فهرست مطالب حسین ذاکری

    Silicon (Si) is not an essential element for the growth of plants, but its role in improving the yield by reducing the environmental stresses and crop durability is very important. Despite the abundance of Si in the soil, the amount of dissolved Si available for herbal absorption might be limited. Therefore, using this useful element through foliar application can be effective in the growth of the plants such as eggplant. On the other hand, profitability is dependent on the high yield and quality per unit area in producing greenhouse vegetables.

    To study the effect of foliar application of Si fertilizer from the source of Khazra Chelated Silicon (commercial brand, contains 2% chelated silicon for plant at pH 3 to 11 and no silicate in the form of salt) in different stages of the growth of eggplant and bush pruning in hybrid eggplant, a greenhouse experiment was conducted in a soil environment as a split-plot in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Minab region. In this experiment, the consumption of Si fertilizer as the main factor at 4 levels (0 and 2 per thousand in the vegetative phase, 2 per thousand in the reproductive phase and 2 per thousand at the two vegetative and reproductive phases) and the type of pruning as a sub-factor in 4 levels (two-branch training system, three-branch training system, four-branch training system and no training system) were applied. Eggplant seeds were transplanted in an environment containing sphagnum in November and then at four-leaf stage they were transferred to the main field in December. The distance between the rows was one meter and the distance between the plants in the row was 45 cm. After positioning the plant in the greenhouse and reaching the appropriate growth, pruning and foliar application of Si fertilizer began and in the treatment without fertilizer, spraying with pure water was used. Silicon fertilizer was sprayed on the eggplant leaves according to the instructions recommended by the manufacturer every eight days.  Once the eggplants reached a suitable reproductive growth and started fruiting, fruit thickness, fruit length, the weight of each fruit, the number of the fruits on each plant, and finally the yield of each plant were recorded in each pick. To evaluate the effect of Si on the durability of eggplant after picking, 3 fruits harvested from each treatment were first weighed by a digital scale, and then kept at room temperature for 2 weeks and after two weeks, the weight of each fruit was measured again. Based on two recorded weights, the percentage of fruit weight loss was calculated. Furthermore, to evaluate the effect of silicon fertilizer and plant pruning on resistance to fungal diseases, scores, from 1 to 9, were given to the plants in each treatment. Plants without any fungal infection were assigned a score of 1, and completely infected plants were assigned a score of 9.

    The results showed that pruning improved the fruit length, the plant height, the fruit weight in each plant, and the plant yield and reduced the percentage of fungal infection in the plant. Moreover, the silicon foliar application positively affected the number of the fruits in each plant and increased the durability of fruits after harvesting. Silicon foliar application in the two vegetative and reproductive stages together and plant pruning in a four-branch way resulted in maximum plant yield, improved crop quality, and improved greenhouse management. The intensity of fungal infection was affected by different levels of silicon, plant pruning, and the interaction of the two factors at a probability level of five percent. Comparison of interaction averages showed that pruning and foliar application in vegetative and reproductive stages together significantly reduced fungal infection in the greenhouse. The highest intensity of fungal infection was related to plants without pruning and lack of silicon. Pruning improves airflow and modulates humidity in the plant canopy and as a result eliminates the proper conditions for fungal growth. Silicon also prevents fungal penetration into plant cells by depositing in the plant cell wall and strengthening plant tissue, and as a result inhibits fungal growth in the plant. Marschner (2012) reported that silicon would increase resistance to fungal and bacterial diseases and pests. Plant diseases are a major threat to agricultural production because they cause a serious loss of yield and quality of the crop. Numerous studies have reported that Si is effective in controlling diseases caused by fungal and bacterial pathogens in various plant species. Furthermore, given that one of the challenges for producers to deliver high-quality crops to the target market is their durability after harvesting, it seems that silicon foliar application at the two vegetative and reproductive stages might be effective to overcome such a challenge. Choosing a training system depends to a large extent on the ease of work in the greenhouse, the production system, and the superiority of the production rate. On the other hand, a significant increase in yield and crop quality was reported for barley, rice, sugarcane, tomato, cucumber, soybean, and bamboo due to Si consumption during the growth. Another important feature of silicon is that it increases plant damage under biological and non-biological stress conditions as well as resistance against stress.

    According to the results, four-branch training system of eggplant and also silicon foliar application in the two vegetative and reproductive phases of greenhouse eggplant improved the yield components and increased the durability after harvesting. Pruning the plant into four branches also improved yields. Therefore, using silicon with four-branch training system is recommended, especially in traditional greenhouses without proper ventilation systems.

Hand hygiene is considered the most important measure to reduce the healthcare associated infections. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge and attitude level toward hand hygiene.

A cross-sectional study carried out. Two groups of medical students of Mashhad university of medical sciences during 2017 entered the study via convenient sampling method (the medical students at the beginning of the clinical training and the medical residents at the beginning of the residency). The demographic checklist and valid Persian version of WHO questionnaire on HH knowledge and attitude were completed by each participant. the SPSS software was used for analysis of the data.

A total of 196 participants entered the study. The mean age of them was 27.6±7 and 65.8% were women; 100 medical residents (51%) and 96 medical students (49%),  63% of the participants had good attitude level toward hand hygiene, 27% moderate level and 10% poor. The knowledge level of 64% of participants was moderate (questionnaire score between 50 to 75), 9 individuals (5%) had a good knowledge level (score more than 75%), and 61 individuals (31%) had poor knowledge (the score less than 50%) About 71% completed the study, the attitude level of the residents was significantly higher than the externs (p<0.0001). 

The knowledge and attitude toward hand hygiene is at the moderate and good level, respectively. Regular traininig course is recommended to improve the knowledge level.

Attention to several clinical issues simultaneously and timeliness of proper treatment is of prime importance in Emergency Medicine. Simulation Based Training is a growing trend for clinical resident training which has been proposed for enhancing of residents multi-tasking abilities. The Simulation Module for Assessment of Resident’s Targeted Event Response is a methodology which derives specific scenario scripts from core competencies intended for residents. In this study we take that methodology one step further and use it to design multiple patient scripts hoping to enhance multiple knowledge and skills including multitasking.  Using qualitative study of literature we derive multiple patient scripts incorporating simulation technologies which aim to obtain multiple clear educational objectives including the skills required for multitasking. Furthermore we test this teaching method on first year emergency medicine residents. We analyze the effects using paired student T-test of pre/posttests. Also the students’ satisfaction and impression about the method is measured using a questionnaire. The step by step development of a multiple patient scrip is described and a sample script is presented. Cumulative scores of skill and knowledge for resident improved significantly (P<0.001) before and after the course. Almost all students (96%) preferred SMARTER-shift to a clinical shift for teaching purposes while only 52% preferred it for practicing the skills they had already obtained. The SMARTER-shift is an effective way for education of multitasking skills to residents of emergency medicine and it is strongly preferred by residents.