حمیدرضا باغیانی

the expansion and development of tourism in rural areas is one of the current strategies considered by many countries for the development of rural areas. The community-based tourism was introduced in the 1970s, which guarantees a high level of community participation in development and planning with regard to the sustainability of tourism. Community-based tourism in search of economic benefits for the local community, local protection of natural and cultural resources, improve the quality of life and empowering the local community to meet the needs of present and future generations. In this article Gurab Pas District in the Province of Guilan have been selected, according to the prosperity and development of tourism in this area, the effects of tourism on the local community has been measured and Determine the extent to which tourism development and its effects leads to increased local community involvement in tourism activities. The research method is descriptive - analytical and data collection tool was questionnaire and number of questionnaire was determined through Cochran of 314 people. Analysis of the results using Factor analysis shows that among the factors for community-based rural tourism, Economic factors with 19/137 and 16/283 local community and conserving the best and the worst is operating in partnership with 9/786.

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the environmental quality of rural tourism destinations in Ghalehroodkhan tourism area in Fooman County.
Design/methodology/approach: This study was a descriptive-analytical one conducted via survey method. The population of the study included the tourists in the study area. As the total number of the population was not known, to determine the sample size, 380 questionnaires were distributed. Heckman test and factor analysis were used for data analysis.
Findings: The results showed that the structural-performance factors, tourist attractions, and visual and environmental attractions were the factors that played an effective role in the environmental quality of rural tourism destinations. Factor analysis was used to assess the environmental quality of the rural tourism destinations of Ghalehroodkhan area. As a result of reduction of 47 variables, five factors were developed including leisure time, attractions, infrastructure, social and environmental factors, with the special values of 18.41, 17.26, 14.67, 11.83 and 9.78 respectively.
Research limitations/implications: The high cost of the research and the time required to fill out the questionnaires, with regard to the extent of the study area, were among the main challenges facing the present study.
Originality/values: This study plays an important part in consideration of the factors that affect the quality of the rural tourism destinations.

Introduction Rural tourism cans a strategy for the comprehensive development of economic, environmental and social. Rural tourism can play an important economic impact on rural areas. Rural tourists’ paid For purchase of local goods and services. Also, rural tourism can be a major role in empowering local people and to economic growth and create new job opportunities closely with other economic sectors to play a role (Sharif-Zadeh and Moradnezhad, 1381: 52). This study examined the effects of economic, social - cultural and environmental development of rural ecotourism in desert areas (villages Shirkooh located in Yazd province). Ecological role of these villages will mean in the areas of national development goals with the capabilities of these villages in order to combat desertification and droughts risks, deal with soil erosion and degradation, preservation of natural resources and micro-climate, Therefore, if development means the normal interaction of ecological systems, social and economic know, then the villages located in the desert areas of the country plays a major role in achieving sustainable development (Taherkhani, 1382: 235). These villages in order to its role in sustainable development must in the first, their experience of sustainable development. However, the large number of villages, with potential revenue sources and opportunities, such as favorable weather in the desert, geomorphologic forms, attractive sky, illuminated by the sun, fountains, aqueducts, plant and animal life, sandy hills, domes saline, valleys, mountains and other natural attractions are to develop ecotourism. This study seeks to answer this question is: what effects on ecotourism sustainable development of rural areas has been studied? With these questions, the following hypothesis is proposed: Ecotourism seems to have positive effects on economic, social and environmental study area is on the villages. 2- Methodology The research study is applied. Given the topic, objectives and hypothesis, the method descriptive - survey and data gathering is both library and field. A case study is also considered to increase the accuracy. The study sample of 11 villages in the rural villages Dhbala Shirkooh functions Yazd province with a population of 1018 people (393 households) are included. Cochran formula was used to determine sample size of 131 which it was obtained. After determining the sample size, rural population under the 20 families studied in three (3 villages), 20 to 40 households (3 villages) and 40 households (4 villages) were separated and third floors of the three villages Mhsn farm, Janborazan and orchards were studied. The method of sampling, questionnaires was completed in the rural sample. Completing the questionnaire on 30 villagers and assess the validity and reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's alpha internal consistency of 72/0 relative reliability of the questionnaire was established. In order to analyze the data, the classification of data and preparation of tables, test using SPSS statistical software such as frequency distribution, the mean and median averages were calculated. The next step, in order to identify the effects of ecotourism on the villages, with related resources and use of teachers and experts from 10 economic components, 18 and 11 components, environmental and social components was identified. Finally, with the aim of finding and summarizing the effects of latent component factor analysis was used to test a limited number of effects. The researchers conducted a factor analysis on the effects of economic, social and environmental impacts of ecotourism in the identified villages hidden in the area. 3– Discussion The results indicate a major effect on the five villages is studied. These effects include: Expansion of second homes Ecotourism has the most effect on the villages studied, the construction of second homes in the village was Dehbala. The phenomenon of the decade 70-80 shaped and heavily influenced by the rural landscape is increasingly becoming an increasing number are made. Creation and expansion of second homes in rural areas, thereby creating jobs, such as real estate offices and sales of building materials has been. The jobs in the villages, which are new to the buying and selling land in the region, increasing the likelihood of jobs in the near future, there. Of these houses, residential land prices increased and agricultural lands and orchards have been. The changing nature of rural Ecotourism is another of the series Dhbala villages, the rural nature of it. This change largely influenced by external relations with the neighboring village is. The expansion of these relations is promoting urban culture and away from rural culture. Feature of the village, quiet and calm and beautiful environment that is The development of ecotourism and the environmental damage caused Eco tourists villages and increased pollution of solid waste entering the tourists to the village and also noise pollution is increasing. Also enter this Eco tourists, some anomalies in rural development and conflict between villagers and tourists have been seeking. Most conflicts result from the unauthorized entry of tourists into the rural lands and gardens and the unusual behavior and anomalies of tourists. The principal component analysis of field studies and related social indicators - makes clear that the social and cultural - cultural development of ecotourism entered into, is not looking very positive effects, But these positive effects also should not be ignored, for example, socializing and communicating between local residents and tourists, residents drive to increase literacy levels and awareness of what is going on around them. Equipping village facilities villages in the study area in recent years witnessed the expansion of basic services (water, electricity, telecommunications, etc.) were. Network can improve communication with neighboring regions, including rural areas, plumbing, water supply, electricity supply and telecommunications facilities, build schools, develop the rural landscape and would like it. These facilities increase due to the location of residences are rural. With studies done by researchers shows that ecotourism has had little effect on equipping rural facilities. It should be noted that in the villages studied ecotourism mostly climbing, use of scenery, weather factors and the like, and such activities do not require the creation of recreational units. Another thing that is remarkable, reluctance of villagers to build recreation centers, youth villages, because they only have to do to earn a livelihood and recreation. Increasing of Population Another impact of ecotourism in villages, positive population growth rates in four villages (Janborazan, Shiekhalishah, Ghorogh and Zyrebaghshah) is To the effect that the phenomenon of second homes and tourism also improve local streets and roads in the area that has had considerable vogue in recent years. 4– Conclusion Summarize the results of factor analysis shows that the economic dimension of ecotourism income and employment for local people and in two dimensions - social, cultural and environmental damage has been followed. Improve the economic status of rural land for sale due to owners of second homes. Owners of the homes of some villagers have been hired to guard and protect their homes. Including social impacts - such as increased cultural abnormalities, increased conflict between villagers and tourists and the urban culture and away from the rural culture. However, ecotourism in the region has positive effects on the environment and conclusion of the spread ecotourism, destruction of vegetation and pastures, environment, sound and play different types of waste in rural areas. Thus the need for proper management and sustainable ecotourism in the rural area is characterized by patterns Special place in villages, because leisure area residents are capable of Yazd province, and the long-term plan does not prepare for them, life is at risk for these villages.

Spatial structure of population is an important issue in regional studies. Iran population has unbalanced and unsuitable distribution. In some places population is dense and in some other areas it is sparse. The unbalanced and disproportional distribution can be attributed to various factors that can be divided into a variety of categories such as natural، economic، social، political، historical، cultural and etc. Development of car industries and promotion of trade، construction and development of rural areas and new towns in different ways has a new era of development and population displacement. Influx of rural migrants to urban areas and concentration of population in cities and small towns led to numerous inconsistencies in the distribution of population in Iran. The high population growth in one hand and the implications and consequences of large population on the other hand are important factors influencing population-based studies and population movements in the geographical areas. In this study، an attempt has been made to study the geographical areas with population change and effective factors. The consequences of this change are analyzed. The questions considered in this study are as follows: 1. Are crucial demographic factors such as population growth and the youth literacy rate in terms of active population and employment rates various in different areas? 2. Is the process of migration in recent decades influencing environmental policies and planning? Could the current trend of population distribution in different regions lead to an increase in the gap between wealthy and deprived areas? The method of this research is descriptive - analytic. To obtain information in the research we used library documents and statistics as materials. Then، demographic data were used individually and based on comparisons between different periods. According to the findings and discussions، the following research questions are discussed. 1. Are crucial demographic factors such as population growth and the youth literacy rate in terms of the active population and employment rates various in different areas? Population growth: based on the last General Population and Housing Census in 2011، population of Iran was 75. 149 million. This show an increase of 4. 65 million compared with 2006 Census. In other words، the annual population growth was 1. 2 percent in the same period. Young people: the young population increased from 2. 918 in 1956 to 17. 738 2006. The proportion of young population to total population to come in the year 1956 was 15. 4%، and for the year 1966 it was 15. 2%، for 1976 it was 19%، and for 1986 it was 19%، for 1996 about 25. 5%، and 25. 2% for 2006. The literacy rate: In Tehran province (83. 8 percent)، Semnan (80. 8 percent)، Isfahan (80. 2%)، Yazd (79. 2 percent) and Mazandaran (78. 4%) and the highest number allocated to 6 years old and more educated in provinces of Sistan and Baluchistan (57. 3 percent)، Azarbayjan- Gharby (69. 9 percent)، Kurdistan (70. 3 percent)، Khorasan Jonobi (71 percent)، Koohkiluyeh Boyer Ahmad (72. 9 percent). The lowest number has been 6 years and more literate. Growth rate of the active population is characterized byyoung and educated in Sistan- Baluchistan province. This shows the highest rate of population growth and lowest levels of education and low levels of the active population. The high percentage of unemployed is about 16. 8 percent. 2. Is the process of migration in recent decades influencing environmental policies and planning? Recent immigration trends are more in the provinces of Tehran، Khorasan Razavi and Isfahan. Due to unique political status، more income and employment opportunities، easy access and etc. Tehran has attracted the largest number of immigrants. Government policy was so that caused many people to migrate to Tehran because of more facilities available.. So، it is clear that immigration trends are influenced by environmental factors، and planning policies. 3. Could the current trend of population distribution in different regions lead to an increase in the gap between wealthy and deprived areas? Current trends indicate that the population distribution is mainly concentrated in metropolitan centers due to the concentration of material and social capital. Different migrant groups have a variety of living conditions. Most cities have immigration such as Tehran، Mashhad and Isfahan. The high populated areas have more job opportunities for people and attract more people from remote areas. The results showed that the distribution of population of Iran، from West to East and from North to South is influenced by environmental factors (topography، rainfall، soil and water resources and etc)، economic factors (income، employment opportunities، etc.)، political factors (government policies، government funding، etc.)، and social factors (migration، kinship ties، religious attractions، etc). The distribution of population may lead to different effects. For example، in some areas، increased migration of people to other areas has led to a situation that the facilities and services by public and private investments are left unused. The distribution of population density is increasing in some areas such as the provinces of Tehran، Gilan، Mazandaran. These increases in density could increase pressure on the utilization of resources and environmental damage. In this review، in the form of three questions listed above we have tried to check the movement of population and geographical areas and their consequences. The results show that the geographic distribution of the population is strongly influenced by environmental، economic، social، and political factors. Each of these aspects will consequently lead to different effects.

Construction of second homes is not a new phenomenon. In recent years, Iranian citizen and metropolitan residents have selected mountainous areas around cities and coastal areas for leisure and villa construction. Yazd province, due to its geographical location, suffers from a limitation of natural tourist attractions, but the slopes and villages of Shirkooh are in a good position to attract tourists and to provide second homes for city folks. Second homes in these areas, particularly after the widespread use of private cars, have increased to the peak from the 80s onwards. The most important factors in attracting tourists to these areas are the temperature difference between them and the surrounding towns and cities as well as relatively close distances to drive. Construction and expansion of second homes have had various economic, social, cultural, and physical environment effects. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the physical consequences of constructing second homes in rural areas of Shirkooh using a descriptive- analytical method, library work, and survey studies (questionnaires). The results show that second homes have caused the improvement of road quality and the physical development of villages; however, they have led to the destruction and loss of agricultural lands and orchards.

Rural development systematic approach knows pre-request accessible to development purposes participate of all rural people including woman, man, young and adult. It is considered participating and development plansas a pre-request of participating advantages toward achieving development aims.This research has done with comparative study of rural women participate obstacles in development plans in two Samaleh and Salie-e villages in Khuzestan province. It was all people over 10years educated as statistic population case study and selected the sample persons to random sampling method between them. Data collection was questionnaire by library studies. Research results indicate that different factors such as economic, social and cultural effect on rural women participation. In other hand have been social and cultural factors women participation obstacles in villages study area. It was different priority obstacles and participate women barriers, regarding cultural diversity between two villages (one Arab language and other Lorish languages). According to results it seems request measuring achieve by executing and women participators and execute plan. Also it can promote women participate rate and level by using linguistic and local language in development programs.

In regional studies in developing countries referred to the types of interactions between urban and rural areas. More spatial differences could be due to higher utilization of rural resources and less revealed differences between the «expansions» is in the area. This study sought to examine urban and rural interactions from the perspective of tourism in the region is Taleghan. Method used in this research، descriptive- analytic، so that way the library studies and documents in accordance with the subject and background and literature research، field studies، along with the completed questionnaires from local residents and tourists into the statistical community and Finally، data obtained from questionnaires were analysed using Spss software and assumptions are tested. The results indicate that capital flows with the sale of agricultural products and the earth is formed. Patterns of the environmental impact of land degradation and noise pollution and traffic has increased. After the sale of agricultural products to tourists، in recent years، the villagers offer their products directly to tourists that Bidirectional communication between the local community and society that their guest has improved. In terms of migration، depending on economic conditions of families and social welfare and development of the hand area is studied

Economic, socio- cultural development in the world during the past centuries, especially in terms of population growth, expanding urbanization, development of communication ways and means of transportation, increased leisure time and improved social welfare, tourism has led to the development. New forms of tourism in affected areas can be formed of war, is war tourism. This paper has tried using the techniques and methods TOPSIS decision impact of war on tourists more vulnerable areas of the war against areas that had minimal direct contact with the agent of the war had finally ranking cities in terms of quality of life done. This process of frequency use statistics for 1385 is taken. Results indicate that the order of cities of Abadan, Khorramshahr and DashteAzadegan terms of quality of life in the lower level of development than the County, BehbahanBaghmalek and Ramhormoz.

Urbanism and urban development along with rapid population increasing and development of industrial activities with uncontrolled use of fossil fuels have severely increased the pollutions which in short term, its effects is clear on different deceases and in long term speeds up some climatic changes and its environmental impacts, including change of desirable time periods from comfortable climate point of view. In this study, by the use of 50 year climate data (1957-2006) and relative humidity of Yazd station and also using EVANZ comfortable climate model, the favorable months for human physiology comfort in 5 periods of 10 years were determined and linear trend of these changes for the next 10 years which would be year 2016, has been predicted.The results of this study show that the warming tread in Yazd station is increasing and most of the months have a warming trend. So that it is expected in the near future, that cold months will have more comfortable situations for physiological welfare and comfortable of human and mutually in the warm months, heat tension will have a determined increase

Increasing growth of population in the recent years and consequently increasing and changing consumption patterns has increased the pressure on natural environment and its resources.Since, renewing of some of these resources takes hundreds of years and some are also non-renewable, continuing this process declines the natural environment to supply the population needs and will have a descending trend with passing the time. On the other hand, all the consumption needs of settlement centers are not compatible with the existing ecological power in them, for this reason, for supplying these needs, supporting region is required. With respect to the concept of sustainable development, limited capacity of land resources and also basic needs of the population, determining the amount of using and extent of supporting lands required for optimum planning with foresight approach seems necessary. Here, recognition and analysis of ecological foot print concept and its measurement methods as tools for measuring the stability of human activities has a great importance.The aim of this research would be identifying the concepts, measuring method, application and ultimately analysis and evaluation of ecological foot prints. Method of gathering information would be as documentary and through using articles and researches conducted in different countries. The findings indicate that despite the limitations and difficulties of calculating ecological foot print and estimation of supporting lands, this method can be an appropriate frame work for measuring and evaluating the environmental impacts along with sustainable development.