فهرست مطالب حمیدرضا مبصر

Awareness of the extent of genetic diversity based on molecular markers is a rapid method that plays an important role in breeding programs. Cucumis melo L. is the scientific name for a melon that belongs to the Cucurbitaceae family (Kirkbride, 1993). This plant is a popular garden crop in warm and temperate climates across the globe, and Iran ranks fourth in the world in terms of output (FAOSTAT, 2019). Although several studies were conducted on the genetic structure of Iranian melons using various molecular markers including RAPD molecular markers (Feizian, 2004), ISSR (Maleki et al., 2018) and SSR microsatellite markers (Moayedi Nejad et al., 2010; Raghami et al., 2014) in recent years, due to the history of planting and the presence of huge genetic resources of melon, which makes Iran as one of the main centers of diversity of this crop in the world, research is inadequate.

Forty native melon stands used in this research were prepared from the melon germplasm of Iran Gene Bank. 4-5 leaves from each plant at the two- to three-leaf stage were collected and kept in a freezer at -80°C until DNA extraction. Their genomic DNA was extracted using the ZandBio plant kit. The markers used in this research were selected based on previous studies that were suggested by different researchers. Gradient PCR Vapo Protect thermocycler was used for polymerase chain reaction. PCR products were electrophoresed on 1.8% agarose gel in 1X TBE buffer and at 85 V for one hour. Observation and photographing of the gel was done with the help of UV-2100 geldoc device. Bands were scored as zero (not seeing a band) and one (observing a band). Evaluation of cluster analysis and genetic parameters such as observed heterozygosity, expected heterozygosity and number of effective alleles were obtained through Ntsys 2.1 and Popgene 1.32 software. To estimate the number of subpopulations (K) and distinguish pure and mixed genotypes, it was done using Structure software version 2.3 and using the Bayesian method (Pritchard et al., 2000).

All gene loci except CMCT44 primer were polymorphic. A total of 25 alleles with an average of 1.93 alleles per microsatellite gene locus were observed. The highest amount of polymorphic sites (84.62%) belonged to KC-357009 genotype.. The high amount of polymorphic sites confirms the effectiveness of SSR molecular markers in the genetic analysis of the investigated indigenous populations. The average content of polymorphism and expected heterozygosity information was obtained as 0.24 and 0.23, respectively. The observed high homozygosity values with an average of 0.84 indicate the low diversity within the investigated populations, which is a proof of the low level of variation between the populations and the high level of inbreeding. In the investigation of the genetic structure of the populations, the investigated populations were divided into two groups (sub-populations). The results of population structure analysis based on Bayesian method and UPGMA clustering showed that the classification of studied genotypes is independent of their geographical origin.

According to the values obtained from the above parameters, among the studied primers, gene locations CMCCA145, CMGA172 and CMCT134b are recommended for the analysis of melon germplasm collections in future research.The results of this study can be used in hybridization programs. Crossing between the figures that have the least similarity will lead to the best results in achieving hybrids or achieving maximum separation in the generations after F1. Although genetic distance is not the only effective factor in identifying suitable parents for hybrid production and factors such as compatibility and genetic distance based on morphological traits should also be considered.

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of corn seed of single-cross 704 at the region of Zabol, an experiment as the split-plot has been conducted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Treatments of the experiment included irrigation round as main plot in three levels of 6, 9 and 12 days, and spraying of humic acid as a subplot in four levels of control or every week, every two weeks, every three weeks and every four weeks. The effect of irrigation and spraying of humic acid and their interactions on plant height, number of ear per plant and number of seeds per ear were significant. The highest plant height, number of ear per plant and number of seeds per ear was obtained under 6 days of irrigation round and every two week spraying of humic acid which by 6 days of irrigation round and  every week spraying of humic acid and every three week in same statistical group and did not show any significant difference. On the other hand, the 12 days of irrigation round treatments and every four week spraying of humic acid showed that significantly reduced in the above traits. So that with 12 days of irrigation round and spraying every week and every three weeks of humic acid was placed in the same statistical group. Therefore, the best irrigation round in order to produce corn grain is recommended for 6 days of irrigation round with the use of every two weeks for humic acid spraying for cultivation in the region.

Environmental stress limits the yield of crops, and as a result, a significant difference is observed between the potential yield and the actual yield of crops. Due to their resistance to abiotic stresses such as drought stress and salt stress, quinoa plants are extremely valuable. In addition, due to the excessive use of chemical fertilizers, groundwater contamination, and soil salinization, nano fertilizers are highly efficient and effective.

This study was conducted at the Bahoklat Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center Station in the city of Chabahar during the two crop years 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 using a split factorial experiment with a randomized complete block design and three replications. Irrigation at three levels (control every 14 days (regional custom), 21 and 28 days) was the main factor, while three levels of nano fertilizer (no fertilizer (control), silicon chelate nano fertilizer, and complete micro-chelate nano fertilizer at a rate of two parts Per thousand) and two cultivars of quinoa (Q12 and Q26) were sub-factors.

The results of the comparison of means indicated that the use of nano-fertilizers under full irrigation conditions increased the efficiency of element uptake and, consequently, the production and transfer of photosynthetic material to grain and grain yield components through the availability of microelements. Increased number of seeds per spike (15.6), weight per 1000 seeds (2.44 g), and grain yield (923 kg.ha-1).It appears that in the treatment of watering once every 21 and 28 days, the reduction of irrigation through the reduction of leaf area index and disturbance in the absorption and transfer of nutrients has decreased the supply of cultivated materials and caused alterations in yield components and a decrease in grain yield. There are numerous reasons why insufficient watering inhibits the development of flower stem cells. Due to the loss of pollen grains, reducing irrigation during the pollination and fertilization stages reduces the number of seeds. Typically, the number of seeds on a spike determines the capacity of a plant's reservoirs. any factor that increases the number of seeds also increases the yield.The increase in yield during the second year of the experiment at the full irrigation level is attributable to the increase in yield components such as the number of spikes per plant and the weight of one thousand seeds at this irrigation level. It may be possible to attribute the increase in the weight of 1,000 seeds in the second year of the experiment to the increased efficiency of water consumption brought about by the use of complete micro nano chelate fertilizer, through the provision of microelements and the enhancement of the production and transfer of photosynthetic materials to the grain and grain yield components.Under the conditions of using a complete micro nano-chelate fertilizer, the greatest weight per thousand seeds was achieved. It can be stated that the amount of seeding is determined by the photosynthetic materials stored during the flowering period, and that the lack of nutrients reduces the weight of the seeds by reducing the photosynthetic materials.Quinoa cultivar Q12 yielded the greatest number of seeds per spike. This can be attributed to the prolonged flowering stage. The number of seeds in a spike is primarily determined by the genetic potential of the plant before the spike emerges. After the seeds have been fertilized, the continued growth and development of the plant depends on the delivery of photosynthetic materials from the source that produces the grown materials. Due to the availability of photosynthetic materials during the flowering stage, it is evident that more flowers were inoculated in the quinoa variety Q12, resulting in more seeds.It appears that the higher seed yield of quinoa variety Q12 compared to quinoa variety Q26 is the result of a greater number of seed yield components in this variety. Given that the weight of one thousand seeds is one of the most influential factors in grain yield, this trait has the potential to increase the grain yield of the Q12 quinoa variety. By increasing the green area of the plant and lengthening the seed filling period, the Q12 quinoa cultivar was able to transfer more photosynthetic substances to the seeds and increase the weight of 1,000 seeds.

To achieve maximum grain yield, it is recommended that the quinoa Q12 cultivar be grown under irrigation conditions every 14 days (regional custom) and with the addition of a complete micro-nano-chelate fertilizer.

In order to investigate the effect of nitrogen fertilizer and plant density on the agronomic characteristics of rice cv. Tarom Hashemi, a field experiment was carried out as a randomized complete blocks design with three replications during 2018 and 2019 in a farm located in Sari, north of Iran. The present study consisted of 10 levels of plant density (hills m-2) and N fertilizer, named T1 (20 hills + [50 percent after transplanting + 50 percent at the beginning of tillering]), T2 (20 hills + [33.3 percent after transplanting + 33.3 percent at the beginning of tillering + 33.3 percent at panicle formation]), T3 (20 hills + [40 percent after transplanting + 40 percent at the beginning of tillering + 20 percent at the end of panicle emergence]), T4 (20 hills + [33.3 percent after transplanting + 33.3 percent at panicle formation + 33.33 percent at the end of panicle emergence]) as a control, T5 (30 hills + [33.3 percent after transplanting + 33.3 percent at the beginning of tillering + 33.3 percent at panicle formation]), T6 (30 hills + [40 percent after transplanting + 40 percent at the beginning of tillering + 20 percent at the end of panicle emergence]), T7 (30 hills + [33.3 percent after transplanting + 33.3 percent at panicle formation + 33.3 percent at the end of panicle emergence]), T8 (30 hills + [25 percent after transplanting + 25 percent at the beginning of tillering + 25 percent at panicle formation + 25 percent at the end of panicle emergence]), T9 (40 hills + [33.3 percent after transplanting + 33.3 percent at panicle formation + 33.3 percent at the end of panicle emergence]), and T10 (40 hills + [40 percent after transplanting + 40 percent at panicle formation + 20 percent at the end of panicle emergence])..The results showed that the effect of year was not significant on grain yield. But the grain nitrogen concentration was lower in the second year (with a difference of 0.185 percent). The maximum total number of tillers per hill (18.61 tillers), panicle length (25.0 cm) and harvest index (40.9 percent) were obtained under T1, T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. Grain yield was not affected by the experimental treatment, however, its maximum (6865 kg ha-1) was obtained under T9 treatment due to an increase in the number of panicles per square meter (510 panicles), indicating an increase of 19.0 percent compared to the control treatment (T4). A density of 40 hills per square meter with nitrogen splitting of 33.3 percent after transplanting + 33.3 percent at panicle formation + 33.3 percent at the end of panicle emergence (T9) is recommended to achieve maximum grain yield of rice under the conditions of this experiment in northern Iran.

Ensuring food security and agricultural livelihood requires a comprehensive and systematic approach with the aim of sustainable use and management of natural resources through the development and adaptation of agricultural technology. Sesame is one of the most important oil seeds. Due to its strategic importance, determining suitable areas by considering climatic and soil parameters is considered one of the best solutions in sustainable production. Therefore, the aim of this study is to zonate the agricultural ecological potential of 6 cities (Hirmand, Zabul, Zahedan, Zahk, Hamon and Nimroz) in the north and center of Sistan and Baluchestan province for sesame cultivation using climatic and soil parameters. In this study, for the zoning of sesame cultivation, a total of 16 spatial criteria (optimal temperature, temperature set, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, slope, elevation, organic matter, soil salinity, pH and amount of nutrients It contains nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc in the soil. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, Boolean logic to classify criteria into suitable and unsuitable classes, and Weighted Linear Combination (WLC) method to obtain a zoning map have been used to obtain the weights of the criteria. . The results showed that among the selected criteria for preparing the sesame cultivation map, average rainfall and minimum temperature have the highest and lowest weight, respectively. The results of the final suitability map for sesame cultivation in the studied area showed that the highest percentage of the area belongs to the very unsuitable class (0.616) and the lowest percentage belongs to the very suitable class (0.016). Also, the results of the area percentage of different classes separately for each city for sesame cultivation showed that among the studied cities, Zahedan city has more area in the very suitable class than other cities. The functional results of sesame in the studied areas were consistent with the results of the research.

Redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) is a noxious and cosmopolitan weed that is widely distributed in different parts of the world and competes severely with crops and reduces their growth and yield. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of drought stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of redroot pigweed in 2018 and 2019. Treatments included different degrees of drought stress with 5 levels including 100, 75, 50, 25, and 12.5% ​​of pot water content (equivalent to no stress, light stress, moderate stress, high stress, and severe stress). Leaf number, plant height, and leaf dry weight were affected by the interaction of drought stress×years and with increasing drought stress, leaf number, plant height, and leaf dry weight decreased in both years of the experiment. With decreasing the water content of the pot, the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase increased. The highest levels of catalase and superoxide dismutase activity (110.35 and 1433.33 units of enzyme/mg protein per minute) were observed in the second year under severe stress, respectively. Increasing the intensity of stress decreased the soluble protein content of the plant. Also, drought stress reduced plant chlorophylls a and b content, whereas, carotenoid content increased. The highest amount of carotenoids was observed in both years under severe drought stress conditions. Overall, drought stress in the second year reduced growth in redroot pigweed further but in this year, the enzyme activity ramped up further. Therefore, this plant can modify stresses and maintain its survival by changing its biochemical activity.

Drought is one of the most important nonliving stresses affecting the growth of plants, thereby limiting the agricultural yield of the plant. Measures including presenting information for improving the drought risk management, improving planning for more effective reaction to drought, investment on disaster risk reduction (DRR), and presenting an environment for minimizing the general risks lead to enhanced endurance, as well as prevention or reduction of future drought risks along with maintaining livelihoods. This research was performed in two agricultural years as split court experiments in the form of fully randomized block with four replications. Various conditions of soil humidity were considered as the main treatment at three along with the treatment of biofertilizers at seven levels, considered as secondary treatments. The study results indicated that various humidity conditions of the leaf relative water content (RWC), the greenness index of leaves (SPAD), chlorophyll a and b, as well as the grain yield became significant. With increase in the severity of stress, their values decreased suggesting their sensitivity to changes in the status of soil water and the leaf water potential. Usage of azotobacter and Phosphobacteria biofertilizers resulted in significant elevation of SPAD, RWC, chlorophyll a and b, as well as grain yield compared to the nonuse of biofertilizers. The effects of combined use of microorganisms led to compensation of the water stress damages. Generally, considering water deficit conditions and temperature elevation resulting from climate change, use of microorganisms as seed priming can considerably reduce these risks.

It is important to determine the appropriate planting density in the conditions of using old seedlings of paddy rice. For this purpose, a field experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design at Qaemshahr, Northern Iran, in four replications and in two years, 2020 and 2021. Plant densities consisted of manual-traditional planting of up to 11 hills/m2 (with unequal planting spaces and common in the region) as control and manual-equidistant planting with 25 hills/m2 (with planting spaces of 20 × 20 cm and recommended by the Rice Research Institute of Iran) and machine-planting with 15.9, 20.8 and 20.8 hills/m2 (with planting spaces of 30 × 21, 30 × 16 and 30 × 12 cm, respectively). The paddy rice seedlings aged 45 d in manual-planting and 35 d in machine-planting. The results showed that the number of days from transplanting to flowering and flowering to maturity for machine-planting densities were greater than those of the control and 25 hills/m2 in manual-equidistant planting. The interaction effect of year × planting density was significant only for the flag leaf length and plant height. The greatest panicle length and flag leaf length were obtained when the rice plants were sown in a density of 25 hills/m2 in manual-equidistant planting. The greatest panicles/m2 and the percentage of grain-bearing spikelets were obtained when rice plants were sown by the machine. The maximum grain yield was obtained from planting density of 25 hills/m2 in manual-equidistant planting (8022 kg/ha).  The planting densities of 15.9, 20.8 and 27.8 hills/m2 in machine planting with 8034, 8236 and 8168 kg/ha grain yield ranked next as they out-yielded the control by 19%, 19%, 21% and 21%, respectively. It was concluded that machine planting with planting densities of 15.9, 20.8 and 27.8 hills/m2 is advantageous, at least when using old paddy rice seedlings.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has a special rank among oilseeds due to its outstanding agronomic characteristics. Planting date is an important factor that affects grain yield, oil content and fatty acid composition. Delay in rapeseed planting reduces vegetative growth period and produces plants with less biomass, and reduces yield components and grain yield due to the exposure of the reproductive stage to high temperatures. Proper nutrition of the plant is one of the important factors in improving the quantity and quality of the product. Silicon is not considered an essential element for excellent plants. However, silicon has an effect on improving plant growth, biomass, seed yield and quality, photosynthesis and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Zinc also regulates plant growth and activates many enzymes. This element is necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll and the formation of carbohydrates.

In order to conduct this research, a field experiment was conducted as a split-factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Qhaemshahr Agricultural Research Station (Qarakheil) during 2017-18. Planting dates as the main plot at two levels (normal planting [7 October] and delayed planting [22 October]), silicon fertilizer sources at three levels (control [no consumption], calcium silicate, nano-Si) and zinc fertilizer sources at three levels (control [no consumption], zinc sulfate, nano-Zn) were considered as sub-plots. Calcium silicate and zinc sulfate (200 kg ha-1) were added to the soil before rapeseed planting. Silica and zinc nanoparticles (50 mg l-1) were sprayed in two stages of flowering and pod formation. The soil of the test site had clay loamy texture with pH 7.5, organic matter 3.2%, total nitrogen 0.16%, absorbable P 15.7 mg kg-1 and absorbable K 101 mg kg-1. The average annual rainfall at the test site was 745 mm. Data were analyzed by Mstat-C statistical software and the means were compared with LSD test at a probability level of 5%.

Plant height, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1000-seed weight, grain yield, seed oil, grain silica and grain zinc were the studied traits that other than grain silica (non-significant) other traits decreased with delay in planting. The present study showed that for each day of delay in planting, 39.15 kg ha-1 of grain yield was reduced. With the delay of planting from 7 October to 22 October, the total grain yield decreased by 22.03% due to the decrease in the number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and number of seeds per pod. Seed oil also decreased by 3.3% with a delay in planting. Number of pods per plant (10.30 and 12.11%), grain yield (11.15 and 12.43%), and grain silica (9.63 and 11.57%) increased with the use of calcium silicate and nano-silica, respectively, compared to the control. The number of seeds in pods (14.85 and 13.01%) and grain zinc (21.47 and 26.57%) also increased with the use of zinc sulfate and nano-zinc, respectively, compared to the control. Nano-zinc increased the number of pods per plant, 1000-seed weight and grain yield compared to the control (18.66, 15.64 and 20.50%, respectively). The maximum number of seeds per pod was obtained in normal planting date with calcium silicate (49.8 seeds) and the maximum seed oil was obtained under the combined treatments of nano-silica and zinc sulfate (47.3%) and nano-silica and nano-zinc (47.5%).

In general, the results of the current study showed that the highest grain yield and grain silica concentration were obtained by application different sources of silica as well as nano-zinc foliar application. The maximum concentration of grain zinc was obtained by application different sources of zinc. The highest percentage of oil was recorded with the simultaneous application of nano-silica and different sources of zinc.

Seed is the fundamental input of crop production and tobacco is cultivated as transplanting and its transplant produced as float system. Therefore, seed germination and produced seedling health and diseases and pests management have high importance. So, evaluation of seeds dressing effect on germination and important pests and diseases management in the nursery for healthy transplantable seedling production is important. The study aims to investigate the effect of disinfectant of K326 tobacco seed on germination and percentage of transmissible transplants and management of contamination of sciaridae fly, aphid, and collar rot in a float system tray.

This study was conducted as a completely randomized design in 3 replications at Tirtash Research and Education Center in 2014. seeds dressed by pelleting apparatus disinfected with Metalaxyl (Ridomil) and Thiophanate–methyl (TopsinM) fungicides and Imidacloprid (Gaucho), Thiamethoxam (Confidor) and Thiodicarb (Larvin) insecticide and seeds heating by 60ºC temperature warm air during 1 hour, seeds treatment by 50ºC heat water for 10 minutes and treatment by 0.5 percent concentration sodium hypochlorite for 4 minutes. Then normal seedlings percent by standard germination test, seedling emergence percent in float system, transplantable seedling of float system and infected to Sciarid fly, aphid and stem rot seedlings determined.

Results showed that K326 Tobacco Seeds Disinfected by 2.5 g/kg metallaxyl + 2.5 g/kg thiophane-methyl (70% wettable powder) + 10 g/kg imidacloprid + 6 cm3/kg Thiodicarb had the highest percentage of normal seedlings, percentage of seedling emergence in the float system tray and percentage of removable transplants and the least seedling contaminated with sciaridae, aphid and collar rot.

Results of this study showed that all seed disinfection treatments improved seed germination, seedling emergence percentage, and removable seedlings in the float system tray as well as infected seedlings compared to control decreased collar rot, sciaridae fly, and aphids. Also, the mentioned traits were superior to the non-chemical disinfectant treatments in seed disinfection treatments with the studied fungicides and insecticides.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the three major food crops worldwide. Approximately 50% of the world’s population uses rice as a staple food. Silica and zinc among nutrients play a key role in improving plant nutrition and increasing rice growth, so that a lack of these elements reduces growth and consequently reduces yield. Also fortifying rice with silicon and zinc can correct deficiencies of these elements in humans who consume rice.

This experiment was conducted as factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications at the private farm located in Babol (North of Iran) during the years 2017-18 and 2018-19. Measured values of electrical conductivity, soil acidity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, available potassium, zinc content and soil texture for the first and second years were 2.33 dS m -1 and 1.27 dS m -1 , 7.48 and 7.26, 3.27 % and 2.16 %, 0.32 % and 0.21 %, 11 mg kg-1 and 6 mg kg-1 , 320 mg kg-1 and 238 mg kg-1 , 0.96 mg kg-1 and 0.89 mg kg-1 , Clay and Clay, respectively. The treatment included three levels of foliar application (Potassium silicate, Silicon nanoxide, and Zinc nanoxide) as the first factor and five levels of developmental stages (T1: beginning of tillering + middle of tillering + late of tillering + end of panicle emergence, T2: middle of tillering + late of tillering + end of panicle emergence, T3: late of tillering + end of panicle emergence, T4: late of tillering and T5: end of panicle emergence) as the second factor.

The results showed that none of the studied traits were affected by the year. Maximum grain yield was obtained by foliar application silicon nanoxide (7733 kg ha-1 ) and zinc nanoxide (7498 kg ha-1 ), which was, respectively, due to increasing the total number of spikelets and the percentage of filled spikelets (1420.0 spikelets and 95.53%, respectively) and increasing the total number of tillers and 1000- grain weight (19.73 tillers and 26.80 g, respectively). The highest grain yield (7716, 7700 and 7492 kg.ha-1 ) and the percentage of filled spikelets (94.83, 94.72 and 93.89%) were obtained under T1, T2 and T3 treatments, respectively. By foliar application of silicon nanoxide and zinc nanoxide, the highest biological yield (19213 and 18986 kg ha-1 , respectively) and, the highest grain silica concentration (3.13%) and grain zinc concentration (15.97 mg kg-1 ) were recorded. The minimum 1000-grain weight (24.11 and 24.00 g), the maximum total number of spikelets per panicle (143.1 and 143.2 spikelets) and the highest concentration of grain silica (3.00 and 2.97%) were obtained under T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. However, the highest total number of tillers per hill and the highest number of grain were obtained under T1 and T2 treatments, respectively. The interaction between treatments showed that the maximum total number of spikelets per panicle was obtained by foliar application of potassium silicate under T1 treatment (151.5 spikelets) and foliar application of silicon nanoxide under T2 treatment (153.3 spikelets). Also, the highest concentrations of silica and zinc in grain were obtained by foliar application of silicon nanoxide under T1 treatment (3.97%) and zinc nanoxide under T2 treatment (21.67 mg kg-1 ), respectively.

According to the results of this study, we found that grain yield increases with the application of nanoparticles as well as foliar application during crop growth and development. In order to enrich rice grains, foliar application of nanoparticles in the middle of tillering, late of tillering and end of panicle emergence is also necessary

Optimal management of irrigation water and optimal use of food under salinity and drought is very important. The objective of this research was assessment root water uptake function of tomato under simultaneous water, salinity and   different levels of nitrogen stresses. The experiments were carried out on tomato plant in a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. The treatments consist four levels of water irrigation (50, 75, 100 and 100 percent of water requirement), Six levels of salinity (1, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 dS/m) and three levels of nitrogen including zero, 50 and 100 percent of the fertilizer needs. Water, salinity and nitrogen stresses treatments were applied from the flowering plant. .The results showed under simultaneous salinity and nitrogen stresses, modified MB model and under simultaneous water and salinity stresses, MB-H, MB-F,MB-D and MB-VG models had better accuracy and MB-F Model in comparison with other models had the best fit against the measured data. In simultaneous water, salinity and nitrogen stresses multiplicative MB-MB-F model is the best fit than other suggested

In order to investigate the effect of humic acid and irrigation interval on yield and yield components of corn seed of Single Crusher 704 cultivar in Zabol, a split plot experiment (split plot) in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Experimental treatments include main plots three levels: 6 days (A1), 9 days (A2) and 12 days (A3), and and sub plots of research include humic acid in four levels including control or weekly (B1) Biweekly (B2), Triweekly (B3) and Monthly (B4). The results of analysis of variance showed that the effects of irrigation and spraying of humic acid on their harvest index, plant height, number of ear per plant and number of seeds per ear were significant. The highest Harvest index (51.42%), plant height (190 cm), number of ear per plant (3.6 N.o) and number of grain per ear (612 N.o) were obtained irrigated conditions for 6 days and Biweekly Humic acid spray treatment. According to the results of the experiment, the best irrigation interval for corn seed is recommended for 6 days irrigation, with the use of Biweekly for humic acid solution for cultivation in the area.

To study the reactions of grain quantity reactions and oil of sunflower varieties in different sowing dates at Sistan region and determining the best sowing date and variety, an experiment was conducted in the Sistani’s agricultural and natural resources research and education center as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2015.The main factor includes four sowing dates: 21 January, 4 February, 19 February and 6 March and subplot factor includes four sunflower cultivars: Mohali Isfahan, Azargol, Ghasem and Farokh. The results showed that the number of days to physiological examination, number of seeds per head, 1000seed weight, grain yield, oil percentage and oil yield had significant differences in different planting dates.Sowing delay reduced grain yield. The highest grain yield (366.38 kg ha-1) was belonged to sowing date of February 10 and the lowest grain yield was from March 25, with a weight of 2449.21 kg.ha. The effect of cultivar on all traits was significant. Farokh Hybrid had the highest grain yield (3235.9 kg.ha) and the lowest grain yield in Isfahan with the lowest yield of 2627.4 kg / ha. The interaction between sowing date and cultivar was significant on number of days to physiological examination, number of seeds per head and oil percent and grain yield. The results showed that 1000 seed weight, number of heads and number of seeds per head had the most effective role in yield of sunflower oil in grain yield and grain yield and oil percentage plays the most role in the performance of sunflower oil. In general, FarrokhHybrid and sowing date of February 10 are recommended for Sistan region.

In order to study the effect of bio fertilizers and moisture regime on different moisture regimes on the morphophysiological and grain yield of Arg wheat cultivar, an experiment in the form of a split plot based on randomized complete block design with four replications was conducted at Zahak-Zabol Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Station during 2016-2017 crop year. Irrigation regimes were carried out on three levels as the main plots: irrigation after 45% (control) (S1), 65% (S2) and 85% moisture evacuation from soil (S3); biofertilizer sources were applied in seven levels: control ( F1), application of the locally common fertilizer, application of Azotobacter fertilizer along with the locally common fertilizer (F2), Azotobacter fertilizer with 50% of the locally common fertilizer (F3), Phosphabacter frtilizer with the locally common fertilizer ( F4), phosphabacter fertilizer with 50% of the corresponding chemical control fertilizer (F5), Azotobacter phospha-bacter fertilizer along with the locally common fertilizer (F6), and Azotobacter and phosphabacter along with 50% of the locally common fertilizer (F7), with all these seven serving as the subplots. The results showed the interactive effect of moisture regime and biofertilizer on the grain yield was significant at 1% level. This was such that in severe drought stress, biofertilizers with a mean of (6237 kg.ha-1) led to the grain yield increase of 38.8%, as compared to the control. Also, the improvement and increase in the 1000-seed weight, and biologic yield and harvest index were 27.6, 17.8 and 29.6 percent, respectively. Overall, the results of this study showed that in the irrigation under drought stress conditions at all stages of development, the use of Azotobacter and phosphabacter biofertilizers could have a positive effect on the grain yield, biologic yield, harvest index and leaf chlorophyll index, thereby improving the negative effects of drought stress.

In order to investigate the quantity and quality of irrigation on quantitative traits of Rosmarinus Officinalis L., an experiment was conducted in center of seed and plant production of IranShahr municipality in 2017. The treatments were laid out in single-split strip plots based on randomized complete blocks design with four replications. The treatments were comprised of irrigation regimes consisted of four irrigation levels (100, 85, 70 and 55 percent water replacement) in main plot and sub plot consisted of three water quality (groundwater, wastewater and integrated irrigation (50 percent with groundwater and 50 percent with wastewater)). Results showed that dry weight, number of shoots, plant height and water productivity in irrigation with wastewater increased 13.2, 19.3, 18.6 and 13.3 percent respectively and irrigation with integrated irrigation increased 4.1, 5.9, 5.4 and 3.8 percent respectively compared with irrigation with well water. Also in comparison to 100 and 85 percent water replacement, parsimony of water usage equal 348 m3 (15 percent) achieved. Moreover dry weight, number of shoots and plant height decreased 4.6, 6.9 and 7.1 percent respectively but water use efficiency increased 11.3 percent. According to the results, 85 percent water replacement with wastewater, in addition to saving water consumption, provides better use of soil moisture and sunlight. Thus this treatment can be considered as suitable approach to cope with the water crisis and achieve a sustainable agriculture.

Rapeseed is one of the most important oilseeds In the world and Iran. Considering the strategic importance of rapeseed, especially in Sistan and Baluchestan province, determining the appropriate areas according to the environmental needs, optimal production and reducing the negative effects of water resources management and conservation of natural resources is needed. Also, due to different fluctuations in production of canola in different years, identification of susceptible and non-susceptible areas based on the recognition of their environmental advantages and restrictions can greatly help the stability of the production in the province. In this research, using the GIS, the required information layers including optimal temperature, minimum temperature, maximum temperature, precipitation, slope, altitude, organic matter, soil salinity, soil texture, pH and nutrient content as nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, iron, and zinc in an ArcMap environment were produced. After preparing these layers, the classifying and ranking each layer was carried out  based on a simple constraint and the environmental requirements table of rapeseed in four reasonable (very prestigious) moderate, inappropriate (non-susceptible) categories. In this study, the aim of using the spatial analysis functions along with the hierarchical process (AHP) was to identify suitable areas for rapeseed cultivation in the north and center of the province. The results of this study showed that the suitable zone is located more in mountainous and Overlooking the plains of Nimroz and Zahedan.

This research conducted in order to study on effect of seed moisture content and storage duration on some germination and vigor traits of 3 wheat cultivars at Mazandaran province as split split plot based on complete randomized design by 4 replications. Treatment were Morvarid, Milan and N8019 cultivars seeds which by 10, 12, 14 and 16 percent seed moisture content harvested and for 2, 3 and 4 month after harvest stored. By standard germination test, final germination and normal seedlings percent, mean germination time, seedling length and dry weight and seedling length and weight vigor indices (respectively seedling dry weight and length multiplication in final germination percent) determined and electro conductivity measured. Results revealed that, harvested seeds at 10 percent moisture content stored for 2 month, Milan and N8019 cultivars seeds stored for 4 month and Milan cultivar seeds harvested at 12 percent moisture content had the most final germination percent, 98 percent. Morvarid and Milan cultivars seeds harvested at 10 percent moisture content and stored 2 month and N8019 cultivar seeds harvested at 12 percent moisture content and stored 2 month had the most normal seedlings percent, 98 percent. The lowest mean germination time, 1.210 day, belonged to Milan cultivar seeds harvested at 10 percent moisture content and 2 month stored. Based on this research results, optimum seed moisture content at harvest for Morvarid cultivar was 10 percent and for Milan and N8019 were 12 percent and suitable seed storage duration was 3 months for Morvarid cultivar and for Milan and N8019 were 2 months.

Water scarcity is the most important factor constraining agricultural production all over the world and water shortage in agriculture must be established to use the deficit irrigation. In order to study the effects of the regulated deficit irrigation and partial root zone drying on the growth traits of Rosmarinus Officinalis L., an experiment was conducted in the center of seed and plant production of IranShahr municipality in 2017. The experiment treatments were arranged as a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation regimes consisted of full irrigation, regulated deficit (RDI75 and RDI55) and partial root zone drying irrigation (PRD75 and PRD55). The results showed that deficit irrigation at 75 and 55 percent of full irrigation resulted in saving 18.6 and 34.3 percent of water consumption, respectively. Comparison of full irrigation and PRD75 showed that dry weight, height of plants and number of shoots per plant were decreased by 6.7, 14.3 and 12.1 percent, respectively. However, proper development of root in PRD75 increased 12.9 percent of water productivity. Therefore, by considering the problems of water scarcity, it is possible to provide PRD75 as a superior treatment and a suitable strategy to cope with the water crisis in order to move towards a sustainable agricultural system.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the main staple food for more than half of the world’s population. In 2011, worldwide rice production exceeded 672 million mt. Iran ranked 20th in terms of rice production in the world. Plant spacing has an important role on growth and yield of rice. Optimum plant density ensures the plant to grow properly with their aerial and underground parts by utilizing more solar radiation and soil nutrients. Timing of nitrogen application had a significant role on reducing nitrogen losses, increasing nitrogen use efficiency and avoiding unnecessary vegetative growth.

In order to do this research, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in a research farm located in Qaemshahr during the years 2013-14 and 2014-15. The experimental factors included three levels of plant density (16, 25 and 33.3 plants per m2) as the main factor and sub-factor was nitrogen splitting in 5 levels (S1: 100% at the beginning of planting, S2: 50% at the beginning of planting + 50% at the beginning of tillering, S3: 50% at the beginning of planting + 50% at the panicle formation, S4: 33.33% at the beginning of planting + 33.33% at the beginning of tillering + 33.33% at the panicle formation and S5: 33.33% at the beginning of planting + 33.33% at the panicle formation + 33.33% at the end of panicle emergence).

The results showed that grain yield of Hashemi and Koohsar cultivars in the second year decreased 9.21% and increased 23.74% respectively, than the first year. Also, the second year compared to the first year, showed a decrease of 11.62% and 30.36% of straw yield, respectively, in Hashemi and Koohsar cultivars. Grain yield and harvest index were increased and decreased with increasing density in Hashemi cultivar, respectively. Straw yield in both cultivars increased with increasing density. The lowest straw yield and the highest harvest index were obtained in both cultivars, with nitrogen application in equal proportions at the basic stages, initial cluster and complete clustering. The interaction between the factors in the cultivars showed that in each two years, the number of cluster per square meter increased with increasing plant density.

The results of this study showed that in the studied cultivars, the highest effect of plant density and nitrogen splitting on yield components was related to the number of panicles per square meter, because ultimately increasing the number of plants per unit area and nitrogen splitting equally in the basic stages, beginning tillering and primary cluster emergence resulted in the highest grain yield per hectare by increasing the number of panicles per square meter.

Among the nutrients, silicon (Si) and zinc (Zn) play a key role in improving plant nutrition and increasing rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, because their deficiency reduces growth and yield. Si, as one of the most abundant soil elements, helps to increase the amount of photosynthesis, improve performance, prevent lodging, and reduce pests and diseases. Zn is one of the most important micronutrients involved in protein synthesis and carbohydrate metabolism. One of the most important uses of nanotechnology in various aspects of agriculture in the water and soil section is the application of nano-fertilizers for plant nutrition. Nano-fertilizers can increase the nutrients use efficiency, improve plant growth and reduce environmental impacts compared to traditional methods. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of Si and Zn by two forms of nanoparticles (NPs) foliar application and soil application in order to increasing the nutrient uptake efficiency and improving the rice grain yield.
  This experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 16 treatments and three replications in two locations of Mazandaran province (Amol and Nour) in 2016. The treatments included two forms of Si and Zn application: foliar application (nanoparticles source) and soil application (common source) as individually or mixtures treatments. For soil application, Si fertilizer was applied at the rate of 400 kg Ca2SiO4 ha-1 and Zn fertilizer at the rate of 40 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 as basal in experimental plots. Foliar application of nano-SiO2 and nano-ZnO in the concentration of 50 mg L-1 was applied at four plant growth stages (early tillering, middle tillering, panicle initiation and full heading stage) in plots. At the end of season, some yield components, grain yield as well as the concentrations and uptake of Si and Zn in grain were determined. The combined analysis of experimental data were done by using MSTAT-C software. The means were compared using the LSD test at 5% of probability level.
  The results revealed that yield components, yield and concentration and uptake of experimental elements in rice grain were significantly increased by Si and Zn application in both methods of NPs foliar application and soil application compared to the control. In the case of soil application of the elements, combined use of Si and Zn was never statistically superior to use of only Zn in terms of yield, concentrations and uptake of test elements, but there was a significant difference in the sole application of Si in terms of panicle length and Zn concentration and uptake in rice grain. The combined application of Si and Zn as soil was statistically superior to the separate application of both elements in terms of fertile tillers per hill at Amol and filled grains per panicle at Nour site. In the case of NPs foliar application, combined use of Si and Zn was not statistically superior to use of only Zn in terms of yield and all other studied parameters, but superior to the separately use of Si for fertile tillers number in both experimental sites and Zn concentration and uptake in rice grains.
  The Zn application had a better effect on Zn concentration and uptake in grain compared with Si, but there was no significant difference between Si and Zn application in terms of grain yield. There was no significant difference between the methods used in this experiment in terms of grain yield and concentration and uptake of Si and Zn in grain. Therefore, according to the results of this research, NPs foliar spray and soil application of Si and Zn is effective way for increasing concentration and uptake of test elements and as well as improving rice grain yield in soils having low-availability of these two nutrients.

The phosphorus plays an important role in the growth and development of rapeseed. However, in a short period of time, two thirds of the phosphate fertilizer used is stabilized inaccessible in soil. Therefore, the only way to use phosphate accumulated in the lands is the use of phosphate biologic fertilizers. The present experiment was carried out in factorial in randomized complete blocks design with three replications in 2010 and 2011. Treatments including five bacteria of Pseudomonas (Pseudomonas fluorescence 1 (PSf1), Pseudomonas fluorescence 2 (PSf2), Pseudomonas putida 1 (PSp1), Pseudomonas putida 2 (PSp2) and not using bacteria (PS0)) and four levels of phosphorus fertilizer triple superphosphate (without fertilizer, 100, 150 and 200 kilogram per hectare) and two rapeseed cultivars, Hayola401 and SariGol. The results showed that the effect of different levels of phosphate solubilizing bacterial treatments on seed yield, biological yield, one thousand-seed weight, leaf and seed phosphorus content was significant at one percent level. The effect of different levels of phosphorus fertilizer on seed yield, biological yield, one thousand-seed weight, leaf and seed phosphorus content at one percent statistical level and on the number of pod per plant were significant at five percent level. The interaction of using phosphorus fertilizer and phosphate solubilizing bacteria on seed yield, leaf and seed phosphorus content was significant at one percent probability level. Comparison of averages showed that the use of phosphate solubilizing bacteria, especially Pseudomonas putida 2 (PSp2) can reduce the consumption of phosphorus fertilizer by 25 percent, thereby reducing production costs and environmental hazards.

  Increasing agricultural production to match increasing demand of food sources is inevitable (FAO, 2006). It causes too much pressure on the agricultural resource base and threaten the sustainability of these systems. Crop mixture is an important method of high production in agriculture. This technique can affect the environmental conditions of the soil. Sustainable Agriculture, said to be the proper management of agricultural resources which in addition to changing human needs, maintaining environmental quality and capacity of soil and water resources. In order to study the effect of intercropping on the yield of maize and potatoes an experiment as 14 treatment in a randomized complete block design with three replications as replacement and additive approach has been conducted in the region of Nikshahr in 2013. The experimental treatment consisted of sole corn (T1), sole potato (T2), two-row corn + one-row potato (T3), two-row corn + two-row potato (T4), one-row corn + one-row potato (T5), one-row corn + two-row potato (T6), two-row corn + two-row potato (T7), (The difference T7 and T4 is that in T4, for each product optimal plant population density is 50%, while in T7 for both products 100% high density will be used), three-row corn + one-row potato (T8), one-row corn + three-row potato (T9), three-row corn + two-row potato (T10), two-row corn + three-row potatoes (T11), two-row corn + four-row potatoes (T12), four-row corn + two-row potato (T13), two-row corn + two-row potato (T14), (The difference of this treatment with T4 and T7, is that in this treatment optimal plant density was 100% for corn and 50% favorable for potato was used). Traits for corn included plant height, number of ears per plant, number of grains per ear, number of grains per row, number of rows per ear, grain yield and 1000 grains weight and for potatoes, including plant height, tuber weight and the number of tubers per plant. The results showed that, different planting systems on the number of grains per ear, number of grains per row and grain yield and plant height and size of potato tubers were significantly affected and improved the characteristics of plants have been mentioned. The highest biological yield (12.61 t.ha-1) of sole corn cropping (T1), respectively. Reduced biological function of monoculture corn compared to intercropping in this experiment can be attributed to inter-species competition of peanuts and corn. The highest grain yield (8957.3 kg.ha-1) was observed in treatment (T3). Production due to reduce competition between species, compared to the competition within the species increased. Most weight tubers of potato (73.54 g) treatment (T2), respectively. Potato tuber weight loss in the intercropping to monoculture in this experiment can due to inter-species competition potatoes and corn. The highest land equivalent ratio in one- row potato + three-row corn (T8) was obtained which shows the superiority of intercropping to monoculture. The results of variance analysis showed that:Intercropping of maize and potatoes with increasing plant density, increased the grain yield of both crops in monoculture and mixed culture which could be due to increased vegetation and it's closer to optimum density in mixed culture and better use of environmental resources.
Reduced grain weight with increased density often is the result of intensified competition intra-species over the use of existing resources. Corn in different densities is able to take advantages of photosynthetic material and grains of similar weight at different densities produce.
In monoculture of potatoes because the only governing competition is intra-species so the plant is not affected in much higher density. Reducing the height of potato plants in intercropping to monoculture in these experiments can be attributed to intr-species competition of potatoes with corns.
In monoculture because only intra-species competition is dominant so the tuber weight is not affected in higher densities. Due to fact that the monoculture system has been threated, the benefits of providing better distribution of light in the canopy, Suitable spatial distribution of shrubs and reducing competition between plants to use environmental factors to provide an appropriate manner, as a result significantly increase economic yield.
The LER in most intercropping was more than one which indicates the superiority of intercropping to monoculture.

To investigate the earthworm role in bio-remediation of lead and cadmium heavy metals and changes in their adsorption trend in corn, a pot experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized completely block design with three replications in 2011. The treated pots received 20 earthworm individuals with 0, 150 and 300 mg/kg of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The increase of Cd and Pb concentrations led to higher Cd and Pb accumulation in grains. Pb highly accumulated in roots; however, Cd root accumulation was 63% less. Also, an increment of 14% was observed in plant tolerance index in presence of earthworm up-taking considerable amount of Pb and Cd. More tolerated plants against Pb was because of higher Pb translocation to shoots than Cd. Higher concentrations of Pb and Cd in soils severely decreased earthworm population and increased their accumulation in earthworm, indicating the success of the earthworm in the bio-remediation of heavy metals. Furthermore, Pb accumulated in higher levels than Cd in earthworm bodies. Therefore, earthworm application is recommended in bio-remediation of soils contaminated to heavy metals.

To evaluate the effect of various application methods of zinc (Zn) and silicon (Si) on some physiological traits of rice (cv. Tarom Hashemi), a field experiment was carried out as factorial based on randomized complete block design with 16 treatments and three replications in Nour in 2016. The experimental treatments included T1: Control, T2: Calcium silicate soil application, T3: Zinc sulfate soil application, T4: Calcium silicate Zinc sulfate, T5: Nano-Si foliar application, T6: Nano-Si Calcium silicate, T7: Nano-Si Zinc sulfate, T8: Nano-Si Calcium silicate Zinc sulfate, T9: Nano-Zn oxide foliar application, T10: Nano-Zn oxide Calcium silicate, T11: Nano-Zn oxide Zinc sulfate, T12: Nano-Zn oxide Calcium silicate Zinc sulfate, T13: Nano-Si Nano-Zn oxide, T14: Nano-Si Nano-Zn oxide Calcium silicate, T15: Nano-Si Nano-Zn oxide Zinc sulfate and T16: Nano-Si Nano-Zn oxide Calcium silicate Zinc sulfate. Results showed that straw protein, zinc and silicon in grain and straw were affected by experimental treatments, but the evaluated treatments showed no significant effect on grain protein and chlorophyll content of flag leaf. Among evaluated treatments, the combined application of silicon and zinc improved nutrient absorption compared to separate application of each element and control. This indicates the aggregation of Zn and Si compounds and their synergistic effects. Combined application of silicon and zinc by both methods of NP foliar application and soil application (T16) improved nutrients uptake in grain and straw of rice, but among the methods used, the NP foliar application had a more positive effects in improving physiological characteristics of rice plants than the treatments of soil application of elements.