فهرست مطالب حسین خوارزمی

Moral psychology for decades focused on reasoning, but recent evidence finds that emotions play a fundamental role in moral judgment. One of the models for explaining moral judgment is Greene’s Dual-process model of moral judgment. He believes that we can arrive at moral judgments either through reasoning or through emotions, according to which both automatic emotional responses and more controlled cognitive responses are involved in moral judgment. More specifically, utilitarian moral judgments are driven by cognitive processes while non-utilitarian judgments are driven by automatic emotional responses. Green tries to prove his point through experimental experiments and cognitive neuroscience. But according to the sample of violations and recent research, his view does not seem to provide a comprehensive and adequate explanation.

judgement in moral psychology has been considered rational for decades, but recent evidence suggests that moral judgment is more a matter of emotion and affective intuition than reasoning.Haidt brings evidence against rationalist models and proposes an alternative: the social intuitionist model.The social intuitionist model starts with Hume’s model and makes it more social. Haidt belives that moral reasoning does not cause moral judgment; rather,moral reasoning is usually a post hoc construction,generated after a judgment has been reached. The model is an intuitionist model in that it states that moral judgment is generally the result of quick, automatic evaluations (intuitions).The mind is divided into parts, like a rider (controlled processes) on an elephant (automatic processes). The rider evolved to serve the elephant.if you want to change someone’s mind about a moral or political issue, talk to the elephant first The social intuitionist model is composed of six principal links or processes that if all one to be considered, it seems o be jusified theory.

Nietzsche, contrary to Socratic view, advocates of instinct instead of reason and henceinterprets and evaluates all things in terms of the instinctive human needs. According tohim, an action is not assessed in terms of its origins, results, usefulness, or utility. Thesource of judging an action as good is the ideas of good doers themselves who regardedthemselves and their works as good. Nevertheless, it must be noted that the main pointhere is that the value of an action will always remain unknown (X) and is subject tochange.

One of the most fundamental elements of Nietzsche's thought is the notion of ternal recurrence of the same which he regards himself as the teacher of it. ccording to this notion, I shall return eternally to this identical and self-same life, n the greatest things and in the smallest, not to a new life or a better or a similar ife. Nietzsche takes the eternal recurrence as a test or as a selective principle for ife-affirmation and as an antidote to the nihilism following god's demise. In the ight of eternal recurrence we can redeem the past and transform every "It was" nto "I wanted, It thus" and be succeed in reaching the will to power and saying yes o the world as it is.