فهرست مطالب حسین اکبری

Laboratories, due to their large workforce, diverse sample types, and contamination by various pathogenic agents, are considered high-risk environments for the transmission and spread of numerous diseases. This study aimed to investigate bacterial and fungal contamination of laboratory equipment in the educational laboratories at Kashan University of Medical Sciences.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 2018 at Kashan University of Medical Sciences. A single consistent sampler performed a random sampling of 155 devices. After data collection, the frequency of microbial and fungal contamination was calculated for each laboratory and each piece of equipment. Frequency tables were constructed based on the type of bacteria or fungi and the colonies grown.

Among the 155 samples collected and cultured from laboratory equipment across various faculties, the highest percentage of contamination (83.22%) was observed with the Bacillus species (129 cases), followed by Pseudomonas species (17 cases, 10.96%) and Escherichia coli (17 cases, 10.96%). Only 7 samples were free of contamination, indicating widespread contamination across most equipment.

The results indicate that the majority of educational laboratory equipment at Kashan University of agents Medical Sciences is contaminated with both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as well as fungal.  

Use of radiological equipment in dentistry is vital for the diagnosis and treatment of oral and dental diseases. However, concerns about the leakage of radiation from these devices and its impact on public health are inevitable. The present study aimed to investigate the extent of radiation leakage in dental clinics in the city of Kashan, Iran, and its results can significantly contribute to the improvement of the safety of these environments.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in 30 randomly selected dental clinics. Data collection was performed using the Smart Ion Mini_Instruments Ltd (UK) for measuring radiation leakage, along with observations and inquiries to obtain demographic and protective information. The collected data were entered into the SPSS 24  and analyzed using statistical tests.

Based on the findings, 6 out of the 30 sampled clinics had radiation leakage values higher than the permissible limit, while 24 clinics were within the safe range. Moreover, in assessing the relationship between variables and radiation leakage, no significant correlation was found between radiation leakage and the demographic information of radiologists, such as gender, specialty, and work experience. Among protective measures, the presence of lead shielding showed the highest significant correlation with radiation leakage.

The study showed that 20% of the sampled offices had a high radiation leakage rate and that protective measures, especially the use of lead shields, were very important in reducing the radiation leakage rate in dental offices. The results indicated that the offices that used lead shields had less radiation leakage than other offices. Lack of a significant relationship between the demographic information of radiographers and the amount of radiation leakage indicated that this phenomenon is more related to technical factors and radiation equipment rather than personal factors, such as gender or expertise. These results revealed the necessity of emphasizing education and retraining and the implementation of safety standards and guidelines related to the use of radiology equipment in dental environments, as well as the necessity of periodic visits to dental offices.

The outskirts of Mashhad are a collection of population centers that have expanded around the metropolis of Mashhad over the years. Which have created various problems for the metropolis of Mashhad; According to this, the present study was conducted with the main purpose of a sociological study of the process of formation and continuation of the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood in Mashhad as one of the essential informal settlementsThis research was conducted using an interpretive approach and qualitative research method and based on in-depth semi-structured interviews with 21 elites, residents, and informants from the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. Data were collected using the snowball sampling method until the researcher reached theoretical saturation. Thematic analysis of the data collected in this research has confronted us with 82 sub-categories, 28 sub-categories, and 10 main categories. The results showed that the policies of the government, the policies of urban management, the policies of Astan Quds, and the existence of the village of Qaleh-e-Khayban had prepared the necessary conditions for the initial formation of the neighborhood of Qaleh-e-Khayban. At different historical stages and due to developments and land reform policies, the war in Afghanistan, policies of destruction by the city administration, and the non-integration of excluded people in the society and economy of Mashhad have created and strengthened the migration of social and economic groups to Qala-e-Khayban neighborhood. Along with the spread of drought, the existence of anonymity and kinship ties and the expansion of informal jobs have led to the continuation and consolidation of marginalization and ultimately the formation of one of the most important suburbs of Mashhad.

Frailty syndrome significantly impacts the health of older adults, and sleep quality is likely a pertinent clinical factor. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and sleep duration with frailty syndrome in the older adults of Naqadeh City.

This cross-sectional study enrolled 347 older adults aged 60 years and above in Naqadeh city in 2020 using 2-stage sampling (first, stratified, and then simple random sampling. Data collection tools included demographic questionnaires, the Edmonton Frail Scale, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS25 software.

The study revealed that 30.3% of older adults were frail. Furthermore, a statistically significant correlation was observed between sleep quality and duration with older adults' frailty (r=0.635, p<0.001 and r=-0.170, p<0.001, respectively). Additionally, all frailty domains exhibited a significant relationship with sleep quality, with the most notable associations found in mood, medication use, and cognition domains (r = 0.487, r = 0.397, r = 0.381, respectively).

Probably, the quality and duration of sleep affect the frailty syndrome, so it is necessary to design and implement effective interventions to improve the quality of sleep and ultimately reduce the frailty of older adults, especially in the domains of cognition and mood.

Traumatic brachial plexus injuries in adults are destructive injuries that occur mostly in men aged 15 to 25 years. This damage leads to deep functional defects, debilitating pain, psychological and economic consequences and affects the quality of life of people. Usually, these injuries are caused by damage to the sensory and motor nerves caused by trauma, pressure, sports injuries, or excessive stretching, and lead to symptoms such as paralysis, lack of muscle control in the arm, hand, or wrist, or lack of sensation in arm or hand or sudden pain in the shoulder and arm and ... Although it is often not possible to prevent damage to the brachial plexus, it is possible to reduce the risk of further problems after the injury by taking some measures. There are different methods to diagnose the type and severity of brachial plexus injuries. Therefore, understanding the physiology of nerve damage and progress in brachial plexus reconstruction will lead to improved outcomes.

Using personal protective equipment, including masks, is one of the most important ways to prevent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and pattern of mask use and its association with COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality in different areas of Tabriz, Iran.

In this population-based study, 6,600 pedestrians were selected by multi-stage proportional sampling method in nine areas of Tabriz in 2021. The data was collected using the observation method. For each participant, we recorded gender, approximate age, mask usage, type of mask, and correct or incorrect use. The data of COVID-19-related morbidity and mortality for six months (from 21 March 2021 to 22 September 2021) were obtained from the Integrated Syndromic Surveillance System (ISSS).

The overall prevalence of facial mask use was 56.8% (95% CI: 55.56 – 57.95). Out of 3,421 men, 1,599 (46.7%; 95% CI: 45.1-48.4) and out of 3,179 women, 2,147 (67.5%; 95% CI: 65.9-69.2) were used face mask (P<0.001). The correlations between mask use and morbidity (r=0.375, P=0.320) and mortality (r=0.219, P=0.571) rates were not statistically significant.

The percentage of using face masks in Tabriz was relatively low, especially among males and young people. Also, there was no significant relationship between COVID-19 morbidity and mortality and mask use.

Practical Implications:

The results of the present study showed that the percentage of mask use in men and the youth was relatively low. In times of disease epidemics, it is necessary to create the necessary sensitivity in these groups and to carry out the necessary training and interventions to increase the use of masks and protective measures.

The purpose of this research is to identify the goals of The Global Arrogance of creating religious wars in the Islamic world, based on the historical experience of the Thirty Years' War in Europe in the 17th century. This research is a kind of applied-exploratory research that was done with the combined research method. The statistical population of the research includes three groups: "scientific experts", "political experts" and "defense-security experts". The sampling method, in the qualitative stage, was the purposeful sampling method and in the quantitative stage, the proportional stratified sampling method. The sample size in the qualitative stage was 18 people, which continued to thirteen people due to reaching theoretical saturation, and the sample size in the quantitative stage was 24 people. The tool of data collection in the qualitative stage was in-depth interview and in the quantitative stage, a researcher-made questionnaire was created using the data obtained from the qualitative stage. The content analysis method was used to analyze the qualitative data from the interviews, and the Delphi method was used to validate the findings from the interviews. For this purpose, the findings from the interviews were made in the form of a researcher questionnaire, organized and sent to the interviewees, and then went through two stages. And back, the results were analyzed by binomial test. The findings of the research showed that the objectives of the domination system can be classified into four categories including "political objectives", "economic objectives", "military-security objectives" and "cultural-social objectives".

Geographical information science (GIScience) by possessing location-based technologies such as Global Positioning System (GPS), Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS), has contributed greatly to various studies in earth sciences, including the protection of ecosystems. In the present study, the application of this science was discussed in the 15 projects of the rehabilitation and balancing of groundwater resources in Iran (case study: Arak Plain), whose purpose is to protect ecosystems for the health of the environment. The projects of this plan are defined in three parts: 1- production and verification of data and information, 2- control, monitoring and exploitation, 3- water storage in aquifers. In each section, while introducing the project and related sub-projects, the application of GIScience was specified. Also, general and thematic layers as well as decision-making models were introduced in some of these projects. In a general summary, it can be pointed out that most of the rehabilitation and balancing projects are location-oriented in the protection of ecosystems and data management from collection to display steps requires geographic technologies that GIScience can well manage these projects for the health of the environment of humans, plants and other animals in order to provide the required water.

The epidemic of COVID19 in Iran has wide-ranging effects. The impact of the disease on medical education led to the closure of universities and the restriction of treatment to emergency interventions. With the closure of university classes, online and distance education became more widespread. This study examines the quantity and quality and effectiveness of online training in the postgraduate course of plastic surgery.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study that was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee. In this study, the satisfaction of residents and professors of the Department of Reconstructive and Plastic Surgery in terms of quantity and quality of virtual education classes was examined. For this purpose, a questionnaire and quantitative information about class time and participation rate based on available documents and class videos were used.Data analysis was performed using SPSS software version 22. The frequency of qualitative variables was measured as percentage and ratio and the frequency of quantitative variables was measured by calculating the mean and standard deviation.

The results of the study in ten domains include: the use of teaching aids in the virtual education process, the possibility of participants&#039; access to educational resources, review of interaction and mutual participation, satisfaction with class time, access to the class for participants, evaluation methods and tests Virtual access to out-of-class teachers, satisfaction with the teaching method, satisfaction with the content presented in the class and general satisfaction with the virtual education course were evaluated and showed that in all cases virtual education with a statistically significant difference accepted by group members Is located.

Given corona disease persists and similar diseases may occur in the future, and given that our study recommends the appropriateness of e-learning, it is better to have this method taught and used on a larger scale.

Disadvantaged settlements encompass areas that face various vulnerabilities and deprivations. These adversities give rise to the recognition of these areas as being plagued by “spatial stigma.” The nature of this spatial stigma is dynamic and permeates individuals, leading to their notoriety. Consequently, residents of these areas bear the burden of place stigma, which results in the attachment of diverse labels to them, prompting the adoption of various strategies to confront these challenges. The objective of this research is to explore the perception of marginalized individuals as seen through the eyes of residents residing in disadvantaged areas and to investigate strategies employed to address urban marginalization in the city of Mashhad. Employing a qualitative approach, the study utilized a semi-structured interview tool and implemented purposeful sampling and sample size determination based on the principle of informational saturation. The analysis of interviews followed the thematic analysis technique proposed by Braun and Clarke. The findings from 21 interviews with residents of disadvantaged areas in Mashhad reveal that marginalized individuals are perceived based on distinctive characteristics, including initial categorization (focused on livelihood, economic marginalization, self-sufficiency, and self-reliance), deviant behavior (undesirable traits and nonconformity), and a culture of marginalization (reactive behavior, self-neglect, informal upbringing, vernacular discourse, actions, and cultural capital of marginalization). These perceptions collectively contribute to the construction of “marginalization stigma.” The establishment and perception of marginalization stigma serve as the foundation for interactions with marginalized individuals, giving rise to two categories of strategies: “social accommodation” strategies, involving acceptance and engagement with marginalized individuals, and “social non-accommodation” strategies, entailing rejection and the establishment of boundaries in interactions with marginalized individuals.

The outbreak of coronavirus has had negative consequences in various aspects of human health. Social health as one of the dimensions of human health plays an essential role in all areas of human life and its spread in society can lead to social development. Therefore the purpose of this research is to investigate the social factors affecting the social health of high school students in Zahedan during the outbreak of coronavirus. The theoretical framework of the present study is composed of the theories of Keys, Wales, functionalism, Bourdieu and Baudrillard. In this study, high school students in Zahedan were studied using survey and descriptive-analytical methods. Among the studied statistical population, according to Cochran's formula, 379 people were considered as a sample and based on a simple multi-stage cluster sampling method, a statistical sample with researcher-made and standardized questionnaires was studied. SPSS21 software was used for descriptive and inferential statistical tests. The results of the study show that social factors such as field of study, social support, religiosity, educational facilities have a direct and significant relationship with social health during the corona outbreak, while gender, educational background, ethnicity and mass media have no significant relationship to it.

IntroductionProstitution is widely recognized as a form of social deviance and sexual exploitation. It inflicts a lasting harm upon societies, families, and individuals. This phenomenon exhibits diverse dimensions across different cultures and societies; yet, there exists a common thread: its global nature and transformation of bodies into commodities facilitate a lucrative and opportunistic industry. Essentially, the dynamics of supply and demand, as well as involvement of intermediaries like pimps, plays a pivotal role in this relationship. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of the intricacies surrounding these aspects is crucial for comprehending the underlying conditions that contribute to the persistence of this issue and devising effective solutions to put an end to this destructive cycle.  Materials and MethodsThis study aimed to identify the factors that influenced the formation and continuity of prostitution and exiting from it. To achieve this goal, a qualitative approach was employed by utilizing the phenomenological strategy. The decision to use this method was based on the nature of the required information and the limited access to the target population for using quantitative methods. The study adopted an exploratory and non-confirmatory approach to collecting the data and gathering the necessary information. Through discussions and interviews, the factors and conditions experienced by the individuals involved in prostitution were unveiled. The data were collected through narrative and semi-structured interviews and a thematic analysis was applied to analyze the interviews and extract the prevalent themes related to the investigated issue. In this study, after conducting and implementing the interviews, their analysis was initiated following the steps outlined by Braun and Clarke. To achieve this purpose, the conducted interviews were thoroughly examined several times to effectively comprehend the data. Subsequently, the primary concepts were extracted from the written semantic expressions and the primary codes were generated.A purposive sampling method was employed. The interviews were conducted with 15 women residing in the rehabilitation centers in Mashhad to achieve the data saturation, which was determined via repetition of the received information. The analysis units in this research were the women, who were approached during the interviews, and their ages ranged from 14 to 40 years considering distribution of the population. Discussion and The phenomenon of prostitution is complex and multifaceted. It is influenced by a multitude of factors that come together at various stages. While the narratives provided by the interviewees might have some differences, it was possible to identify a general framework that outlined the key elements involved.The findings of this study emphasized the pivotal role of family dysfunction in the development of prostitution. Factors, such as parental addiction, divorce, economic and cultural poverty within the family, lack of social support and affection, physical and psychological violence, parental prejudice and restrictions, along with the presence of deviant individuals among relatives and their influence, all contributed to the emergence of various deviations, including prostitution. Additionally, this investigation revealed several influential categories of conditions in the formation and perpetuation of prostitution.These conditions encompassed familial background circumstances (parental addiction and divorce, economic and cultural poverty within the family, lack of social support and affection, physical and psychological violence, and parental prejudice and restrictions), individual issues (addiction, early-age marriage, mental and psychological disorders, and depression), precipitating circumstances (financial needs, fleeing from home, and lack of temporary accommodation), and exacerbating conditions (the role of intermediaries enticing individuals into prostitution, forced prostitution by parents, and modeling and adoption of deviant behaviors from relatives). Moreover, consolidating conditions, such as earning a substantial income from prostitution, job convenience, covering addiction expenses, and unmet sexual and emotional needs, significantly contributed to the continuity of this phenomenon. Lastly, inhibiting conditions like marrying a desired partner, severing ties with intermediaries, and overcoming addiction played a role in exiting from prostitution.

This study aims to determine the epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniosis (CL) in Aran va Bidgol city in Isfahan, Iran.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 1020 patients with CL referred to the leishmaniosis treatment centers in Aran va Bidgol city during 2018-2020 who had complete records in these centers and their smear test was positive for CL.

Of 1020 patients, 60.6% were male. Their mean age was 34.5 years and 94.1% of them were Iranian. The CL was more common among housewives (24.5%) and 43.6% of patients had a history of travel to other cities. Moreover, 10.1% reported more than 6 ulcers. The ulcer size was less than 3 cm in 74.4% of patients. There was a statistically significant relationship between the age of patients and the location of the lesions (P<0.01). The ulcer size had a statistically significant relationship with the patients’ sex, occupation, place of residence, and age (P<0.001).

The prevalence of CL in Aran va Bidgol city is high among young men living in rural areas and among workers and farmers. By providing the necessary education about this disease and improving the community and environmental health, the incidence of CL can be reduced.

The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of hydrocolloid dressings containing silver in the treatment of wounds in the donor area of partial thickness skin seizures.

This randomized clinical trial was conducted on 42 patients who needed partial thickness skin grafts for skin defect reconstruction. After removing the skin graft, the patients were randomly assigned to two groups of hydrocolloid dressing containing silver with Aquacel Ag brand (intervention group) and traditional dressing group (control group). Patients were visited on days 3, 7, 5 and 7, 14 and 21. In each visit, the frequency of dressing change, wound infection, pain during dressing change, the rate and speed of the epithelialization process, and the scar of the wound site were also compared in the two groups at the end of the sixth month. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24 software.

The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the average number of times the need for dressing, the degree of epithelialization of the wound, in the two groups of hydrocolloid dressing with silver and traditional dressing (P-value &lt; 0.05); However, there was no statistically significant difference between the mean prevalence of infection, pain during dressing change, vascularity, pigmentation and scar thickness in the two groups of hydrocolloid dressing with silver and traditional dressing (P-value &lt; 0.05).

Overall, the results of this research showed that Aquacel Ag is a safe and effective method for managing the wound in the donor area of partial thickness skin grafts.

To manage the brain drain phenomenon, paying attention to the special role of institutions influencing an institutional framework, promises a new approach to dynamic analyzes of social phenomena. The institutional structure of each country effectively influences institutional qualities (efficiency and legitimacy) and institutional arrangements (centralization-decentralization). The governing institutional arrangements determine why, in some societies, the brain drain has become a social issue?The comparative evaluations focused on the impact of institutional quality and the type of institutional arrangements of elite countries on the brain drain in this paper, based on the secondary analysis of international data. The comparison of the average institutional quality of countries shows higher institutional, political, economic and legal qualities for European countries, and vice versa, for Asian countries such as Iran, we see a low average of institutional qualities. On the one hand, institutional concentration in elite countries has shaped a set of non-developmental institutional arrangements and, on the other hand, by imposing institutional constraints, has increased the output of elites from these countries and their non-return to their countries. The institutional transfer of the Iranian elite to advanced countries focuses on institutionalized institutional arrangements in the country, which, according to available data, indicates that weaknesses in the rule of law, low job security and limited economic and political freedoms are limited.

This article develops and examines the theoretical model of resistance discourse analysis in the field of diplomacy that has emerged from the ideas of the revolutionary leaders. It is assumed that the theory of resistance in the thoughts of the leaders of the revolution has a kind of contextual analysis in the field of diplomacy, which is somewhat more comprehensive than other theories of international relations.Therefore, the issue of this article is based on this question, what is the position of resistance-based diplomacy as an analysis and alternative model in the thought of the leaders of the revolution?. Based on this, the aim of the article is to prove the hypothesis that resistance-oriented (unity-oriented) diplomacy in the thought of the leaders of the revolution, in contrast to other ideas in the field of international relations and official diplomacy, has a native/revolutionary nature and foundation, that It is possible to design the analytical model of this type of diplomacy by referring to these foundations.In fact, in the thought of the leaders of the revolution, this type of diplomacy derives its roots from a kind of religious/revolutionary rationality which believes in the adoption of fair formal diplomacy and at the same time stands against the instrumental rationality that governs the relations of dominance-oriented formal diplomacy.Therefore, this article proves its hypothesis and purpose through a descriptive/analytical method.

According to the International Labor Organization (ILO), occupational accidents cause the greatest human hardship and economic compensation. The economic costs of accidents are not only borne by the victims but also by the relevant companies and the government. This study aimed to estimate the burden of occupational accidents in Kashan, Iran.

This cross-sectional study was conducted on the working population of Kashan, Iran. In order to collect data, all information related to occupational accidents registered in the Department of Labor, Cooperation, and Social Affairs of Kashan was used. The burden of occupational accidents was assessed using the method by the World Health Organization. Moreover, Excel software was utilized to estimate the number of years lost due to early death and disability, and the overall years of life lost regarding social values.

The results showed that 407 accidents occurred during the study period. Furthermore, the total number of DALY (Disability Adjusted Life Years) cases in the present study was 523.138 years, out of which 308 (58%) years are related to YLL (Years of Life Lost) and the remaining 138/218 years are related to YLD (Years Lived with Disability).

Given the high number of years of life lost due to disability caused by occupational accidents, this study highlights the importance of providing occupational health services in industries to protect human resources against occupational accidents.

Evolution of laparoscopic surgery has been enormous help to both patient and surgeon, although incidence of pneumoperitoneum as consequence of laparoscopic surgery would cause hemodynamic instability. In this study, effect of dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulfate on hemodynamic status during laparoscopic cholecystectomy has been assessed.

This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial that was conducted on 61 patients. Patients were randomly assigned to 3 groups. Control group (C) saline infusion, dexmedetomidine group (D) 1 μg/kg and then 0.5 μg/kg/h of dexmedetomidine and magnesium sulfate group (M) 2 g and then 0.9 mg/kg/h of magnesium sulfate they received. Heart rate, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure were recorded at different times before and after taking the drug. Independent T-test, ANOVA, and chi-square were used for univariate analysis and ANOVA with repeated measures for multivariate analysis.

The distribution of patients in terms of demographic factors and surgery were the same in the three groups of the study (P<0.05). The lowest values of systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure in all three groups were seen at the time of the induction. No statistically significant difference was seen in most of the measurement times between the three intervention groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measurement did not show the interaction effect of time and group on blood pressure (P<0.05), but the effect of treatment groups on heart rate was significant (P=0.018).

Dexmedetomidine infusion was generally not effective on the patient's blood pressure changes, but it was significantly more effective on heart rate changes than magnesium sulfate and the control group in almost the entire measurement process. Therefore, in terms of the heart rates, in the dexmethomidine group, the patients experienced more stable conditions.

Non-compliance with treatment guidelines is one of the causes of increased mortality in cancer patients. In Iran, few research have examined therapeutic behaviors in these patients. This research aims to understand the socio-economic factors that influence treatment adherence. The study was compiled using a qualitative method and narrative interviews, and it was analyzed using grounded theory and three-stage coding. The statistical sample of the study consists of 21 patients suffering from breast cancer, purposefully chosen using snowball sampling method. After in-depth interviews and multi-stage coding, 36 open-source codes were categorized into 13 core codes, and the selective code “commercialized restrictive structure” was obtained. The findings revealed that patients with an early diagnosis had complete adherence to treatment. Due to metastasis and the rapidity with which the disease progresses, late diagnosis exposes the patient to structural conditions that have a deterrent impact on adherence to treatment. The results showed that a set of socio-economic conditions, in conjunction with medical system conditions, influence the therapeutic behaviors of women suffering breast cancer.

Living in low-income confronts the residents with Territorial stigma and negative consequences, so the residents of these neighborhoods adopt strategies to cope with stigma. Therefore, this research aims to know the strategies of residents of the low-income areas of Mashhad with place-based stigma. Goffman's and place-based stigma theories were used for cognitive usefulness. This study used a qualitative method based on purposeful sampling and the semi-structured interview technique on the residents of 6 low-income areas of Mashhad. Also, data analysis was carried out with Brown and Clark's thematic analysis technique. The findings of 20 interviews with the residents of low-income areas showed that these people perceived place-based stigma in two ways: Felt stigma through various labels and experienced stigma through the experience of labels, communication disorders, and inferior actions. The experience and perception of stigma caused people to use strategies to cope with stigma; They adopt interaction strategies (social exclusion, social persuasion, impulsiveness, adaptation) and non-interaction strategies (passivity, transitivity) to cope with discredited stigma and to cope with the discreditable stigma, they adopt concealment and adaptation (appearance, Thoughts, speech, action) strategies. 

 Breast cancer is the most common cancer in Iran. Delay in diagnosis is one of the causes of increased mortality in these patients. There are several obstacles to achieving an early diagnosis. This study seeks to identify the social determinants influencing breast cancer diagnosis.

This qualitative study was conducted at Reza Oncology Clinic in Mashhad in 2019-2020. The study sample included 21 patients with breast cancer selected via purposive sampling. Data were collected using semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were recorded, handwritten, and coded, subthemes were identified, and then the original themes were refined. By integrating the subthemes, they became the main themes.

Economic status, life crises, social support, stigma, family history of cancer, fateful beliefs, preventive behavior, disease recognition, role conflicts, gender inequalities, and access to medical opportunities were the social factors mentioned in the narratives.

This study has shown that social, cultural, and economic factors influence breast cancer diagnosis. Therefore, any effort to improve disease diagnosis requires a multidisciplinary approach that addresses biomedical, social, cultural, and economic factors simultaneously.

Today, environmental issues have become very important. One of these issues is related to energy consumption in residential buildings. Excessive energy consumption has led to climate change, global warming, climate pollution, and energy shortages. Tehran, as a large metropolis with a high population, is not safe from the damage of high energy consumption in buildings. The purpose of this study is to analyze energy literacy among actors who are engaged in the construction of residential buildings. People like engineers, investors, and executives determine the quality of construction. The approach of this research is qualitative and has been done with the strategy of contextual theory. Interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner with construction actors. Interviews were conducted using contextual theory to the extent that researchers reached theoretical saturation. Accordingly, open, axial coding was performed, and then the kernel category was extracted from it. According to the actors' interpretation, there are few micro and macro demands on energy literacy, and this indifference to energy is evident. Another result of research has been on the conflict between actors in energy behavior. This contradiction is resolved when there is a public demand from below and a demand from upstream institutions for construction activists in the field of energy. According to this study, the concerns and attitudes of actors towards energy waste can have some effect on their executive behavior in the quality of construction. Researchers also underestimated the impact of the quality of energy knowledge on the attitudes and concerns of actors.

Nowadays, the problem of energy wastage is one of the most critical environmental challenges. According to research, household energy consumption in Iran is higher than the global average. Many researchers have only focused on the culture of consumers in residential units, While many times, the physical condition of the building leads to energy wastage. The physical condition of the building was created by the builders, engineers, and other factors (construction activists) before the settlement. The approach of this qualitative research was carried out with the grounded theory strategy. Semi-structured interviews have been conducted with construction activists until researchers reach theoretical saturation. Based on this, open, axial coding was done, and the core category was extracted from it. First, based on the relevant codes, the bases and conditions of neglecting building energy were divided into three parts: cognitive norms, material culture, and energy practices, along with their obstacles and facilitators. The research findings, focusing on the individual and organizational level, show that the level of knowledge and attitude of the activists has weakened the cognitive norms. This issue is especially noticeable in the lower areas of the city. Also, construction costs and customs have the highest effect on the type of activists' material culture. Energy procedures and material culture in the upper parts of Tehran have the most excellent facilitation in the energy culture of construction, and cognitive norms and material culture in the lower part of the city have less effect on the optimal energy culture of construction. Sanctions have led to the pressure of the trim to a medium level, and indifference to the energy consumption of the building has been achieved.

Informal economy is a manifestation of developments in the capitalist world is an important aspect of the urban economy. The primary goal of this research was to conduct a sociological analysis of the informal economy in Mashhad's outskirts, as well as a case study of the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. To reach the goal, informal occupations were first classified and described while identifying informal occupations in the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. A qualitative research method, semi-structured interview techniques, observation, and focus groups were used in this study. Residents, merchants, members of local community councils, and neighborhood elites who lived in the investigated region consisted the statistical population of this study. The most important findings indicated that 84 jobs in the informal economy sector are located in 21 occupational groups in the Qala-e-Khiaban neighborhood. Sociological analysis of informal occupations was done based on eight variables, including poverty persistence, the presence of women and children, social status, social exclusion, job specificity, social health, job instability, and a sense of powerlessness. The results showed that based on the quantity presented for these variables using factor analysis and cluster analysis, the jobs identified in this neighborhood were categorized into two main types: including informal jobs and semi-formal jobs.