حمید نصرآبادی

Realization of development، specially rural and agricultural development، as well as soil and water resources efficiency enhancement and irrigation networks management improvement depend on the beneficiaries’ participation. Therefore، it is necessary to have macro planning and to be aware of the factors influencing the beneficiaries'' active participation in irrigation networks management. Accordingly، this research was executed to investigate how irrigation and drainage networks could be developed based on the beneficiaries’ participatory strategies. The research area was in the Bozhan River، Neyshabour County، Iran. Research method was descriptive by using survey technique. The research instrument included a questionnaire. All the network beneficiaries were included in the research statistical population. Stratified random sampling was used to collect data from 254 beneficiaries. Findings revealed that among all variables of the research، ten variables including «referral of other farmers to a beneficiary (water user)»، «visiting demonstration farms»، «contact with extension agents»، «access to funds and facilities»، «educational background»، «accessible amount of water»، «cultivation area»، «awareness of advantages and disadvantages of participation»، «conflict background with Jihad Keshavarzi Organization» and «job satisfaction» could anticipate a total of 60 percent of the variation of the dependent variable of ‘beneficiaries’ participation’ in developing secondary and tertiary irrigation and drainage networks.

In desspit of governments attention for improving rural areas which have potential for rural tourism development، there is less attended to their residents'' attitudes in this regard. Therefore، this study aims to analyze rural residents'' attitude toward rural tourism impacts. Research method is descriptive by using survey technique for data collection. Those local households who live in three villages (Rood، Darbehesht and Ghar) were the research population. Thus، 113 households were selected as sample group by using proportional random sampling method. Finding revealed there is meaningful statistical difference between attitude toward rural tourism impacts and level of education; membership in local associations and residents'' job. Besides، results of using correlation coefficient test revealed there is meaningful relationship between attitude toward rural tourism impacts and local people income and their orchard area. Finding of stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that orchard area; annual income; and level of education as three independent variable can predict about 40 percent of attitude toward rural tourism impacts as dependent variable. Some recommendation have presented according to research results at the end of article.

In order to develop water resource, noticeable actions have been taken toward controlling and transferring fresh water. But, less actions have implemented toward water distribution in farms, because of lacking appropriate development of irrigation and drainage networks. Implementing ancillary irrigation networks is one of the main ways for enhancing water use efficiency. Therefore, this research was executed to investigate factors affecting beneficiarie's participation towards ancillary irrigation and drainage networks in Bozhan river zone, Neyshabour County. Research method was descriptive by using survey technique. The research instrument included a questionnaire. Its validity was approved by a specialists panel and a pilot study was conducted to examine its reliability. Cronbach's alpha coefficients were from 0.70 to 0.90. All the network participants (744 beneficiaries) were the research statistical population. Proportional random sampling method was used to collect data from 254 beneficiaries. Findings of path analysis revealed that variables including visiting demonstration farms and amount of contact with extension agents had the most direct effect on beneficiarie's participation in developing ancillary irrigation and drainage networks. Also, the variables of the amount of referral of others to beneficiary (water user) and income had the most indirect effect on beneficiarie's participation in developing ancillary irrigation and drainage networks. At the end, based on the findings of the research, some executive recommendations have been presented to promote beneficiarie's participation toward development of ancillary irrigation and drainage networks.