فهرست مطالب حمید قبادی

Ground beetles as ‘‘generalist predators’’ are one of the most common and species-rich families of arthropods in agricultural ecosystems and their role as effective bioindicators is well known. Ground beetles (Carabidae) of south east of Tehran province was studied during 2015. These beetles were collected by pitfall traps from different ecosystems such as alfalfa and barley fields as well as green spaces. The species diversity was studied by Species Diversity and Richness software. Different tests used in this study included: Alpha Diversity index, Shannon-Wiener Index, Simpson Index, Beta (β) diversity, Species Evenness, Pielou J Index, Species Richness and Similarity index. In this study 450 specimens belonging to 12 species were collected. The species include Acinopus picipes (Olivier, 1795), Amara ovate (Fabricius, 1792), Brachinus ejaculans Fisher von Waldheim, 1828, Calathus fuscipes (Goeze, 1777)، , Calathus melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), Cylindera germanica (Linnaeus, 1758), Distichus planus (Bonelli, 1813), Harpalus griseus (Panzer, 1796), Harpalus rufipes (Degeer, 1774), Poecilus wollastoni (Wollaston, 1854), Siagona europaea Dejean, 1826 and Zabrus tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777) . Based on the results, Distichus planus had the most divergence in barley fields of Pakdasht and Gharchak. Green space of Abureyhan campus and alfalfa field of Pakdasht with 8 and 5 species, respectively, had the highest number of species. Both of barley fields of Pakdasht and Gharchak with 4 species had the lowest number of species. Moreover, the alfalfa field of Pakdasht and barley field of Pakdasht had the highest and lowest evenness, respectively. Based on the similarity index, green space of Abureyhan campus and alfalfa field of Pakdasht had the most similarity (75%) and barley of Pakdasht and Gharchak with alfalfa field of Pakdasht had the lowest similarity (33%) Carabid beetles are important biological control agents in agroecosystems and the study of their biodiversity helps pest management programs. The results of this study enhanced our knowledge regarding the diversity of Carabid species in central Iran

The fauna of ground beetles (Carabidae) in south east of Tehran province (Pakdasht and Qarchak) were studied during 2015-2016. The beetles were collected by pitfall traps and directly by hand from different ecosystems such as farms, orchards, landscapes and rangelands. In this study, 485 specimens belonging to 9 subfamilies, 12 tribes, 17 genera, and 23 species were collected. Among them 14 species are reported for the first time from Tehran province which were marked by asterisk. Based on the collected samples, Distichus planus was recorded as dominant species in the region. The identified species are as follows:Brachinus (Brachinus) ejaculans (Fischer von Waldheim, 1828)*, Brachinus sp, Calosoma (Campalita) maderae dsungaricum (Gebler, 1833)*, Calosoma (Calosoma) sycophanta (Linne, 1758)*, Cylindera (Cylindera) germanica (Linnaeus, 1758)*, Cicindela (Cicindela) asiatica asiatica Audouin and Brullé, 1839*, Harpalus (Harpalus) distinguendus (Duftschmid, 1812)*, Harpalus (Harpalus) rubripes (Dufischmid, 1812)*, Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) griseus (Panzer, 1796), Harpalus (Pseudoophonus) rufipes (Degeer, 1774)*, Ophonus sp., Acinopus (Acinopus) picipes (Olivier, 1795)*, Cymindis (Cymindis) andreae (Ménétriés, 1832), Calathus (Neocalathus) melanocephalus (Linnaeus, 1758)*, Calathus (Calathus) fuscipes fuscipes (Goeze, 1777)*, Poecilus (Ancholeus)wollastoni. (Wollaston, 1854), Amara (Amara) ovata (Fabricius, 1792)*, Zabrus (Zabrus) tenebrioides (Goeze, 1777)*, Distichus (Distichus) planus (Bonelli, 1813), Scarites (Scarites) procerus eurytus (Fischer von Waldheim, 1828)*, Siagona europaea europaea (Dejean, 1826)*, Trechus sp., Microlestes sp., Elaphropus (Tachyura) diabrachys. Paussus turcicus I. Frivaldszky von Frivald, 1835*, Tschitscherinellus oxygonus radjabii (Morvan, 1974)*.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was known as the main specific mitogen for vascular endothelial cells. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of high-intensity interval exercise on serum VEGF changes in trained and untrained men.

Twelve male subjects recruited and assigned into two groups trained (n=6) and untrained (n=6) according to physical activity levels. One week before the experiment was started; subjects were familiar with protocol of research. High-intensity interval exercise protocol included of 12×1min intervals at ∼85-90% of reserve heart rate separated by 1min of active recovery. Blood samples were collected from both groups before, immediately after, three and five hours after doing high-intensity interval exercise. Also, serum VEGF was measured by ELISA kit and data were analyzed by using independent t-test and analysis of variance with repeated measures at the level of significance of P≤0.05.

Results of study showed levels of Serum VEGF, immediately after high-intensity interval exercise increased in trained but decreased in untrained men. Also, significant differences were observed between serum VEGF level changes of trained and untrained men in response to exercise (P≤0.05).

Physical fitness status can be of the effective factors in changes model of serum VEGF in response to a session of high-intensity interval exercise.

The aim of this study was to predict the maximal lactate steady state via onset blood lactate accumulation by incremental exercise test in the young trained cyclists. Nine cyclists volunteered to participate in this study. For each subject determined workload corresponding to onset blood lactate accumulation in the incremental exercise test. After that subjects performed several 30-min constant load tests for determination maximal lactate steady state. The first workload for constant load test was the workload corresponding to lactate threshold in incremental exercise test. The results demonstrated that there were significant correlation between workload corresponding onset blood lactate accumulation and maximal lactate steady state (250. 22 ± 18. 79 vs. 250. 67 ± 16. 97 watt) (r=979، P<0. 001)، between blood lactate concentration and mean blood lactate 10th، 20th and 30th minutes (r=0. 736، P<0. 037)، but there was no correlation between heart rate onset blood lactate accumulation and maximal lactate steady state (r=0. 650، P<0. 058) (4. 03 ± 0. 01 vs. 4. 25 ± 0. 09 mmol.، and 182 ±5. 52 vs. 183. 89 ± 3. 62 bpm). The regression equation to determine maximal lactate steady state is (Watt. MLSS= 0. 87×Watt. OBLA+ 32. 14). Thus the results of this study shown that there is a good correlation between workload corresponding to onset blood lactate accumulation and maximal lactate steady state and so this equation can predict maximal lactate steady state by single incremental test in athletics.

The purpose of the present study was to compare the effect of three different types of training programs on serum leptin concentration changes and some regulator hormones of blood glucose in athlete male students. In this quasi-experimental study، 32 athlete male students were randomly divided into 4 groups: endurance (END)، resistance (RES)، concurrent (CON) and control (CONT). In an 8-week training، subjects in END group performed 4 sessions per week running on treadmill with 65% heart rate maximum for 45 minutes; RES group received 4 sessions per week consisting of a 9-item circuit resistance of 4 sets with 12 repetitions and intensity of 60% and one repetition maximum. Moreover، CON group performed both of RES and END training protocols. Blood samples were taken before، immediately and 24 hours after last session training. The study results were analyzed using repeated measures Anova (P≤0. 05). Immediately after exercise، serum leptin concentration decreased significantly in all groups (P≤0. 05)، whereas 24 hours after exercise it increased that was significant in END and RES groups (P≤0. 001). Cortisol levels increased immediately after exercise though that was not significant. In contrary، it decreased 24 hours after training that was significant just in RES group (P≤0. 035). Insulin levels decreased، though، not significantly immediately after exercise، whereas it increased 24 hours after exercise significantly in END (P≤0. 045) and RES groups (P≤0. 004). Growth hormone also increased immediately and 24 hours after exercise which was not significant in any groups. Serum leptin levels revealed higher decrease in CON group compared to other groups that is probably due to high intensity and long exercise period and more adipose tissue reduction.

Attention to the physical and physiological needs of a soccer referee plays an important role in his performance in a match as in order to regulate the rules of the game, the referee should track the event and players by moving inside the pitch continually with no restriction. The aim of this research was to study the variations in workload, heart rate and blood lactate in elite soccer referees of eighth soccer premier league of Iran in first and second halves (first halves of two mid seasons and second halves of first and second mid seasons). 10 elite soccer referees of soccer premier league (international degree, age: 35.5 3.97 yrs, height: 180.1 4.48 cm, weight: 78.18 8.4 kg) in eighth premier league were selected by available non-random sampling method. All subjects were examined in two games (each mid season contained one game). Tests included measuring workload, heart rate and blood lactate in first and second halves (first halves of two mid seasons and second halves of first and second mid seasons). For data analysis, paired t test was used. The results showed no significant difference between workload and blood lactate of first and second halves (P>0.05). Besides, there was no significant difference in heart rate between first and second halves (P>0.05). It seems that workload and competition level, intensity and speed are the most important environmental factors influencing referees’ physiological responses and covered distance. Analysis of eighth premier league results indicated the low workload of current judges and high heart rate on the other hand which showed a lack of proper physical fitness, especially low aerobic fitness, of soccer elite referees of Iran premier league.