فهرست مطالب حمیده نوری

Maize is one of the most important field crops in the world and Maize production with a cultivated area of about 350000 hectares and an average grain yield of 3.5 ton. ha-1 is very important and common in Iran. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water and nitrogen on maize biomass, grain yield, irrigation water productivity and nitrogen productivity and finding the best irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer practices for producing Maize. Maize (SC. 704) was planted in 2018 as three irrigation treatments (I1, I2 and I3 to provide 100, 75 and 50 percent of crop evapotranspiration respectively) and four nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, N3 and N4 to provide 200, 125, 50 and zero kg of nitrogen per hectare in total, respectively) in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed a significant effect of irrigation, nitrogen and their interaction effects on maize biomass and grain yield. Maximum maize biomass and grain yield were 23.02 ton. ha-1 and 12.78 kg. ha-1 for full irrigation treatment with 200 kg. ha-1 nitrogen (I1N1) treatment, respectively. Maximum irrigation water productivity for maize biomass and grain yield were 4.93 and 2.7 kg. m-3 for I2N1 and minimum irrigation water productivity for maize biomass and grain yield were 3.37 and 1.77 kg. m-3 for I1N4 treatments, respectively.

In order to evaluate the SWAP model a study was conducted in 2017 in the farm of the Department of Irrigation and Reclamation Engineering, University of Tehran, located in Karaj as a factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design. The treatments consisted of three maize hybrids SC-704, SC-400 and SC-260 (V1, V2 and V3, respectively) and three levels of irrigation water salinity 0.7, 3 and 5 dS m-1 (S1, S2 and S3, respectively). In each maize cultivar, for the model calibration, the crop yield data measured in the field from the salinity level of irrigation water 3 dS m-1 and for its validation, the salinity levels of 0.7 and 5 dS m-1 were used. Also, to evaluate the model in estimating soil moisture and salinity, field data of V1S2 (calibration) and V1S3 (validation) were used. Based on the obtained results, SWAP model has a good performance in estimating soil moisture so that in the validation stage in three soil layers (0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm) with RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) of 0.03, 0.03 and 0.04 cm cm-3 respectively and has a good accuracy in predicting soil salinity of 0-20 cm surface layer (RMSE = 0.67 mg cm-3) but with increasing soil depth, the accuracy of the model decreases so that RMSE of 1.16 and 1.19 mg cm-3 were obtained in two layers of 20-40 and 40-60 cm, respectively. The SWAP model detected the inherent differences between different cultivars of maize and the best simulation results were obtained for SC 704.

Lettuce is one of the most important leafy vegetables used primarily for fresh and salad applications. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of water and nitrogen on lettuce yield and find the best irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer practices for producing this crop in drip irrigation. Iceberg variety of lettuce was planted in 2018 with three irrigation treatments (I1, I2 and I3 to provide 100%, 80%, and 60% of crop evapotranspiration, ETa, respectively) and four nitrogen treatments (N1, N2, N3, and N4 to provide 105, 70, 35 and zero kg of nitrogen per hectare in total, respectively). In 2019, two irrigation treatments (I1 and I3) and two nitrogen treatments (N1 and N4) were used. The experiment had a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results indicated that the effect of irrigation and nitrogen treatments and their interactions on the marketable yield of lettuce; but the dry matter produced was only affected by irrigation and nitrogen treatments. Maximum marketable yield and dry matter production were 66.1 ton.ha-1 and 2728.2 kg.ha-1 for full irrigation treatment with 105 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (I1N1) treatment, respectively. The minimum marketable yield and dry matter were 37.5 ton.ha-1 and 1929.6 kg.ha-1 for 60% ETa treatment with 35 kg.ha-1 nitrogen (I3N3) treatment, respectively. The maximum and minimum irrigation water productivities for marketable yield were 21.63 and 15.38 kg.m-3 for I2N1 and I3N3 treatments, respectively. The linear and nonlinear production functions of yield-water and yield-nitrogen were obtained for lettuce variety Iceberg, which can be used in similar environmental conditions in research and practical applications.

Desalination is one of the ways to cope with water scarcity in agriculture sector, especially in areas with saline water. The condensation irrigation as a method for irrigating with saline water and solar energy, is a combination of subsurface irrigation and simple solar distillation. In this study, a condensation irrigation with area of two square meters was developed in a greenhouse, in order to study the feasibility for meeting plant water requirement, so a humidifier with dimensions of 170×70×15 cm was made in which saline water was evaporated using a heating element. The vapor humidified the air above the salty water surface and warmed it. The air was blown into 5 two-meter-long perforated pipes buried with 20 cm intervals at deep of 8 cm. The water vapor then condensed inside the pipe wall and soil, providing the required water for the basil plants grown in the soil. The results showed that daily average of humidifier insertion into the perforated pipes was 12550 ml of water, of which 4167 ml were converted into liquid water in the soil and tubes. Also, this system with average daily irrigation of more than two millimeters was able to meet basil water requirement and production of wet and dry matter in this system was 32% and 63% more than control pots.

Increasing water productivity is one of the mechanisms for water use management, and economic methods such as water pricing, are one of the solutions that reduce water consumption and increase water productivity. In this research, the impact of water pricing on increasing the water productivity in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain by the aid of modern irrigation systems was investigated. Therefore, regarding existing information comprised of network construction costs, ongoing costs and other expenditures, the cost for per cubic meter of water in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain was estimated based on the engineering economics method in 2018. Then, according to the cropping pattern of the network, the net irrigation requirement of each crop and its associated costs and incomes, the economic productivity of each crop was investigated regarding to four different scenarios The results illustrated that the price of water sales in the irrigation network is much lower than its real price. Water pricing in irrigation network due to a rise in farming costs has led to encouraging farmers to implement modern irrigation systems as well, and consequently resulted in a reduction in water consumption and increased water productivity in the irrigation network of Qazvin plain. Thus, if farmers implemented modern irrigation systems in their fields, economic water productivity in the network would increase and the government could sell the water to the farmers at a realistic price.

In order to study the effect of irrigation water salinity on some chemical parameters and distribution of salt in soil profiles under drip irrigation system (T-tape), a factorial experiment with Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was carried out in the research farm of the department of irrigation and reclamation engineering, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran, during June to October 2017. The treatments consisted of three maize hybrids SC 260, SC 400, and SC 704 (V1, V2 and V3) and three levels of irrigation water salinity of 0.7, 3, and 5 dS/m (S1, S2 and S3). To study the salinity profile in the soil during the plant growth period, ECe, pH, Na+, K+ and (Ca2++Mg2+) cations were determined in 0-20, 20-40 and 40-60 cm soil layers and at a distance of 10 and 20 cm from irrigation lines. The result of variance and comparison of the mean measured properties at 0-20 and 20-40 cm soil layers, (ECe and Na+) showed that there was a significant difference between soil salinity (ECe) and sodium (Na+) under different levels of water salinity and depth of soil. The soil salinity and sodium content were directly correlated with irrigation water salinity and growth period of maize hybrids, and had an inverse relationship with soil depth. Indeed, the highest amount of soil salinity (13.4 dS/m) and soil sodium (95.6 meq/L) in the 0-20 cm layer was in V3S3 and the lowest (2.4 dS/m and 5 meq/L) was observed in the 20-40 cm layer of V2S1. Also, regardless of salinity treatments, there was no significant difference between the three hybrids and the salt absorption potential was the same for all tree hybrids. In saline irrigation treatments (i.e. 3 and 5 dS/m), the wetting front moved less away from the irrigation line, and most salt accumulation was observed at a distance of 10 cm from irrigation line and soil surface due to plant consumption and evapotranspiration. According to the results of this study, in the conditions of using saline water for irrigation of crops using a drip irrigation system, at the end of the growing season or in the next winter, leaching is needed to remove salts in the soil surface layer from the root zone of the next crop.

Due to the impact of climate change on the plant water demand and the availability of water, especially in drylands, it is vital to estimate the evapotranspiration rates accurately. In this study, the vegetation status in the marginal desert areas of Varamin Plain was studied, and the actual evapotranspiration and water demand of intercropped farms were assessed. This study also evaluated the potential relationship between the evapotranspiration of different agricultural lands and their vegetation index using remote sensing techniques. A collection of satellite images from Landsat 7 in consecutive seasons was used to determine the greenness rate of marginal desert areas during 2013 and 2014. ENVI software was used for the image processing, which included geometric corrections and atmospheric corrections, to develop NDVI maps. Also, weather data and crop properties of Varamin Plain were collected, and the actual evapotranspiration rate of plant cover was estimated using CropWat. The correlation between NDVI extracted from satellite images and the evaluated evapotranspiration rate was assessed. The results showed a strong relationship between evapotranspiration of heterogeneous agricultural lands and NDVI. This confirmed that the NDVI derived by remote sensing approach could be a useful index to evaluate vegetation status and water demand of farmlands in the desert borders.

The application of marginal water, such as saline water for irrigation, is inevitable due to increasing demand for water in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to study the effect of salinity stress on growth and yield of three fodder maize hybrids using drip-tape irrigation, a factorial experiment in randomized complete block design was carried out in 2017. The treatments consisted of three maize hybrids (SC 704, SC 400 and SC 260) and three levels of water salinity (0.7, 3 and 5 dS/m). To ensure seed germination, all treatments were irrigated with fresh water from germination stage to 40 cm height of corn and then salinity stress was applied. The results of variance analysis and comparison of mean measured charactristics (fresh and dry weight of forage, grain yield, 1000-grain weight, leaf area index and plant height) showed that there were significant differences among charactristics under different levels of water salinity. The most and the least amount of each charactristic were observed in the control and maximum salinity stress treatments, respectively. The result of this study showed a significant effect of maize hybrid type on most of the measured charactristics, as the most amounts was found in SC 704.

Creation and conservation of urban parks is challenging in arid environments where daily thermal extremes, water scarcity, air pollution and shortage of natural green spaces are more conspicuous. Water scarcity in the arid regions of Iran is major challenge for water managers. Accurate estimation of urban landscape evapotranspiration is therefore critically important for cities located in naturally dry environments, to appropriately manage irrigation practices. This study investigated two factor-based approaches, Water Use Classifications of Landscape Species (WUCOLS) and Landscape Irrigation Management Program (LIMP), to measure the water demand in a botanic garden. The irrigation water volume applied was compared with the gross water demand for the period from 2011 to 2013. On average, WUCOLS estimated an average annual irrigation need of 1164 mm which is 15% less than the applied value of 1366 mm while the LIMP estimate of 1239 mm was 9% less than the applied value. Comparison of estimated and applied irrigation showed that a water saving of 9% can be made by the LIMP method. The outcomes of this research stressed the need to modify the irrigation requirements based on effective rainfall throughout the year, rather relying on long-term average data.

Regarding the development trend of pistachio gardens in many provinces and the severe shortage of water resources in these areas, the supply of water requirement of pistachio is not feasible. In order to optimize management in water shortage conditions, it is necessary to evaluate the different levels of water supply during pistachio growth stages. The purpose of this study is determine the water supply status at different stages of pistachio growth using satellite images and SEBAL algorithm in Sirjan Plain. The actual evapotranspiration of pistachios was estimated using the SEBAL algorithm and Landsat 8 images. The result of this model was validated with Landsat 7 images. This model could calculate actual evapotranspiration of pistachio the same as other research with 20% error (0.6 mm/day). The results showed that supply of water in the third stage of growth (at the peak consumption) due to increased pistachio water requirement, insufficient water supply led to 30% deficit irrigation in Sirjan plain. In order to better irrigation management, production can be increased by reducing irrigation in the second stage and increasing irrigation in the third stage. The rate of deficit irrigation in the Sirjan Plain was 17% and it was in the tolerable threshold for the pistachio. The results show that the pistachio tree is resistant to deficit irrigation (up to 26%) in low salinity levels. In high water salinity (4000 μmho / cm), the effect of deficit irrigation and salinity is combined and pistachio production is rapidly reduced due to deficit irrigation.

In this study, Kc curves of early- and late-planted fodder maize and sugar beet were obtained based on two main satellite-based methods (1) ratio approach (2) vegetation indices (VIs) approach. In the ratio approach, basal crop coefficient (Kcb) and single crop coefficient (Kc) was directly calculated from the ratio of potential transpiration (Tp) to ET0 (using SWAP) and ETp to ET0 (using SWAP and the Priestly-Taylor equation), respectively. The VI approach makes use of Landsat 7 (ETM+) and 8 (OLI) and also MODIS imagery in order to extract soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The Kcb curves were evaluated against field measured leaf area index (LAI) in 2012 growing season. After each Kc curve was modeled, net irrigation requirement (NIR) was calculated on daily and season basis. Results showed that the SWAP approach was weak in estimating the Kcb and Kc curves especially at late-season stage. The VI approach could properly detect changes in vegetation cover during an entire growing season. But, when it came to Kc curve modelling, the VI approach was limited to the values given in FAO 56. However, the Priestly-Taylor approach compensated for the aforesaid limitation; therefore, yielded more sensible trends in Kc curves. Therefore satellite-based approaches derived from more realistic Kc curves during the entire growing season. Overall, making use of the satellite-based approaches could improve water management on regional scales.

Evapotranspiration is one of the most important processes in water and radiative transfer in hydrological cycle, and the required energy for this process is provided by solar radiation. Therefore, the accuracy of evapotranspiration estimation is strongly depends on the accuracy of solar radiation estimation. This study was conducted to evaluate the different surface solar radiation models such as empirical models (Angstrom and Hargreaves-Samani), physically-based models (NCEP and GLDAS) and a satellite observation model (CM-SAF). The results showed that the calibrated Angstrom model with R2=0.9 and SEE=2.58 was the most efficient model. However, the accuracy of this model is strongly depends on the calibration procedure and the existence of sunshine data. The GLDAS model with R2= 0.87 and SEE=3.5 was the second most efficient model after calibrated Angstrom model. The GLDAS model, in spite of 10.2% overestimation of surface solar radiation, can be the most efficient model in areas with the lack of meteorological data.

This experiment was conducted in order to evaluate resistance to drought stress of watermelon accessions, Isfahan, Sharif-Abad, Crimson sweat and Colocynth as index plant. Experiment performed in Randomized Completely Block Design as split plot with four irrigation regimes (100% as control, 75%, 50% and 25% of available water). Results showed that the longest shoot and high number of female flower was at 100% and 75% AW while the lowest level was observed at 25%AW.The highest water use efficiency obtained from Crimson sweat with 34/16 Kg/m3 at 75%AW. The maximum fruit yield (ton/hectare) was for Sharif-Abad in control treatment and minimum amount for crimson sweat at 25%AW without any fruit. Sharif-Abad and crimson sweat had highest contents of total phenolic compound with increasing stress level in comparison with other samples. As a whole, based on results, Sharif-Abad accession was more tolerant accession in stress conditions. In respect to Evaporation Transpiration and KC, crimson sweat allocated maximum and colocynth minimum amount. The use of local and tolerant watermelon in breeding program and irrigation management could help in overcoming water shortage.

Limited water resources and energy, low yield utilization of irrigation networks, increasing population and a growing need for these vital resources reveal the necessity of proper planning for optimum use of water resources. The cropping pattern has a major role in the design of irrigation and drainage networks. Ziaei et al. (2015) compared energy productivity of different crops (wheat and barley) in Sistan and Baluchestan province in Iran. Results showed that the amount of energy productivity for wheat and barley fields were 0.056 and 0.066, respectively. Barley production was more efficient from various aspects of energy consumption rather than wheat in the studied region. Adhikary et al. (2015) prioritized the commonly grown crops based on rainwater use efficiency and their comparative performance during water stress condition in India. Results showed that vegetable crops have higher rainwater use efficiency than cereals and pulses. Among the cereals, maize and finger millet performed better in upland areas while they did better in paddies in low lands. Igwe et al. (2015) examined optimum cropping patterns for selected root and tuber crop based production and resource allocation of smallholder farmers in Abia State, Nigeria, using the linear programming approach. They reported that farmers’ purchasing power would be enhanced given optimal crop production activity combination and land resource allocation. Singh et al. (2001) and Garg and Dadhich (2014) also studied on optimal cropping pattern in Pakistan and China, respectively. The present study was performed to determine the prioritization of cultivating major agricultural crops (wheat, maize, alfalfa and barley) in sprinkler irrigation systems under both subsidized and non-subsidized conditions with respect to energy and water costs using numerical taxonomy method.

Considering the significant increase of pistachio cultivation area in Iran and lack of water resources, accurate determination its water requirement is necessary. Since irrigation in the initial stages of pistachio is essential for adequate tree establishment, the main objective of this study was to measure the evapotranspiration of pistachio trees (ETc) between four to nine years of age, when the economical yields is achieved. This study was conducted in Rafsanjan Pistachio Research Institute station using a cubic concrete drainage lysimeter with a 54 m2 surface area (6 m × 9 m) and a depth of 3.4 m. One-year old seedlings of Pistacia vera L. were cultivated inside and surrounding of the lysimeter. The amount of evapotranspiration and crop coefficient (Kc) was measured every 20-days during the eight-month growing season of pistachio using lysimeteric data. For the young trees For the young trees from four to nine years of age, the amount of seasonal evapotranspiration was 2291.2, 2507.8, 2739.4, 4516.0, 4604.0 and 5621.0 cubic meters per hectare with the mean Kc values of 0.108, 0.104, 0.15, 0.21, 0.28 and 0.33, respectively.The mean Kc coefficients of pistachio in five growth stages were determined as 0.2, 0.17, 0.22, 0.16 and 0.19, respectively.

Today groundwater resources play an important role in the water supply of agriculture. Iran is in the semiarid region so evaluation of irrigation that turns into groundwater resources that called the return flow could have a major role in groundwater recharge and must be considered for effective management of groundwater resources. The goal of this study was investigating the effect of irrigation on groundwater recharge by using the HYDRUS-1D model. In this case study, the data were obtained from a complete growing season of maize and wheat which were planted in the Hashtgerd Alborz Province during the years of 20004 2013. Soil moisture and deep percolation were simulated for two different irrigation efficiencies of 60 and 80 percent (equivalent to 40 and 20 percent deep percolation of irrigation, respectively). The results showed that soil moisture advance underirrigation efficiency increased the level of ground water to 1 m. Also the highest percentage of groundwater recharge from irrigation and rainfall was for winter wheat. During the simulation, irrigation efficiency of 60% and 80%, recharge 2.63 m and 1.6 m the ground water level that 14.6 and 10.92 percent are included irrigation and rainfall respectively. The results of this study showed that deep percolation of irrigation and rainfall can recharge and rise of the groundwater level.

Decline of groundwater level in many plains of Iran has been accompanied by increase in energy consumption for pumping out water for irrigation. Long this line, a determination of the economic depth of wells, as related to pumping costs, crop value and other costs of agricultural expenditure is indispensable. This study was aimed at determining the economic depth of wells as applied in sprinkler irrigation considering two subsidized vs. non-subsidized energy costs, drilling costs, total cost of agricultural practices and benefit-cost ratio for one as a farmer. In this regard, detailed information, comprised of data from irrigation systems as well as crop yields from Qazvin Plain in year 2011 was used. Under the non-subsidized case, cost of electricity used as energy was much higher than that of diesel fuel. The average income-cost ratio obtained by farmers with electricity used as energy was more than those with diesel fuel under subsidized case, while the reverse was obtained under non-subsidized case. Increasing the depth of the well led to some partial reduction in benefit-cost ratio. The results finally revealed that due to the unusually low cost of energy, there seems to be no limit for drilling to increasing the depth of wells.

Vegetation Indices (VI) show different results in green leaf area index (gLAI) estimation. The objective of this study is to estimate the gLAI of winter wheat and barley using spectral vegetation indices and presenting equations that are able to properly estimate gLAI on its entire range without any reduction in VIs’ sensitivity to gLAI. Taking field data into account for developing gLAI estimation equations using different VIs derived from MODIS imagery, accuracy assessment of these functions using statistical indices, sensitivity analysis, and presenting the best-fit function for gLAI estimation are the main steps of this study. gLAI was destructively sampled in the fields of Hezarjolfa agro-industry located in Qazvin irrigation network in 2015.Results showed that gLAI changes from 0.07 to 5.81 for wheat and from 0.01 to 3.76 for barley. VIs used in this study derived from band 1 and 2 of MODIS imagery were Normalized different vegetation index (NDVI), simple ratio (SR), wide dynamic range vegetation index (WDRVI), weighted difference vegetation index (WDVI), and soil adjusted vegetation index (SAVI). The best-fit function was concluded from WDRVI with R2 of 0.78 and RMSE of 0.73. Even though the sensitivity analysis showed that WDRVI can properly estimate gLAI in its entire range, NDVI and SAVI had better results in estimating gLAI

The aim of this study was determination of Pestachio evapotrspitaion in Rafsanjan plain, south of Iran. For this purpose, the results of the six reference evapotranspiration (ETo) estimation equations was compared by ETo grass lysimetric measurements. Among the selected methods, Penman- Monteith FAO was found to be the best one with root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.3 mm.mm-1 and percent absolute error (PAE) equals to 17%, Kimberly-Penman, radiation and Blaney Criddle methods were ranked next to PM equation with acceptable accuracy. Hargreaves and modified Penman method showed poor performance. Pistachio crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using pistachio crop coefficients and 4 years average of lysimeteric values ETo. Based on the results, the mean Pistachio ETc was 9600 cubic meters per hectare during April to November during. Maximum of ETo and ETc occurred in July. More than 50% of ETc was observed in June, July and August which confirms the importance of maintaining sufficient water for irrigation during this period.

In this research, an operational simulation model was developed to indicate the importance of agricultural bore wells as an irrigation water resource and sustainable management of them to supply irrigation demand of paddy fields. The main approach of this research was based on maximum using of local water resources (e.g. wells, ponds). In the proposed model, crop evapotranspiration, irrigation requirement and interval and water head in soil and bore well are daily calculated based on input data and simulation equations. Then, using of obtained irrigation scheduling and considering the limitation of minimum permission level in bore well, water harvesting days from bore well, pumping discharge and time, pond water in fields and runoff are calculated. Simulation of groundwater level fluctuation in the out of paddy rice growing season in unsaturated condition of soil was computed by Hydrus-1D. The model was run for paddy fields of Rasht Rice Research Institute for normal year; The results indicated that 10 irrigation events were required that six and four of them were supplied by bore well and canal, respectively. The obtained results in the studied paddy fields showed that shallow groundwater level was discharged by precipitation in the out of paddy rice growing season and raised from depth of 4.85 m to 1.82 m. Therefore, operation of bore wells during paddy rice growing season as well as considering minimum permission water head does not cause considerable groundwater drawdown and unsustainable operation

Salinity is a phenomenon that does not satisfy the crop water requirement and leads reduction vegetation. To control of this phenomenon requires appropriate management and monitoring of spatial and temporal salinity variations from the past to the present
In this study the spatial and temporal changes of soil salinity of irrigation and drainage network located in Garmsar, Iran, is investigated from 1986 to 2013. For this purpose, using satellite images and ground data, temporal changes of field area ratio are studied in three salinity levels of low, medium and high at the end of fall and spring planting period during these years by and five satellite indexes. Finally trend of changes is determined using Mann-Kendal test.
Also determined the trend of changes the value of each salinity index’s pixel by Mann-Kendall test and zoning changes the salinity was extracted Results show that with a probability of 95%, at the end of fall planting period the trends of area ratio of fields with low, medium and high soil salinity are decreasing, increasing and increasing, respectively. At the end of spring planting period, trends are similar to fall planting period for fields with low and high levels and medium level shows no significant trend. Also zone classification of soil salinity show that north, south and west regions of Garmsar plain are at the risk of increasing salinity during the time and the north-east and central regions that have secondary irrigation network presents a decreasing trend in soil salinity. During considered years, of the total 16 thousand ha areas, fields with low soil salinity decrease around 6.5 thousand ha and the areas of fields with medium and high salinity increase around 4.5 thousand ha and 2 thousand ha, respectively, in this region.

Due to the limited availability of Phosphorus in soil especially calcareous soils, it is important to investigate strategies to increase ability of Phosphorus uptake by plant. Evaluating the effect of Zeolite (Clinoptilolite), irrigation levels and preferential flows, simultaneously and independently, on increasing Phosphorus uptake by corn was objective of this study. Potted study was done in completely randomize design with 3 replications. Factors include existence and non-existence of Zeolite, existence and non-existence of artificial thin plastic pieces as macro pores for facilitation of preferential flows and two levels of moisture allowable deficiency (40 and 50 percent). Also the effect of treatments on uptake of soil extractable Potassium by plant was investigated in this study. Plant Phosphorus concentration on treatments with and without Zeolite was measured 1593.3 and 1545.2 milligram per kilogram respectively. Also this amount on treatments of MAD40, MAD50, with and without artificially created macro pores was 1557.3, 1581.2, 1561.8 and 1576.6 mg/kg respectively. Results have demonstrated that treatments had not significant effects on increase of phosphorus uptake. Also the factors had not significant effect on increase of soil extractable Potassium uptake by plant. Among agronomic traits, weight of Bilal (Corn Crop) was increased in existence of Zeolite but others have not influenced significantly (P

Due to the quantity and quality limitations of available water resources, the measurement and analysis of water and economic productivity indices in various irrigation systems (including surface and pressurized systems) has a great importance. The objective of this study was to compare water and economic productivity of pressurized and surface irrigation systems. For this purpose, the data of irrigation systems as well as crop yield in Qazvin Plain in 2011 were used. The required data were collected using the survey in the studied fields, questionnaires, the design report of irrigation systems and Qazvin Agriculture Organization. The results showed that the irrigation water productivity for barley, alfalfa, maize and wheat was 0.75 to 2.5, 0.2 to 1.76, 0.3 to 2.78 and 0.61 to 2.2 kg/m3, respectively, in sprinkler irrigation systems. In surface irrigation system, the water productivity for barley, alfalfa, maize and wheat was 0.43 to 1.42, 0.12 to 1.64, 0.22 to 1.58 and 0.43 to 1.25 kg/m3, respectively. The minimum and maximum amounts of economic productivity of surface irrigation systems in Rials/m3 were 1387 and 4617 for barely, 382 and 5050 for alfalfa, 905 and 6474 for maize and 1447 and 4159 for wheat. The minimum and maximum values of economic productivity of sprinkler irrigation systems in Rial/m3 were 2442 and 8126 for barley, 673 and 5420 for alfalfa, 1283 and 11395 for maize and 2016 and 7319 for wheat.

Crop coefficient varies in different environmental conditions, such as deficit irrigation, salinity and intercropping. The effect of soil fertility and texture of crop coefficient and evapotranspiration of maize was investigated in this study. Low soil fertility and food shortages as a stressful environment for plants that makes it different evapotranspiration rates of evapotranspiration calculation is based on the FAO publication 56. Razzaghi et al. (2012) investigate the effect of soil type and soil-drying during the seed-filling phase on N-uptake, yield and water use, a Danish-bred cultivar (CV. Titicaca) was grown in field lysimeters with sand, sandy loam and sandy clay loam soil. Zhang et al (2014) were investigated the Effect of adding different amounts of nitrogen during three years (from 2010 to 2012) on water use efficiency and crop evapotranspiration two varieties of winter wheat. The results of their study showed. The results indicated the following: (1) in this dry land farming system, increased N fertilization could raise wheat yield, and the drought-tolerant Changhan No. 58 showed a yield advantage in drought environments with high N fertilizer rates; (2) N application affected water consumption in different soil layers, and promoted wheat absorbing deeper soil water and so increased utilization of soil water; and (3) comprehensive consideration of yield and WUE of wheat indicated that the N rate of 270 kg/ha for Changhan No. 58 was better to avoid the risk of reduced production reduction due to lack of precipitation; however, under conditions of better soil moisture, the N rate of 180 kg/ha was more economic.
The study was a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three soil texture treatment, including silty clay loam, loam and sandy-loam soil and three fertility treatment, including without fertilizer, one and two percent fertilizer( It was conducted at the experimental farm in Jey and Qahab district of Isfahan. Reference evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration of maize were measured by evaporation pan method and volumetric soil water balance method using micro lysimeters, respectively. In order to accommodate the growing field conditions, a ditch with a depth of 25 cm, length of 240 cm and width of 300 cm were dug and micro-lysimeters were placed it in three rows (three replications) with a distance of 75 cm. After preparing the treatments, four seed Maize with variety of NS540 were planted at a depth of 3-5 cm on 5 August. To reduce the oasis effect on evapotranspiration, the same corn was planted in the vicinity of the project area with 500 square meters..
The results showed that using fertilizer caused increasing of crop evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of maize. Maximum of the ten-day average evapotranspiration of maize in the silty clay loam soil with two percent fertilizer was obtained 8.76 (mm/ day) on the fifth decade of growth and this value was found 45.5 percent higher than the lowest mean evapotranspiration value of the ten-day. Comparison evapotranspiration of maize in different soil fertility treatments showed that the greatest impact on increasing of maize evapotranspiration in SLF2, SCLF2, SLF2 treatments were obtained that was equal %19.1, %14.3 and %10.6, respectively (table 4). Most of the effects of fertility the crop coefficient of maize at the middle stage of growth was influenced more than other stages by the different treatments of soil fertility. Adding one and two percent of the fertilizer to treatment SCLF0 increased maize crop coefficient about 3.5 and 9.7 percent at development stage, respectively, That measured %6 and 11% for LF1 and LF2 treatments, respectively, and about 1.6 and 5.6% for SLF2 SLF1 treatment, respectively (Table 6). Comparison of maize middle crop coefficient in SLF2 and SLF1 for different soil fertility treatments showed that effect of increasing soil fertility on middle Kc of maize was more than other stages of plant growth (Table 6). The obtained results showed that the addition of one and two percent fertilizer to the silty clay loam soil increased, the middle crop coefficient 13.3% and 27%, respectively in.
Maximum and minimum effect of soil fertility on increasing crop coefficient of maize in the middle stage was equal to 37.8% in the loamy soil and 18.3% in the sandy loam soil with two percent fertilizer. The greatest effect of soil fertility on crop coefficient of maize was measured 8.37% in the middle stage of growth in LF2. The effect of soil fertility on crop coefficient of maize in loam and silty clay loam soils more than sandy loam soil, Because can be a further organic matter in these soils (loam and silty clay loam and also decreasing evaporation in sandy loam soil.

In order to investigate effect of adding fertilizer on crop coefficient root and shoot growth of maize a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three texture treatment including silty clay loam, loam and sandy-loam soil and three fertility treatment was conducted at the experimental farm in Jey and Qahab district of Isfahan was conducted. Reference evapotranspiration and actual evapotranspiration of maize were measured by evaporation pan method and volumetric soil water balance method using micro lysimeters. The results of this study showed that using fertilizer caused increasing of crop coefficient of maize at all growth stages except for the initial stage of plant growth. Maximum and minimum effect of soil fertility on increasing crop coefficient of maize in the middle stage was equal to 37.8% in the loamy soil and 18.3% in the sandy loam soil with two percent fertilizer. The results also showed that the addition of fertilizer to the soil in each soil type significantly increased shoot yield (fresh and dry weight of shoot dry weight of leaf, stem and ear, plant height and the distance between nodes), but had no significant differences on corn root traits. The highest increase in fresh and dry weight of corn shoots loam soils, respectively 3.46% and 55.2% with the addition of two percent of the fertilizer into the soil, respectively.