فهرست مطالب حسین بدری پور

Introduction:

 A historical review of the evolution of demographic developments and livelihood changes in rangeland users could help to better understand the desired strategies. It could also provide livelihood alternatives and feasible policy frameworks in order to improve rangeland status and overcome crises and challenges facing sustainable rangeland management.

Purpose of the research: 

 In line with tribal affairs and the status of their rangeland-dependent livelihoods, four main aims are examined. First, a historical assessment of the evolution of demographic changes is presented (1). Subsequently, livestock production systems are described (2). Then, the situation of rangeland-dependent livelihoods in Iran is explained (3). Finally, while presenting the livelihood perspective in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari province and in particular, Bazaft, suggestions for sustainable rangelands management are presented (4).

Methodology :

This paper evaluates the data and information of historical periods by reviewing historical sources in the field of pastoralists livelihoods and tribal affairs of Iran.Geographical area of research Demographic changes and livelihood developments of rangeland users, and by reviewing sources in the field of rangeland management, the paper evaluates the data and information of periods.

The results of summarizing and reviewing the resources show that the imbalance between humans, livestock and rangeland and reducing the share of livestock products are the main challenges of sustainable rangeland management in Iran.

In this regard, it is necessary to pay attention to a comprehensive perspective that could use all the potentials of the region for sustainable rangeland management. Sustainable rangeland management would be achieved while maintaining a balance between livestock, rangeland and humans to a variety of livelihoods in order to develop the complementary livelihoods of rangeland users in planning and policy making. Future studies could explain the shortcomings (weaknesses) of policy in the context of sustainable rangeland management and then, develop a policy-oriented livelihood framework.

Introduction:

 A deep understanding of the process of managerial change from traditional to the current conventional management in the field of rangeland is effective in identifying most of their problems and challenges and, thus, help to develop appropriate strategies for sustainable rangeland management.

After a brief introduction, in line with rangeland management developments, five main aims are examined. First, a history of traditional rangeland management is presented (1). Following this, the historical trend of weakening the traditional rangeland management is described (2). Then, rangeland management in the period after the Islamic Revolution of Iran (from 1978 onwards) is explained (3). In the following, laws and regulations in the context of rangeland management are mentioned and the emergence of new challenges is examined (4). Finally, while reviewing rangeland statistics in different historical periods, based on the latest statistics, a report on rangeland survey is presented (5).

Based on a review study and use of sources and documents, and by reviewing historical sources in the field of rangeland management, the paper evaluates the data and information of historical periods.Geographical area of research The geographical scope of the present study is the historical evaluation of rangeland management developments, based on a review study and the use of sources and documents on an Iranian scale.

The results of summarizing and reviewing the sources show that during the developments of historical periods, rangeland management has undergone major changes due to various factors.

In the direction of an  integrated management, it is necessary to pay attention to a comprehensive perspective that can use all the potentials of a region for sustainable rangeland management. In the second part, in an other paper, demographic changes and livelihood developments of rangeland users in the context of rangeland management  Iran are examined.

Wildfires have proven to cause considerable damage to natural environments in Ardabil in the last years, and the prevalence of such events is anticipated to increase in the future. Fine scale wildfire exposure and risk maps are fundamental to landscape managers and policy makers for prevention, mitigation and monitoring strategies. In this paper, we provided 100 m resolution wildfire risk and exposure metric raster grids for the fire-prone municipalities in South Ardabil province corresponding to a fire simulation modeling and a geospatial analysis with a geographic information system, along with complementary historic ignition and fire area data (2005-2018). Fire risk parameters (burn probability (BP), conditional flame length (CFL) and fire size (FS)) were generated with FlamMap Minimum Travel Time (MTT) algorithm considering fire weather conditions during the last 14 wildfire seasons. Moreover, we estimated fire potential index (FPI) to spatially analyze where large fires likely initiate. Average BP, CFL and FS ranged from 0.00007 to 0.0025, 0.05 to 1.6 m, and 54.7 to 360.3 ha, respectively, that highlighted a large variation in the fire exposure factors in the study area. The calculated FPI showed two major areas with the highest values, where historic ignitions were high, and where large areas of faster burning fuels were present. The results of this study can be useful for analyzing potential wildfire risk and effects at landscape scale, evaluating historical changes and future trends in wildfire exposure, as well as for determining fuel treatment strategies to mitigate wildland fire risk.

Livestock keeping is one of the activities of rural households to maintain their needs. In Hable Rud basin like any other place in the country, livestock keeping has been common from the past. Until some time ago, a huge population immigrated into Hable Rud basin due to its high potential for agriculture and livestock keeping from other parts of the country but nowadays, many people emigrate from the area due to some reasons. Demographic data and socio-economic information revealed family size decrease, population ageing, fertility decline, high percentage of literacy, and in other words human capital of households living in the area has changed. Livestock keeping is an activity requiring continuous labor force, and a change in human capital would lead to a change in the form and condition of livestock keeping among rural households of the area. Thus, a study was conducted in the Damavand and Firoozkouh townships in the northern Hable Rud and Eivanaki and Aradan townships in the southern Hable Rud. The field survey method was applied for this study and researchers collected the data by questionnaires with the reliability of 78% according to the Cronbach's Alpha. In order to analyze the rural farmer's dependence on rangeland, nominal logistic regression was used by SPSS version 22. The study factors were family size, number of males, age of household head, household head's years of education, number of family members graduated from high school and university, family member's average years of education and human capital. According to the obtained results, among independent variables, just household head's age and education class affected the dependence of rural framers on rangeland and these factors could explain the dependence on rangeland varying between 8.6 to 11.5%.

FAO and World Bank promote livestock rearing as a way of poverty alleviation and food security especially among rural poor. Villagers are usually involved in mixed crop-livestock farming. Interviews with villagers in the HableRud basin revealed that some changes have happened and comparing with past decades, fewer villagers keep livestock. They believed that number of villagers who kept livestock in pen has also drastically increased. This study was conducted to understand if natural capital holdings have any impact on villager's dependence on rangeland or not and also to identify the important natural capitals contributing to villager's dependency on rangeland, some unstructured and structured interviews with local people were conducted. Comparisons between the two groups of villagers namely, dependent and independent on rangeland in terms of the identified indicators, the independent samples T-test and Mann Whitney U were applied for parametric and nonparametric data, respectively. Then in order to predict likelihood of dependency of a villager on rangeland based on holding of or access to independent variables, binary logistic regression was applied using SPSS. Descriptive data analysis showed that just 177 villagers out of 380 samples were dependent on rangeland and the rest did not rely on rangeland at all. The results revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups of dependent and independent villagers on rangelands in terms of grazing right, size of farm and orchard holding, number of small livestock, total livestock and total natural capital. But the best indicators to predict a villager's dependence on rangeland was decided to be grazing right, number of small livestock and size of farm. The study revealed that independent variables predict the odds (61% - 82%) that a villager will decide to keep livestock dependent on rangeland.

Measurements of production and utilization of key range plant species are of utmost important tools for making range management decisions specially for stocking rate determination. A study was conducted to examine the relationships of production and utilization of Agropyron cristatum and Stipa barbata, as key grasses in Chaharbagh region of Golestan province, with some dimensional parameters. For this purpose, plants height, basal diameter and canopy diameter and their dry weights were measured. Primarily, correlation matrices and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to assess the relationships of these three dimensional variables with production. The three variables were then evaluated for predicting production by using best subset and stepwise regression approaches. Utilization was assessed based on percentage of height removed in relation to percentage weight removed. Results showed that basal and canopy diameters could usefully predict the production of the two grasses. Finally, because of subjectivity of canopy diameter measurements and its weak role in explaining production variations, just basal diameter was considered in models, having linear relationship with production and the coefficient of determinations were calculated to be 72.4 and 71 for A. cristatum and S. barbata, respectively. Therefore, dimension analysis is an appropriate approach to estimate the production and utilization of range key grasses.