حسن کیوان

The extradition of criminals is considered as a part of criminal justice in legal systems, and its purpose is to execute justice for criminals who have escaped from the crime scene. The importance of this is that by using this method of diplomacy in international relations, the opportunity arises for governments, institutions, and people whose rights have been violated to get their rights in a fair way. At the same time, those who have committed crimes should be held accountable for their actions. Based on this, in this article, we intend to investigate police diplomacy in the process of extradition of criminals in international relations, and while evaluating the role of police diplomacy in the extradition of criminals, we will evaluate the influencing factors in this process and identify the existing challenges.

According to the nature and topic of the research, the analytical-descriptive study method has been used to compile this work, and an attempt has been made to analyze the topic in the framework of qualitative methodology.

The extradition of criminals is considered as a method to establish legal order in international relations and prevent chaos caused by crime and the escape of criminals. This issue has caused legal mechanisms to be foreseen in international relations to execute justice on criminals and restore order to different societies, in which the police institution is at the center. Despite accepting the need to extradite criminals to answer for their crimes, we witness the existence of differences and different interpretations regarding the issue and function of the issue of extraditing criminals, which has made police diplomacy ineffective in this field.

Energy geopolitics is a prominent sphere of competition that exerts a crucial and decisive influence on China's foreign policy. Within the diverse geographical regions of the world, the geopolitical domain encompassing the Persian Gulf has engendered substantial geopolitical pursuits among various actors due to its abundant reservoirs of oil and gas. In light of this circumstance, China, as a global hegemon, has delineated significant interests in this region for itself, deeming it necessary to augment and safeguard them all. In the context of this descriptive-analytical inquiry, the endeavor was made to scrutinize China's energy geopolitical interests and the objectives of this nation in protecting these interests, alongside the ramifications of geopolitical energy strategies in the Persian Gulf region on different actors, employing the approaches that govern the knowledge of political geography.

The establishment of collaboration among the nations situated in the Persian Gulf and China has emerged as the fundamental basis for the augmentation of China's economic and political sway in the region, thereby posing a threat to the national interests of the United States. The economic influence of China possesses the potential to render the competition between the two nations more intricate in the geopolitical dynamics. Consequently, within this process, any nation that can skillfully exploit the prevailing circumstances governing the rivalry between China and the United States through the utilization of multilateral diplomacy appears to be capable of reaping the utmost advantages for itself.

The study of energy geopolitics entails examining the role that energy plays in geopolitical dynamics and power competitions. The global economy and security place considerable importance and emphasis on energy, to the extent that it serves as an indicator of security levels. This significance applies to both oil-producing and oil-consuming countries, prompting them to carefully manage their situations to ensure they are not endangered by developments in global competition. The objective of this research is to investigate the geopolitical developments surrounding energy and their influence on Saudi Arabia's inclination to diversify its economic resources.

In the realm of energy geopolitics, nations reliant on fossil fuel consumption have shifted their focus towards substituting it with renewable sources as a means of mitigating the vulnerabilities stemming from their dependence on conventional fuels. However, the altered global energy consumption pattern and the emergence of renewable energy have introduced novel risks for fossil fuel producing countries within the domain of energy geopolitics, thereby jeopardizing their national interests. Consequently, countries with substantial crude oil production, such as Saudi Arabia, have initiated endeavors to align their economic strategies with these transformations through comprehensive analysis of prevailing circumstances and anticipation of future developments, ultimately safeguarding themselves against long-term perils.

The International Court of Justice is a part of the United Nations system, and as an international actor, it should pay attention to the developments in the political and social structure of the international community and the supremacy of some values ​​over the will of governments. This organization itself is actually a system that was created to ensure security and achieve permanent peace. International law, like domestic law, is not pre-arranged, the court cannot be binding, but the court has an essential role in ratifying laws, Therefore, the court derives the rule while not making a law. What was studied in this article is the breaking structure made by the court "in the case of military and paramilitary actions of the United States of America against Nicaragua".

The research method of this research is descriptive-analytical and library and internet sources were used to collect information.

In the case of Nicaragua, the court, in proving its opinion that the principle of prohibition of use of force and the principle of non-intervention are customary, cites and expresses several conventions. The 1944 Chicago Convention has emphasized the exclusive and complete sovereignty of a country over its airspace, and the 1958 Geneva Conventions on the Law of the Seas and the 1982 Monte Gobi Convention have also taken steps in this direction. Citing the above conventions, the court comes to the conclusion that "the provisions of the aforementioned conventions are merely a positive response to the established and previous principles of customary international law."