حمید اراضی

Resistance training is one of the types of training methods that has the potential to improve strength, endurance and muscle strength and reduce the rate of injury and increase athletic performance in young athletes.

the sample size was 30 young active women (age: 26.61±4.55 years, height: 166.3±4.67 cm and weight: 60.08±6.05 kg). They performed an 8-week training course, three sessions per week/1 hour. Agonist and antagonist muscles were trained in the superset and compound set protocols. The movement sets for each muscle were 4 sets. The intensity of exercise was between 80-95% RM. Rest intervals between each set were also 2 minutes.

The compound and superset resistance trainings had a significant effect on salivary levels of cortisol, testosterone and cortisol/testosterone ratio in young female athletes (p<0.05). This significant difference was observed in the comparison between the compound-control and superset-control groups (p<0.05).

It seems that both training methods, especially the superstar drills, were able to affect the limb environment, muscle strength and endurance, and the percentage of body fat in active young women.

Creatine hydrochloride is a new form of creatine,  it has higher absorption and solubility and also a greater impact on performance due to the properties of hydrochloride. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of creatine hydrochloride supplementation along with resistance training on testosterone, cortisol, strength, muscle hypertrophy and body composition in young men.

Twenty qualified young men participated in this research. They were divided into two groups (10 people) including resistance training with creatine hydrochloride (0.03 grams per kilogram of body weight per day, taken 30 minutes before training) and resistance training with placebo (with the same dose and time of use). The creatine hydrochloride consumption and resistance training (three sessions per week, with an intensity of 70-85% of one maximum repetition, three times with 6-12 repetitions) interventions were applied for eight weeks. Before and after the intervention, height, weight, body composition (muscle mass, fat percentage and muscle hypertrophy), muscle strength (in chest press and leg press) and serum levels of testosterone and cortisol were measured based on standard valid methods. For statistical analsysis, the results were extracted with the covariance test at a significance level of p≤0.05.

Creatine hydrochloride along with resistance training caused a more significant increase in the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, muscle strength of chest press and leg press; cross-sectional area of ​​arm and thigh muscles; and muscle mass; but it also showed a more significant decrease in the percentage of fat and cortisol of the participants, compared to resistance training with placebo.

The results show the efficiency of creatine hydrochloride on some variables as: cortisol, the ratio of testosterone to cortisol, the muscle strength of chest press and leg press, and the cross-sectional area of ​​the arm and thigh muscles, and it seems that this type of creatine, considering its characteristics, does not require a loading period, can have beneficial effects on performance and hormonal profile.

One of the most important variables affecting the effectiveness of resistance training on muscle strength and hypertrophy is training volume. One of the training methods with a higher volume than the traditional method is the German volume method, which, of course, is more effective. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of modified German volume resistance training (RT) compared to the traditional method on hypertrophy, strength and body composition of active women with a history of RT.

In this study, 24 female athletes with an age range of 20 to 30 years participated voluntarily and were randomly divided into two groups: 12 individuals performed modified German volume RT (the first two movements are 10 sets and the rest of the movements are 3 sets) and 12 individuals conducted traditional RT (all movements 3 sets). Subjects performed 12 weeks of RT with an intensity of 60-75% of one repetition maximum, 3 sessions per week. Before starting the exercise intervention, information about age, height, weight, body composition (muscle mass and fat percentage), hypertrophy and muscle strength were recorded and measured. Measurements were taken before the training period (48 hours before), after the sixth week of the training and finally 48 hours after the last training session.

The results of the study showed that both modified German volume RT and traditional method caused a significant increase in the thigh and arm muscles cross-sectional area, upper body and lower body muscle strength and a significant decrease in body fat percentage (P<0.05). However, the changes in the thigh and arm muscles cross-sectional area in both groups and fat percentage in the traditional RT were not significant following 6 weeks (P>0.05). In addition, based on the analysis of variance and between groups comparisons there were no significant differences in the above variables between modified German volume RT and traditional RT after 6 and 12 weeks (P>0.05).

In general, considering similar results obtained after both training methods, appears that the German Volume RT has no advantages over traditional RT regarding fat percentage, cross-sectional area of the thigh and arm muscles and the muscle strength of the upper and lower body, although it had a higher training volume. More studies are needed to draw more accurate conclusions in this regard.

Repeated exercise on sand may lead to overreaching due to higher energy costs than on hard surfaces. Therefore, it will be necessary to create variety in training. Tabata training is a type of high-intensity interval training (HIIT), which has been reported to improve some physical fitness factors in team sport players. However, no research has been done regarding its effects on the fitness of beach soccer players. Thus, the aim of the present study was to compare the effect of six weeks of Tabata training on indoor hardcourt vs. sand on some physical fitness factors and the structure and function of the left ventricle in elite beach soccer players.

Sixteen players from one of the Iran Premier Beach Soccer League teams were randomly divided into two equal groups including the sand group and the indoor group. Except for the type of training surface, other training variables were similar between the groups. Each exercise set was performed for 4 min (20 s exercise:10 s rest). The protocol was performed in three sessions a week and the duration of each session was 34 to 39 minutes (7 to 8 sets). Cardiac variables (two-dimensional echocardiography) and physical fitness factors were measured at 72 h and 48 h, respectively, before and after the training period. Moreover, the food consumed by the players on the test days was similar. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test was used to determine the differences between the groups at P < 0.05.

The increase in stroke volume (SV; P < 0.001) and the left ventricular end-diastolic volume (P = 0.003), and the decrease in the relative left ventricular posterior wall thickness (P = 0.042) were significantly higher in the sand group than in the indoor group. Except for peak anaerobic power in the indoor group (P = 0.604), the improvement observed in other physical fitness factors was significant in both groups (P < 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed between the groups in in terms of relative VO2max (P = 0.58), peak (P = 0.134), minimum (P = 0.913), and average (P = 0.5) anaerobic power, explosive power (P = 0.702), 30-m sprint (P = 0.23) and agility (P = 0.884).

Compared to indoor hardcourt, it seems that six weeks of Tabata training on sand increases the SV of elite beach soccer players through a greater venous return to the heart. However, no difference was observed between training on sand or indoor hardcourt in terms of aerobic power, anaerobic power parameters, explosive power, speed of movement, and agility performance. Therefore, the use of Tabata training protocol on a standard indoor hardcourt is recommended to create a variety of conditioning programs for beach soccer players or in situations where there is no access to a sand surface.

Recovery is very important aspect of training. Desire for food intake is important at this time. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the response of glucose, insulin and appetite to the amount of carbohydrate consumption after intense intermittent exercise (HIIE).

Thirty-two female athletes (age 22.41±1.04 yrs and weight 56.77±2.41 kg) participated in this study were divided into two carbohydrate drink rate (1.2 g/kg) and (0.4 g/kg) groups. The HIIE consists of 8×3 min set at 80% HRmax. The initial speed was 6 km/h with a 1% gradient. Running speed was increased by 1 km/h with 3 min intervals. 90-s active recovery at 55% between repetitions was considered. The subjects consumed CD at 15 and 90 min after HIIE. Blood samples were taken before, immediately and 150 min after and appetite was measured by a visual analog scale [VAS] before, immediately, 15, 30, 60, 90 and 150 min after HIIE. Statistical data analysis was conducted by the repetitive multivariate analysis of variance and Pearson correlation coefficient (P<0.05).

Amount of carbohydrate intake leads to significant differences in desire for food 30 min after activity (P<0.05). 0.4 g/kg carbohydrate drink led to a lower desire for food (P<0.05). Glucose immediately after exercise into two groups was increased, but after 150 min in the 1.2 g/kg group was decreased (P<0.05).

According to the results, it seems that appetite decreased after HIIE and increased after carbohydrate consumption in both groups, which can be justified due to glucose absorption and improvement in insulin resistance.

Creatine supplementation has been widely used among athletes. The use of resistance training along with dietary supplements are the most widely used methods that improve strength and increase muscle hypertrophy and improve performance in athletes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of resistance training (RT) and supplementation of creatine hydrochloride on muscle strength and body composition in trained women.

In this quasi-experimental and applied study with pretest-posttest design 24 young trained randomly assigned to one of two groups: Group 1: RT with CrHCL supplementation (RT + CrHCL, n=12) and Group 2: RT with placebo (RT+PL, n=12). The participants performed 8 weeks of RT (70–85% one repetition maximum (1RM). 48 hours before and after the training period, muscle strength, body composition and upper body muscle hypertrophy and lower body muscle hypertrophy were measurements. To determine the difference between research variables mixed ANOVA test was used at a significance level of 0.05. 

Significant increases were observed for body weight, fat mass, fat free mass, skeletal muscle mass, upper body muscle hypertrophy and lower body muscle hypertrophy between pre and post-test in the RT + CrHCL group (P<0.05). In addition, percentage of body fat and fat mass was significantly decreased in the post-test in the RT + CrHCL group (P<0.05). The bench press and leg press strength changes in the RT + CrHCL group were significant compared to the RT+PL group (P<0.05, P=0.001, P=0.017). In other variables, despite the significantly increase and decreased in the post-test in the RT+CrHCL group, no significant differences were observed between the two groups (P>0.05).   

It seems that 8 weeks of the CrHCL supplementation as a new type of creatine with RT can have significant effects on muscle strength in young trained women.

the effect of resistance and aerobic exercise on improving the metabolic conditions of obese people has been confirmed; But the question of whether consuming energy supplements along with exercise improves the metabolic status and blood lipid profile of individuals is a new approach that has been considered. The aim of this investigation was to study the interactive effect of ten weeks of simultaneous training (resistance-aerobic) and mix supplementation (L-carnitine-caffeine-arginine) on lipid profile and leptin and adiponectin levels in obese men.

in this quasi-experimental and applied study with pretest-posttest design performed on non-athletic obese men, 28 subjects (age: 37.02±3.89yr, height: 174.7±6.57cm and BMI: 34.4±1.24kg/m2) were selected and randomly divided into three groups: 1): resistance-aerobic training and mix supplementation [RAS] (n: 10), 2): resistance-aerobic training and placebo [RAP] (n: 9) and 3): supplementation/detraining [HUS] (n: 9). The mix supplement contained 200mg of caffeine, 1000mg of L-carnitine, and 1000mg of L-arginine taken 40min daily before exercise. Resistance and aerobic trainings were included 30min and 40-45min respectively with moderate intensity for ten weeks and 3d/w.

the findings showed that mix supplementation (L-carnitine-caffeine-arginine) with moderate intensity resistance- aerobic training had a significant effect on decrease of plasma leptin (p=0.0001) and increase of adiponectin (p=0.001) levels. Also, the interaction of resistance- aerobic training and mix supplementation in decreased TC, TG and LDL-C levels and increased HDL-C (p<0.05) in non-athlete obese men.

it can be concluded those ten weeks of mix supplementation (L-carnitine-caffeine-arginine) and moderate intensity resistance-aerobic exercises had a positive effect on metabolic markers and blood lipid profile in non-athletic obese men.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of drinking skim milk, soy milk, and water on fluid balance, rehydration and time to exhaustion during aerobic exercise. Eight trained females (age 21.37±0.71 years, BMI 22.06±1.42 Kg.m-2, VO2max 43.09±1.83 ml.kg-1.min-1) randomly assigned. The subjects ran on a treadmill at 75% of maximum heart rate for 20 minutes. This process continued for each subject until approximately 1.8±0.17% of reduction in body weight. Following that, subjects consumed one of the drinks randomized crossover design. The amount of consumed liquid was about 150% of the lost weight. Urine volume and urine specific gravity were measured after collecting urine samples. After the end of tree hours recovery, Bruce protocol was performed to evaluate exercise performance. The total volume of urine was significantly reduced in both milk and soy milk trials compared to water trial (P<0.05). Furthermore, the net fluid balance in these two trials was significantly positive compared to water trial (P<0.05) and the time to exhaustion was also longer than water trial (P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference between these two trials, milk and soy milk, in these variables (P>0.05). Therefore, drinking milk and soy milk led to better rehydration and fluid balance after exercise, which is associated with improved exercise performance.

Resistance exercise with different methods such as the use of training masks and blood flow restrictions which are performed at lower intensities than the traditional ones is accompanied by various physiological responses. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance exercise with blood flow and respiratory restriction on response of testosterone, cortisol and testosterone/cortisol ratio in male wrestlers.

In this study, eight male wrestlers (mean age 26.87±4.7 years and body mass index 25.26±2.49 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to three consecutive weeks in three method of traditional resistance exercises (Control) (with 80% 1RM), resistance exercise with blood flow restriction and resistance exercise with respiratory restriction (with 30% 1RM). Four sets of 15 repetitions for squat were considered as resistance exercise in all conditions. Blood samples were collected before and immediately after exercise. The data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA and Bonferroni post hoc test.

All three methods of resistance exercise resulted in a significant increase in testosterone, testosterone/cortisol ratio, and no change in cortisol after exercise (p<0.001). However, no significant difference was observed between the methods.

The results of this study showed that resistance exercise with restriction of blood flow and respiration can have similar positive effect like to traditional resistance exercise on hormonal responses. Therefore, it seems that these training methods have a convenient effectiveness to improve hormonal changes.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of garlic supplementation on oxidative stress markers (AST, ALT, LDH, and CPK) following progressive resistance exercise. This research was a double-blind clinical trial with repeated measures. After obtaining informed consent, 20 sedentary females participated in this study (age: 23.15±2.65 years, BMI: 22.93±1.25 kg.m2). They were then randomly assigned to two groups of garlic supplementation (N=10) and placebo (N=10).
After 14 consecutive days of supplementation (500 mg garlic or lactose every 12 hours a day), all the participants performed a progressive resistance exercise protocol. The changes in oxidative stress markers were measured in four phases (before supplementation and before, immediately after and 24 hours after the resistance exercise protocol). The data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance with Bonferroni post hoc test and independent t- test at significance level of P≤0.05. The results showed that the garlic supplementation after resistance exercise significantly decreased some of oxidative stress markers, that is, ALT (p=0.001) and AST (p=0.001). However, other markers (LDH, CPK) did not change significantly. The results of this study showed that the garlic supplementation leads to a decrease in some of oxidative stress markers. Therefore, garlic supplementation may be able to reduce the oxidative stress following the progressive resistance exercise.

 

The aim of the present study was to investigate the Short-term effect of grape seed extract (GSE) supplementation on the antioxidant capacity of non-athlete girls following an exhaustive aerobic exercise.
Materials and Methods
Sixteen non-athletes female students were randomly assigned into 2 groups of grape seed extract (three capsules of 100 mg per day for 4 weeks) and placebo (three capsules of maltodextrin 100 mg per day for 4 weeks). The first blood sampling was done from the brachial vein to measure the blood levels of the antioxidant enzymes mentioned; the second blood sampling was done after the 4-week period, Subjects then performed the Bruce aerobic exhaustive test protocol then, immediately after the finish of this test, the third blood sampling was done.

The results showed that in terms of the activity of SOD, GPX and POD enzymes, in baseline and post-supplementation, there was no significant difference between the two supplement and placebo groups. The activity of CAT enzyme after the supplementation period was significant between the two groups (p<0.05). The activity antioxidant enzymes in the GSE group in the baseline was significantly lower than after the supplementation period and after the activity (p<0.05). The mean of these enzymes after exercise was significantly higher than supplementation (p<0.05). Were significantly higher in the placebo group after the activity than the baseline and after supplementation (p<0.05).

According to the results, supplementation of GSE improved the antioxidant enzymes mentioned in non-athlete girls after the aerobic exhaustive exercise.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased diabetes around the world. Previous researches emphasized the effect of regular training in increasing insulin sensitivity and improving glucose metabolism. However, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of eight-week resistance and aerobic training on lipid profile and serum levels of hepatokine HFREP1 in obese men with type 2 diabetes. 34 participants with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to three groups of aerobic training (BMI 33.40± 3.33 kg/m2, age of 52.41± 1.83), resistance (BMI 31.20± 1.20 kg/m2, age of 52.45± 1.5) groups and a control group (BMI 32.60± 2.88 kg/m2, age of 53.09± 1.13). The experimental groups did eight-week aerobic and resistance training. In this study HFREP1, FBS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured before and after the training period by applying ELISA test, HPLC, and Enzyme photometric. Then, assigning the normality through Shapiro-Wilk test, ANCOVA test and Bonferroni test were applied to compare data between three groups. Furthermore, the significant level for analyzing data was p˂0.05. Also, in all factors except TC, HOMA-IR, HDL, and LDL there was a significant difference between resistance and endurance groups (p˂0.05). resistance and aerobic training had a significant effect on Insulin resistance and lipid profile; and eight-week resistance and aerobic training lead to decreasing in HFREP1, FBS, HbA1c, HOMA-IR, TG, and LDL while HDL increased. Although resistance and aerobic training have an effect on Insulin resistance and lipid profile, it seems that the effect of resistance training on above-mentioned variables is superior.

Migraine is a neurovascular disorder that decreases the quality of life. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of aerobic training and a combination of herbal supplements including Valeriana wallichii and Melissa officinalis on serotonin, nitric oxide and headache indices.
The present study was a semi-experimental and applied research. Eighteen female patients with migraine who were eligible to participate in the study were randomly divided into two groups: aerobic training (n=9) and herbal supplements (n=9). Patients in the aerobic exercise group performed the exercise for eight weeks, three sessions per week and each session was 75 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (15 minute warm-up, 45 workouts, 15 minute cool-down). The combination of herbal supplement group received herbal capsules for eight weeks and each capsule was included 200 mg of valerian and 80 mg of Melissa officinalis. They used it twice daily in the first four weeks and three times a day in the next four weeks. Blood samples were taken in the fasting state to determine the serotonin and nitric oxide levels of the subjects before and after the intervention. Headache indexes were also assessed by a headache questionnaire. Data were analyzed by Kolmogrov-Smirnov, independent and paired T-tests and Covariance analysis at a significance level of p Results showed that in the complementary combination group, taking eight weeks of capsule significantly increased blood serotonin levels and headache frequency and intensity significantly decreased. In addition, nitric oxide levels and duration of headache did not significantly differ as compared to before the study. In the aerobic training group, eight weeks of activity significantly increased serotonin and nitric oxide levels and significantly decreased headache frequency and headache intensity, but did not change the duration of the headache. Also, by comparing the variables between the two groups, other than serum nitric oxide and aerobic power, the changes of the other variables were similar at the end of the study, and no significant difference was observed between them.
Aerobic training and a combination of herbal supplements including valerian and Melissa officinalis can be a good complement therapy for women with migraine.

Fitness is one of the most important factor in military health and a positive attitude towards fitness it could have major effects on job performance. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between physical fitness and its perceived estimation in military forces.
In this descriptive study, 60 people (30 men and 30 women) were randomly selected from ground forces based on the Odinsky table to complete the questionnaire of perceived estimation of physical fitness designed by Delignieres et al. The measured variables included physical characteristics such as age, weight, height, body mass index, percentage of body fat and physical fitness factors: cardiorespiratory endurance (shuttle run), strength (hand grip) and the whole body strength (dynamometer), flexibility (Sit and reach) and body composition (three sites measurement of skinfold thickness). Pearson correlation coefficient and independent t test were used to determine the relationship between the perceived estimation of health-related fitness with its actual levels, and to compare health-related fitness between male and female military forces, respectively.
The findings showed a significant inverse correlations between the perceived estimation and the actual level of fitness factors in army women (P˂0.05) (except in strength). There were no significant direct relationship in factors for men (except in cardiorespiratory endurance and flexibility). In other words, neither men nor women had sound estimation regarding their fitness status.
Due to inaccurate estimation of physical fitness factors in the studied military forces, it may be necessary to participate in physical activities to promote physical fitness and homogeneous perceived appraisal of true physical fitness.

Migraine is a debilitating condition that causes numerous pain and suffering for patients. Exercise and herbal remedies recommended for the prevention and treatment of migraine. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of aerobic training and a combination of herbal supplements for 8 weeks on migraine headache indices including frequency, intensity and duration of Headache and also Symptoms of depression and anxiety.
Twenty-four female patients with migraine who are eligible to participate in the study were randomly divided in to two groups: aerobic training (n = 12) and Supplements herbal compound (n = 12).
Patients in the aerobic exercise group performed the exercise for eight weeks, three sessions per weeks and each session was 75 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity (15 minute warm-up, 45 workouts, 15 minute cool-down).
The combination of herbal supplement group received herbal capsules for eight weeks and each capsule contains 200 mg valerian and 80 mg melissa officinalis that were consumed, twice a day in the first four weeks and three times a day in the second four weeks.
Headache indices and consumption of synthetic drugs was assessed by questionnaire headache diary And the Beck Anxiety and Depression Inventory was used for anxiety and depression. Data were analyzed by Kolmogrov-Smirnov, the independent and paired T-test at significance level of P≤0.05.
Test results showed that in herbal capsule group, taking eight weeks capsules caused significant reductions in headache frequency, headache intensity, consumption of synthetic drugs, Beck depression inventory scores and also Beck anxiety scores reduced but it was not significant. In addition, the duration of headache was no difference compared to before the study.
In the aerobic exercise group, eight weeks of activity caused significant reductions in headache frequency, headache intensity, Beck depression and anxiety inventory scores and consumption of synthetic drugs. But the duration of headache was unchanged. The indices of headaches, anxiety and depression were compared between the two groups and These variables were similar at baseline and end of study and no significant differences were observed.
aerobic training and a combination of herbal supplements may be an alternative treatment for migraine patients who can not tolerate the side effects of synthetic drugs or do not benefit.

Leg cramp is associated with high levels of blood glucose, triglycerides, blood pressure, obesity and decreased HDL in middle-aged women that is associated with painful contractions, which leads to disorder of walking and health in the individual. Therefore, due to these disorders, this study was performed with aim to investigate the effects of calf muscles and hamstrings stretching training on pain severity and leg cramps in women with metabolic syndrome.
This semi experimental study was performed by pretest-posttest with control group in 2015 on 24 patients with metabolic syndrome in Fouman city. After the measurement of leg cramps and metabolic syndrome variables, the subjects were randomly divided into two groups of experimental and control. Stretching training was performed for 6 weeks, 5 days per week for 45 to 50 minutes. The intensity and frequency of leg cramps were assessed by visual analogue scale. Data was analyzed by SPSS software (version 20) and dependent t test and covariance analysis. P Stretching training significantly reduced the intensity and frequency of leg cramps (p0.05). Also, the changes of metabolic syndrome indices and anthropometric measurements before and after training was not significant the experimental group (p>0.05).
6 weeks of stretching training can affect the leg muscles cramps and so can be useful in improving of leg cramps indices (intensity of frequency). Therefore, according to the results, women with metabolic syndrome can use stretching training for possible prevention of leg muscles cramps disorders and reducing its complications in daily life.

With the advancement of human society and changes in lifestyles, metabolic diseases and obesity are expanding rapidly among human populations. Researchers want to find new indicators to obtain comprehensive information about the fitness and health status. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between health and anthropometric indices with handgrip strength, physiological indices and the 2D:4D ratio in children 8 to 15 years.
Participants in this study were 362 boys with an average age of 11.78±2.32 years, height 151.39±15.79 cm and body mass 38.06 ± 10.87kg. After completing the consent by their parents, anthropometric indices (body mass, height, sitting height, elbow width, knee width, leg length, arm circumference and calf circumference), second finger (index finger) and fourth finger (ring finger) sizes, health indices (BMI, WHR, fat percentage) and physiological (strength, speed, endurance and flexibility) were measured.
The results show that the 2D:4D ratio and handgrip strength is a significant relationship with health indices and anthropometric indices except body mass and sitting height (p≤ 0.05). According to the results, significant correlations (p≤ 0.05) were found between other physiological indicators with health and anthropometric indices except sit-ups and running 20 meters with BMI.
According to the results, some of studied indicators can be used to examine children's physical health and fitness level.

The purpose of this study was to survey of the physiologic and anthropometric profile of professional male Gymnasts in Kerman and Guilan provinces and comparing them with the norm. Subjects included 20 professional male gymnasts from Kerman and Guilan provinces with mean age 15.2±2.2 yrs, weight 51.35±13.24 kg and height 161.80±11.36 cm. Data were analyzed by using descriptive and inference Statistic (t student) at P

Methamphetamine is a powerful stimulant that has an extremely harmful effect on the nervous system, compromising the individual's health. This study aimed to investigate the changes of blood levels of endorphin, serotonin and dopamine and some physical health variables following a period of aerobic training in men with history of addiction to methamphetamine.
Thirty men with history of addiction to methamphetamine were purposefully selected and randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n=15) and control (n=15). The experimental group took part in aerobic training on sand for 8 weeks, 3 days a week, with an intensity of 60-75% of maximum heart rate, while the control group had no physical activity. Circulating levels of serotonin, dopamine and endorphin, body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat percentage and cardio-respiratory were measured before and 24 hours after the last training session. To measure levels of neurotransmitters, 5 ml blood was collected from the brachial vein of subjects.
Eight weeks of aerobic training increased circulating levels of serotonin, dopamine, endorphin and, cardio-respiratory significantly in the experimental group, compared to controls (P0.05).
Aerobic training can beneficially impact circulatory levels of serotonin, dopamine and endorphin and cardio-respiratory endurance, both for improving the physical status and health of men with history of addiction to methamphetamine and as a non-drug treatment during rehabilitation.

Physical activity can reduce the incidence of physical and psychological disorders such as depression. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of eight week aerobic training on plasma levels of serotonin and depression in addicted men to methamphetamine during rehabilitation.
A total of 20 men addicted to methamphetamine were referring to rehabilitation center with moderate depression were selected as a purposeful and available samples and randomly divided into two groups of aerobic training (n=10) and control (n=10). Group of aerobic training performed for 8 weeks, 3 days a week (each session for 45 min, included 10 min of warm up, running as two times of 15 minutes with an intensity of 70-75% of maximum heart rate, resting intervals of 3 to 4 min between them and 5 min cool down), While the control group hadn’t any effective physical activity. To measure levels of serotonin, in two stages, before and after training 5 cc blood were collected from the brachial vein of the subjects.
Eight weeks aerobic training increased significantly blood levels of serotonin in the training group compared to the control (P According to the findings it can be concluded that aerobic training can impact on blood levels of serotonin in addicted men to methamphetamine and increase plasma serotonin concentration and cause remarkable reduction in depression.

In previous studies the ratio between 2D:4D hand digits was proposed as an indicator of testosterone level and can be related to aging-induced sarcopenia. Based on the notion, the aim of present study was to investigate the relationship between (2D:4D digit ratio and waist to hip ratio (WHR), muscle mass and strength in postmenopausal women.
One-hundred forty eight postmenopausal women (average age: 53.74±4.38 years) were selected purposefully. Anthropometric characteristics of subjects, skeletal muscle mass index, handgrip strength and quadriceps strength were measured.
The results showed a significant negative correlation for 2D:4D digit ratio with handgrip strength and quadriceps muscle strength (r=-0.62, r=-0.51 and P Among the postmenopausal women the 2D: 4D digit ratio has a stronger correlation with handgrip strength and quadriceps muscle strength than the other variables. This finding can be used to check the possibility of reduced muscle strength in postmenopausal women.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of different times under tension in eccentric phase of resistance exercise on delayed onset of muscle soreness markers. 32 non-athletes men (with mean age of 21.71± 2.88y, height of 175.21± 5.42 cm, weight of 71.87± 8.4 kg, BMI of 23.60± 3.28 kg/m2 and body fat percent of 19.18± 4.79) voluntarily participated in the study. Subjects were randomly divided into four groups, with ratios from concentric to eccentric were divided as a ratio of 1: 1, 1: 2, 1: 3 and 1: 4 respectively. Parameters measured included serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase and muscular pain perception. Indices were measured in the before, 24 and 48 hours after resistance exercise. Repeated measures analysis of variance and ANOVA test were used to assess differences between the groups. The levels of creatine kinase and pain perception in all groups at 24 and 48 hours after resistance exercise had a significant increase (P≥0.05). A significant difference between groups 1: 1 and 1: 2 with 1: 4 group was observed (P≥0.05). In all groups Lactate dehydrogenase only had a significant increase at 24 hours after resistance exercise (P≥0.05), but no significantly difference between groups was observed. This study showed that increase in the time under tension as ratio 1 to 4 (slow tempo) can increase muscle damage and DOMS.

Based on new evidence, exercise with type and intensity consideration may impact on pain relief and good cardiovascular responses in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS).
To investigate the effect of resistance (RE) and aerobic exercise (AE) on the threshold, pain perception and cardiovascular responses in women with MS.
In this semi-experimental study, Ten female patients with MS selected from MS society of Rasht who had necessary criteria and average systolic blood pressure (SBP) of 112.90 and diastolic blood pressure of 74.50 (mmHg) participated as a purposeful and available sample in 2014. Resistance exercise included 2 sets of 10 repetitions for 5 exercises as circuit and aerobic exercise consisted of cycle ergometry with intensity of 50-60% HRmax. Pain threshold, perception and blood pressure were measured with Algometer, pain scale and sphygmomanometer ALPK2 respectively. The ANOVA repeated measures and Pearson correlation coefficient were used for data analysis.
Findings: SBP had a normal process, but it was non-significant after exercises. Heart rate increased (P Based on the findings, resistance exercise and aerobic exercise with moderate intensity probably can lead to decrease pain threshold, blood pressure and heart rate to 15 minutes after the exercise in female patients with MS.