were added to the paper pulps during the papermaking and also as a coating agent. Cationic polyacrylamide used as a nanomaterials retention aid in the papermaking process. the results showed the barrier properties (water absorption, air permeability and grease absorption) of the treated papers were improved but the effect of NCC% increment was more clear in the enhancement of the barrier properties and the treated papers with the nanomaterials mixture had the best barrier properties.furthermore the barrier properties of the coated papers were enhanced with the nanomaterials addition and the NCC nanoparticles had the main role, also the mixture of nanomaterials and PCL had the best barrier properties. Also, the barrier properties of the coated papers were higher than the treated papers.

Crude oil is a toxic product for biological systems and is an important contaminant in the marine environment. So far, many methods have been used to clean up oil pollution in the seas, one of which is purification by a variety of adsorbents. In this study, wood lignocellulosic sorbents of poplar species in three forms of sawdust, straw, and wood chips and fibers in three forms of chemical, mechanical and recycled pulp were investigated for the cleanup of oil contamination from the water surface. Also, the effect of adsorbent weight, temperature, and crude oil concentration, each in three levels, were other variables in this study. The results of the studies showed that the absorption rate of crude by the six different adsorbents with different weights and temperatures had a significant difference. Also, the results showed that among the adsorbents, mechanical pulp having the absorption rate of 90.5% and wood chips having the absorption rate of 39% had the highest and the lowest amount of purification of crude oil from aqueous media.

The regular use of disinfectants in broiler farms is one of the main bases of the biosecurity. Disinfectants destroy the different disease agents that remained from the last breeding season. Hypochlorite is one of the most suitable disinfectants used in the poultry industry. Nowadays, resistant pathogens to disinfectants and antibiotics are growing worldwide, becoming a serious concern in the public health. Resistance factors are coded by different genes that are commonly present in the different gene cassettes like Integron1 that distribute resistance genes among bacteria. In the previous studies, the relationship between Integron1 and multidrug resistance genes also quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) resistance genes was clarified. Still, there is no study on the relationship of Integron1 and other disinfectants like Sodium hypochlorite resistance genes. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is one of the most important pathogens of poultry industry. In the present study, 100 isolates of E. coli from the cloak of healthy broilers and from pericarditis cases were studied. Presence of Integron1 gene cassette and orfF gene by Multiplex PCR was detected. Also, the amount of resistance to the Sodium hypochlorite by MIC method was measured. The results showed that there are no significant relationships between the Presence of Integron1 gene cassette and the resistance of the Sodium hypochlorite disinfectant (P<0.05). This result indicates that the genetic reserve and translocation of the resistance gene of Sodium hypochlorite are not related to the Integron1 gene cassette, which shows the need for more studies.

AbstractIn this study, the effect of various treatments with cellulose nanocrystals (NCC) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) on the resistance and optical properties of the handmade papers were investigated. The nanomaterials with a specific condition (NCC 4%, 6%, and ZnO 3%) were added to the paper pulp during the papermaking. Cationic polyacrylamide used as a nanomaterials preservative in the papermaking process. The experiments results showed that the resistance properties (tensile index, tear index and burst index) of the treated papers are increased and the effect of NCC% increment was clearer in the enhancement of the resistance properties. Also, the brightness of the treated papers was increased after nanomaterials loading and the effect of ZnO was clearer because of its structural property. The opacity of the treated papers was increased at the binary composition of nanomaterials in comparison with the control sample, but in single addition of the nanomaterials to the papers, ZnO had better function than NCC.

The aim of this paper was survey of the government's current and development expenditure impact on private consumption and investment in Iran economy. In this study, Factor Augmented Vector Autoregressive method was used on the base of seasonal data frequency in the period 1370-1394.The results showed that the government's current and development expenditure have a complementary effect on private consumer spending; but government expenditure in two current and development sectors has had a substitutional effect on private investment. According to the results, it is suggested that in order to boom and economic development in various economic sectors, the government deal with infrastructure expenditure and on the other hand, help by increasing private investment subject to no budget deficit increase.

The impact of the viscosity of the coating, sand grade, and vibration time was investigated on the exhaust of the gaseous products in the lost-foam casting of an A356 aluminum alloy. In this regard, a foam stepwise model with five different thicknesses was used. Three coatings of different viscosities (15, 20, and 25 Pas.sec), three grades of sand (20, 50, 80 AFS), and different vibration times (60, 90, 120, and 180 sec) were considered in the study. To analyze these parameters, their impact on the defects, porosities, and the surface roughness was evaluated. The results showed that the most important defects to be mentioned include being unable to completely fill the mold cavity, the increased porosity in the casting as a result of the excessively thick coating, and the compression of the sand (which blocks the porosities in the mold) due to the wrong choice of refractory coating, sand grade, and vibration time. A coating with a viscosity of 20 Pas.sec, along with 50 AFS grade sand, and a vibration time of 60 sec yielded the best result in terms of defects, porosity (3.7 %) and surface roughness (18 µm).

The results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have a significant impact on providing high-quality evidence-based nursing care. However, little is known about the quality of RCT reports in Iranian nursing journals. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of RCT reports published in nursing journal based on the CONSORT statement from 2011 to 2016.
This national cross-sectional study was conducted between May 2016 and October 2016. The study population consisted of all nursing trials indexed in domestic databases including Iranian Nursing Publications Index (nindex.ir), Magiran, Scientific Information Database (SID), as well as international databases including Pubmed and SCOPUS in a five-year period between March 2011 and March 2016. A sample of 150 papers was selected using stratified random sampling based on the inclusion criteria. The CONSORT checklist was used as the study main instrument.
The overall mean quality of trials based on CONSORT was 20.20 ± 3.87 (11-30). The mean of method and randomization section was 8.85 ± 1.85 (6-3); 50% of trials had an overall score less than 20, and the methodology score of 75% of trials was less than 10.
Based on the evidence-based pyramid, trials play an important role in the production of specialized knowledge in the fields of nursing practice, education and community. However, these trials must be not only properly designed and implemented, but reported in the standard form. The present study determined what parts of the reports of nursing trials need a critical attention. In addition, several solutions were offered to improve the quality of these reports

Among the main reasons for the theory-practice gap is a lack of adequate clinical staff training in information seeking as well as in critical appraisal skills for research findings. In this regard, the clinical nurse scholar model has been introduced for training and supervising nurses in the application of the best available evidence to improve the quality of nursing care. The aim of this study was to review resources about the clinical nurse scholar model and to introduce its dimensions and steps in ground evidence-based nursing education within the context of clinical nursing in Iran.
In this review, PubMed, SCOPUS, Google Scholar and SID databases were used. Articles published since 2005 in both Persian and English were searched.
The initial search by keyword ("clinical scholar" OR "clinical scholar model" OR "clinical nurse scholar model") and their Persian equivalents retrieved 2545 studies, which reduced to 9 related articles after screening for titles and abstracts. Topics, such as, the model, its components and process, model purposes, nurse characteristics in the model, implementation steps and the model application in clinical practice and education were discussed.
The clinical nurse scholar model is one of the most useful models available for the promotion of evidence-based nursing care and for the reduction of the theory-practice gap. Nursing graduates and clinical nurses can use this model for finding and critically assessing evidence, using evidence in day-to-day patient care and improving the quality of nursing care. They can integrate evidence-based practice and nursing education and consequently, reduce the theory-practice gap.

In this research, the microstructure and mechanical behavior of dissimilar joint of AISI 321 stainless steel to ASTM A57CL1 were studied. For this purpose, the GTAW process and ER 308L filler metal with diameter of 1.8 mm were used. In order to study the microstructure and fracture surface of weld samples, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. Also, the mechanical behavior of the joint was examined by impact, tension and microhardness tests. It was found that the microstructure of weld metal was austenite with skeletal ferrite. Also in some areas the lacy ferrite was seen. All samples were fractured from ASTM A537CL1 steel with a ductile manner during the tension test. The weld metal indicated high impact energy about 205 J.

To predict the nursing workforce needed to care for patients in hospital wards, the workload of nursing care should be specified. In this regards, clarifying the concept of "nurse workload" can expand professional contributions of nurses in the health care system. The aim of this study was to assess the multiple dimensions of nursing workload, define its characteristics and functions in nursing, and ultimately provide a conceptual definition of nursing workload.
Walker and Avant (2011) eight-step method of concept analyze was used for clarifying the concept of "nurse workload". Using “nursing” and “workload” keywords, electronic databases including Pubmed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, OVID, Persian Scientific Information Database (SID), Iranian Research Institute for Science and Technology (IranDOC) and MAGIRAN publication database were searched without time limit based on the inclusion criteria, and 8 studies included into review.
The nursing workload was defined and the five dimensions of this concept were determined. Workload dimensions were the amount of time, knowledge, skills and behavior (nursing competence); nursing intensity (direct patient care); physical activity; mental and emotional processes; and the ability of nurses to change the treatment plan during their shift. Nursing workload includes direct and indirect activities that nurses do on behalf of the patient. Workload was defined as the need for nursing care or nursing skilled to meet the caring needs of patients.
Nursing workload is amount of time and care that a nurse performs (directly or indirectly) to patients, work setting, and professional development. Therefore, the whole time of nursing that nurses need to perform in both of nursing and non-nursing activities should be considered in the nursing workload measurement. By understanding the nursing workload, nurse managers can take appropriate action to improve nurses working conditions. In addition, the fair distribution of the nurse's workload will maximize their productivity.

Austenitic stainless steel to carbon steel dissimilar joint is used in petrochemical, oil & gas and shipbuilding applications. In this study, the AC current and pulsed current was compare and the effect of current type on the microstructure and mechanical behavior of dissimilar joint of AISI 321 stainless steel to ASTM A57CL1 were studied. For this purpose, the GTAW process and ER 308L filler metal with diameter of 1.8 mm and argon protect gas were used. In order to study the microstructure and fracture surface of weld samples, optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used. In addition to investigate of mechanical properties of joint, the tensile, impact and hardness tests were used. The results showed that all samples were fractured from ASTM A537CL1 steel with a ductile manner during the tension test. In pulsed current technique the heat input decrease about 11 percent compare to continue current welding. The weld metal impact energy of pulsed and continues current were 200 J and 145 J respectively. The SEM micrographs of Charpy fracture surface of the weld metals were ductile manner but the dimples and Cavities of pulsed technique were finer than continues technique.

In this research, the production mechanism of VB-Co in situ nanocomposite powder from oxidized raw materials via mechanochemical method was studied. Regarding the adiabatic temperature of the chemical reaction, this reaction was occurred through self-progressive high-temperature synthesis or MSR. The mixed powder of raw materials (Co3O4, V2O5, B2O3 and Mg) were ground according to the stoichiometry reaction with the ratio (1:1:1:12) using a high-energy planetary ball mill in an argon atmosphere in different times where the weight ratio of powder to the bullet was 1:20. The produced composite powder was evaluated by the X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). After grinding for 15 minutes, a burning occurred in the mill and regarding the X-ray diffraction, the phases Co-VB-MgO-VO2-Mg3­(BO3)2 were generated. Increasing the time of re-grinding and after burning for 30 minutes, the unwanted phase of Mg3­(BO3)2 was decomposed, the remaining vanadium oxide restored and the final reaction fully occurred. Regarding the results of XRD and the X-ray map analyses, MgO, which was the by-product of this reaction, was removed completely from the produced powder by hydrochloric acid at a concentration of 9. As the TEM image shows the composite powder after the pickling process, the size of particles is around 20- 30 nm.

In thepresent research Zirconium diboride powder was synthesized by carbothermal activation (ZrO2+B2O3+C), borothermal activation (ZrO2+B4C), and a compound carbothermal- borothermal, i.e. borocarbothermal, activation (ZrO2+B4C+C) of different compositions at 1550°C for 3 h under argon atmosphere. XRD and SEM studies showed that the ZrB2 powder synthesized by carbothermal activation method has grown with a rod-like morphology. In addition, carbon impurity was observed in the ZrB2 powder. However, in the final product carbon appeared as an element which was omitted by heating at 500°C in an oxidation oven. The powder particles synthesized by this method are larger compared to those produced by other methods. Moreover, there is a lower possibility of sintering of the particles in this method. Synthesis by borothermal method, on the other hand, resulted in appearance of borate as impurity and the rod-like growth of ZrB2. The borate impurity was reduced by washing with ethanol. Synthesis by borocarbothermal route shows a lower amount of particles penetration compared to the borothermal method, which is due to the presence of carbon in the sample. Also, in borocarbothermal synthesis carbon was reduced from the system similar to the carbothermal method. A comparison between the abovementioned routes revealed that activation of borate carbide is a more appropriate method for synthesizing zirconium diboride powder compared to the other techniques.

In the present study, production of the composite nano powder of Co/VC by mechanochemical method from Co3O4, V2O5, and graphite as the starting materials with magnesium as the reduction agent was investigated. For this purpose, the materials powder mixture was milled in accordance with stoichiometric reaction in a high energy ball mill with the ball-to-powder ratio of 20:1 under argon atmosphere for different durations. After 10min of milling, combustion occurred and the XRD results indicated that magnesium has reduced vanadium and cobalt oxides (V2O5 and Co3O4) and has changed into magnesium oxide; also, graphite has reacted with the metallic vanadium to form vanadium carbide, which means that the reaction has been completed. Based on the adiabatic temperature of the reaction (Tad~ 3932.014), the reaction was identified as a mechanically inducted self-sustaining one or MSR. The crystallite sizes of vanadium carbide and cobalt calculated by the Williamson-Hall equation were 50 and 10nm, respectively. Finally, the magnesium oxide phase was deleted from the system via leaching process in 0.9% hydrochloric acid and the composite powder of Co/VC was obtained.

The objective of the present study was production of cobalt-vanadium carbide composite powder via mechanically-activated self-propagating high-temperature (MASHS) combustion synthesis from oxide materials with magnesium as the activating agent. Initially, thermodynamic behavior of the reaction was studied according to the stoichiometric equation with the molar ratio of (1:1:9:2) for vanadium oxide, cobaltoxide, magnesium, and graphite, respectively. Based on the enthalpy (3155047 j/mol) and the reaction adiabatic temperature (Tad~3932.014), the reaction is in the MSR mode. In order to activate the starting powder, high energy planetary ball mill under argon atmosphere was used for 5 min with powder-to-ball weight ratio of 1:20. Thermal behavior of the activated powder was investigated by differential thermal analysis (DTA). For the combustion synthesis reaction, the pills made from the milled powder mixture were placed in a tube furnace under argon atmosphere at 700°C for 10 min. The XRD results indicated that at this temperature, the powder mixture of the precursors is combusted and cobalt-vanadium carbide composite powder with the twophases of magnesium oxide/ (VC, V8C7) is formed.

Although Al/SiC composite has attracted much attention of the researchers، no due attention has been paid so far to its physical properties particularly its dimensional stability. Therefore، the objective of this research is to investigate the thermal-physical properties of these composites and the presented models of these properties. Initially، the Al/4%Cu alloy was prepared by mechanical alloying، and then the aluminum composite was synthesized with different percentages of silicon carbide (with different particle sizes). To characterize the composite hardness and density tests were performed. Thermal test on the Al-4%Cu/SiC composites revealed that with increase of volume fraction of SiC particles up to 25%، thermal expansion coefficient of the composite has decreased linearly، which indicates the presence of ceramic particles with very low thermal expansion coefficient in the composite. Also، these results reveal that with increase of temperature up to 500°C، thermal expansion coefficient has increased up to 20. 6 for the composite with 15% of reinforcement particles، although this increase is not linear. In order to investigate the effect of the reinforcement particles size on thermal expansion coefficient of the Al-4%Cu/SiC composite thermal tests were performed which indicated that the reinforcement particles size has no conspicuous effect on thermal expansion coefficient of the composite but causes a thermal strain of 0. 8% in the composite to some extent.

The objective of the present research is to investigate mechanical properties and wear behavior of the Al/vol%SiC (x) nanocomposite under various applied loads and different volume fractions (x= 0, 1, 3 and 5) of reinforcement nanoparticles of SiC. For this purpose, the samples were milled in a high energy ball mill for 1 h under argon atmosphere with powder to ball weight ration of 10:1. To investigate the effect of the applied load on wear behavior of the samples, wear test was performed under the loads of 3, 8 and 20 N at room temperature with sliding speed of 0.11 m/s and sliding distance of 1000 m. Results revealed that under the same applied loads, the composite samples have lower wear rate compared to the un-reinforced aluminum. Also, increase of volume fraction of the reinforcement particles decreases the amount of wear rate and friction coefficient of the composite samples, among which the Al-5vol%SiC sample shows these variations to a greater extent. SEM images revealed that under the load of 3 N, the dominant wear mechanism of the samples is the abrasive mode, and that with increase of the force this mechanism changes in to the adhesive mode for all the samples except Al-vol%SiC.

The wettability at the metal – ceramic interfaces is important in many applications، such as metal matrix composites (MMCs). The objective of the present paper is to study wetting phenomenon of aluminium base on reactios at interfacial. The effects of alloy elements such as Mg and the processing temperature on wettability were investigated theorically. The reactive wetting is governed not only by the interfacial reaction intensity،، but also by the physical and chemical properties of the resulting interface،. The calculated wetting contact angles from physical and chemical model are approximately in agreement with experimental values.