فهرست مطالب حمیده پروان

The Sassanid Empire is an important part of the Shahnameh. In this section, Ferdowsi, explains in detail the events of the reign of Khosrow Parviz, the revolt of Bahram Choobineh, Khosrow's escape to Rome and receiving an army from the Roman emperor, and his return to Azerbaijan to fight Bahram. According to the Shahnameh, in this route, Khosrow passes through places called Yazdansaray, Bahleh, Karestan, and Manuy, and enters the city called Varigh. In this city, he receives an army from the Roman emperor and returns to Azerbaijan, where he fights Bahram in the Duke Plain and defeats him. Because Muslim geographers did not have complete information about the territories occupied by the Roman Empire, the names of these places are either not mentioned in the geographical sources of the Islamic period or are mentioned in other names. In Shahnameh manuscripts, the names of these places are written in various forms, which shows the ignorance of the scribers of these places.

In this research, an attempt has been made to determine the geographical location of Bahleh, Karestan, Manuy, Varigh and Duke and in some cases their other names based on reliable sources. The research method is descriptive analytical using library resources. Literature review For the first time, Monshizadeh (1975) researched the state of geography in the Shahnameh. In his research, he has studied the geographical location of Mazandaran and some other places in Shahnameh. The guide of the geographical map of Shahnameh is the  result of the researches of Shahidi Mazandarani (1377) in the geographical names and also the names of the people in Shahnameh. Ghorbani and Zomorrodi (1396), in a research in thirteen chapters, have analyzed the geographical names of Shahnameh; despite the efforts of the authors, in some cases, there is no comprehensive information in their research. Aslani and Purtaghi (1398) have also studied the geographical names of Shahnameh. They provide more complete information than Ghorbani and Zomorrodi. Farhange joghrafiyaye tarikhiye Shahnameh, compiled by Seyedi (1399), is the latest research on the geographical names of Shahnameh in which all the geographical names of Shahnameh have been extracted and the changes of names and geographical places from the past to the present have also been expressed.

In Shahnameh, the escape route of Khosrow to Rome is described in detail. Ferdowsi called the first place that Khosrow enters "Yazdansaray". Yazdansaray was one of the monasteries close to Madain. Historical sources refer to several monasteries located in the south of Madain, and it is obvious that they were not located on the way of Khosrow to Rome. Normally, that monastery (YazdanSaray) should have been located in the west of Madain on the way of Rome. Then he reaches the Bahleh tribe near the Euphrates. According to Dinwari, Khosrow went to the monastery after entering the city of Hit, and then reached the Arab tribes that accompanied him to the banks of the Euphrates(Dinwari1371:115-121).After crossing the Euphrates, Khosrow entered the city of Karestan, the first border city of Iran and Rome. Ferdowsi explicitly states that the Roman emperor called this city Karestan (Ferdowsi, 1393, vol8. P.81-82). So Karestan must be a Roman name. To determine the location of this city, the inscription of Shapur I is very helpful; because Khosrow, in order to go to Rome, must have passed through the same route that Shapur I had passed before him. After crossing Karestan, Khosrow reached the city of Manuy and then Varigh. Isidore of charax , in the description of the distance between the cities along the Euphrates River, mentions  a fortress that was called Mannuorrha Auyreth (Isidore of charax , 1387: 35). Mannuorrha Auyreth brings to mind the names Manuy and Varigh, which are also mentioned in the Shahnameh. Shapur I also captured the city of Edessa at the end of his campaign. So varigh must also be near Harran, and Manuy must be a city  between Harran and Edessa. After receiving an army from the Roman emperor, Khosrow went to Azerbaijan and encamped in the Duke Plain. According to Theophylact the battle of Khosrow and Bahram was in a mountainous area, near Ganzak and the Belarat River. He also writes that Khosrow's troops in this area were forced to divide into three groups and enter the battlefield in three ways (Theophylact,1986: 180). Minorsky suggests that Duke is the Dule, an area East of Orumiyeh Lake near Maragheh (Minorsky,1379: 12-14). Ferdowsi describes the battlefield as a mountainous area and also refers to the "Three Dukes Road"(Ferdowsi ,1393, vol8, p121).

By examining the inscription of Shapur I, the sources of Byzantine historians and its correspondence with the reports of Muslim historians, the position of the mentioned areas in Shahnameh was determined. The Location of Bahleh tribe was between Hit and Raqqah and Khosrow reached this tribe between these two cities. Karestan is the Roman name of the border city of Harran (Carrehae), which was changed to (Kar + Stan) in the Shahnameh. The name Manuy is derived from the combination Mannuorrha Auyreth and it is the name of the fortress in Edessa / Urhāy. Varigh / Urigh is another pronunciation of Auyreth =Irrite, the name of an ancient city located northwest of Mesopotamia, between Harran and Carchamishe, and today called Irridu / ordi. In Mazandarani language, Duke means difficult path, precipice and valley. Considering the division of the troops into three groups and the mountainous positions of Duke and Ganzak, Ferdowsi meant of Duke and Three Dukes Road, should be that Khosrow crossed the three massive divisions through three difficult roads / Valleys and precipices. Also in Shahnameh, Duke Mountain, Duke Plain and Three Dukes Road refer to the hard road, Valleys and precipices of the battlefield.

Flight to heavens had been one of the ancient wishes of man which finds expression in its utmost beauty in myths.  This article deals with analysis of five myths namely Kaykavus in Persian narratives, Namrud in Sami narratives, Vuei in Chinese, Iccarus in Greek, and finally Atne in Mesopotamian ones whose dominant common feature is flight.  The main purpose of this research is to study the similarities of these narratives with one another and to answer this question that whether the striking similarities found in some of these narratives are the result of their mutual influence and impact on one another or whether the action of certain characters mentioned are attributed to others in the narrative.  The study shows that the stories of Kaykavus, Namrud, and Atne have the most likenesses and in fact it is as if due to certain similarities in the events in the reign of Kaykavus and Namrud, the story of Kaykavus’s flight is attributed to Namrud’s.  Nevertheless, the narrative of Atneh is the most ancient one and the probability of its influence over the other narratives is quite strong.

The present study investigates previous researches about Shirazi accent. The aim of the study was to classify, describe and analyze books published during 1348-1393 about Shirazi Accent. After introducing issues, the importance of the research has been discussed; then analyzed books classified into three major groups: 1. Expressions and proverbs; 2. Language; and 3. Pop culture. Each book introduced in four parts: book title, book structure, core concepts and the main text. Then, some ideas about the book have been proposed. Finally, quantitative and qualitative results of the published books were presented. Also this study presents the articles and investigates recently researches according to structure of the books.