فهرست مطالب حنانه محمدی کنگرانی

As a closed basin with low rainfall, Zayandeh-Rud river basin is faced with the challenge of water resources management. This challenge is deepening and spreading to other social areas. For this reason this research paid to the dimensions of the crisis with the aim of identifying its causes from water governance network point of view in the geography of Isfahan province. The information exchange network and the influence network on the water issue have been studied by writing a researcher-made questionnaire and collecting information from 76 participants. Then the results have been analyzed using ucinet software and two indices of value components and similarity matrix. As a result, it has been determined that the mentioned networks have been formed under the influence of limited interests and the influence and exchange of information within them is not organized, based on the capacity and position of the actors which shows their dysfunction.

Introduction and Goal:

Due to the current droughts and the sharp drop in ground water reserves in most of the country's plains, aquifer projects have received more and more attention as a suitable solution. The issue of assessing the sustainability of water catchment projects in various environmental, economic, social and particularly institutional dimensions is crucial. In this research, the evaluation of the sustainability of the institutional dimension in the south of Fars province (Iran) has been investigated on a local scale using the social network analysis method.

The evaluation of the sustainability of the institutional dimension in the three aquifer projects of the Katuyeh (Larestan), Kal (Lamard) and Baherstan (Mohr), which were implemented between 2017-2019, was examined through a five-step process. First, the two metrics of trust and cooperation were selected through the consensus of experts and using the classical Delphi method. Second, social relations networks including six topics were established in all three target villages. Third, the relevant questionnaire was designed. The number of completed questionnaires for the villages of Katuyeh, Kal and Behrestan is 25, 60 and 20 respectively (105 in total). In the fourth step, the information obtained from the questionnaires for each village was entered into the UCINET software. Then density and centrality measures (degree and betweenness) were calculated to evaluate two measures of trust and cooperation. Fifth, the two topics of "cooperation of administrations" and "willingness to cooperate with administrations" were determined for the two selection metrics and the stability of these two metrics of cooperation and trust in three villages, respectively.

The results of this research showed that in Katwieh village, the degree of stability for both measures of cooperation and trust was 3.3 (moderate stability). Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension was estimated to be 3.3 or average stability for Katwieh village. In Kal village, the degree of stability for the two measures of cooperation and trust was 2.7 and 2.3 respectively. Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension for Kal village was estimated as 2.5 or almost unstable to moderate stability. In Bahristan village, the degree of stability for the two measures of cooperation and trust was 3 and 1.7, respectively. Therefore, the degree of stability in the institutional dimension for Bahristan village was estimated as 2.4 or almost unstable.

Conclusion and Suggestions :

In the three villages of Katoyeh, Kal and Behrestan, the government body of the Natural Resources and Watershed Management Department of the respective city and accordingly the General Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Management of the province on the one hand and the Islamic Council of the said villages as the representatives of the residents on the other hand, were able to establish two-way relations, trust and create mutual cooperation between the parties. Therefore, this issue strengthened the institutional dimension in the sustainability of watershed project development. In order to gain more trust and cooperation of the watershed residents and its continuity in the field of watershed activities, it is suggested that the maintenance of the watershed project plan be entrusted to the local trustees or the Islamic councils of the villages in order to provide a suitable platform for strengthening and continuing participation, cooperation and Provide mutual trust of watershed residents and government institutions in the field of water and soil conservation.

Human-wildlife conflicts, especially large carnivores, have become one of the main challenges of biodiversity conservation in different world regions. Multiple studies suggest that socioeconomic factors play essential roles in predicting and understanding these conflicts. However, there is very little knowledge available about the extent to which that how awareness raising and information concerning human-large carnivore conflicts are being shared among different stakeholders around the protected areas. In this study, we evaluated how information regarding human-large carnivores conflict situations is communicated between different stakeholders (e.g., local people, rangers) using a social network analysis approach in the villages around the Golestan National Park (GNP), Iran. Data were collected using structured questionnaire surveys with members of households (n= 292) from April to November 2022. We analyzed the data using UCINET6.528 and Netdraw software. One-dimensional and two-dimensional matrices were applied to draw the nodes of networks. To assess the network we used three measures of connectivity nodes i.e. the betweenness centrality, degree centrality, and multidimensional scaling. The results revealed that only 57% of local people were concerned about gaining information about conflicts with large carnivores, and 43% of the local communities have not taken any action to get information about conflicts with large carnivores. The results of the network graph analysis indicated a significant centrality of protected area rangers and families in the information network, at the same time the Village Islamic Council (showra) and village heads (Dehyar) do not have centrality in the information network. The results further showed a lack of connection between women and park rangers, village councils, and village heads. Our findings demonstrate the necessity of examining social networks, including information networks, in human-wildlife conflict management and utilizing the capabilities of this approach to advance management actions for reducing and managing human-large carnivore conflicts in protected areas.

Over the past two decades, the Zayandeh Rud River basin has faced numerous challenges in water resource management, resulting in widespread stakeholder dissatisfaction. In light of governance principles, effective policy-making in this area necessitates an understanding of each actor’s impact on the problem’s various dimensions and their interrelationships. This research aims to determine which actors influence the Zayandeh Rud River basin’s water governance network within Isfahan province’s geographic area and to what extent. Using a governance framework, this paper identifies 21 groups of water actors within the specified geography. Data collection and theoretical saturation were achieved through the analysis of data from 72 research participants using network analysis methods. The research data was analyzed using UCINET software, utilizing structural analysis and value component implementation capabilities, and visualized using NETDRAW software. The results reveal the formation of a unique influence network on water resource management, which is not conducive to optimal water governance. This network comprises a variety of actors with distinct capabilities and behaviors, resulting in specific impacts on water issues.

Zayandeh-Roud basin has been one of the most challenging basin in the country in recent years. Challenges that cover various fields of political, social, economic, security, etc and has focused attention on how water governance in this basin. Based on this, in the present study, the structure of water governance in Chahar Mahal and Bakhtiari province has been investigated using the network analysis method. The current research, while counting the activists in the form of 21 groups, has tried to answer the question that each of the activists of the water governance network in the Zayandeh-Roud basin, what position and role do they have in the water governance system?. Because governance requires the participation of all stakeholders. To answer this question, the research data was analyzed using the value components index in the UCINET software to identify two networks of influence and information exchange. The results of the research indicate that the position of each of the actors counted in the mentioned networks is not proportional to the concept of water governance in its network form. And on the other hand, it draws an opaque and inefficient structure, the output of which is weakness in the management of water resources and dissatisfactions and social, political and security challenges. An overview of the research findings has also been drawn using Netdraw software.

Organizational cooperation is a concept that responds to the growing interdependence among individuals and organizations. This concept is regarded as a key factor in environment management and tourism development, which organizations, institutions and individuals create a structure by participating in a wide range of activities, and with the aim of maximizing co-creation value and achieving sustainable growth. The purpose of this research is investigation of cooperation network and determining the role and position of different individuals and organizations in environmental management and tourism development of Qeshm Island. To this end, the present study used network analysis, which is a new approach to solving multi-dimensional problems and management. Also, we analyzed Organizational interactions of individuals with using questionnaire tool and Ucinet and Netdraw software. The results showed that the most people connected with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 30 and 25 degree centrality and 582/897 and 566/541 betweenness centrality. Also, most people cooperate with the organizations Qeshm free zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment, which have respectively 35 and 34 degree centrality and 514/735 and 536/736 betweenness centrality. In other words, Qeshm Free Zone and Qeshm's Department of Environment are the only two organizations that people have most cooperative with them. Therefore, the cooperation network of individuals with other organizations related to environmental management and tourism needs attention and strengthening of cooperation.

Intersectoral collaboration, as a key component of interventions in addressing complex public health problems, can be structured, selective, and designed to be constructive. Social network analysis can help examine and strengthen such collaborative structures with a systemic approach. This policy brief aims to suggest operational steps and an optimal structure of stakeholder engagement for better governance of the national food assistance program for vulnerable groups.

The land reform that followed the social, economic, and political changes in Iran is the most crucial mission of the administrative system before the Islamic Revolution and one of the most critical issues of environmental governance in Iran in modern times. The purpose of this study is to explain how the land reform program was on the agenda in the 1960s. Due to the nature and objectives of this study, the qualitative analysis method and case study method were used. First, the collected data from research sources were categorized within the framework of Kingdon's multiple stream theory. Analysis was performed based on the theoretical concepts of the theory. This article explains how the stream of issues, political, and policy-making process result in the land reform agenda. The results show that although theoretically separated, the three streams are not entirely independent of each other. This study argues that Kingdan's theory is effective in analyzing and explaining the process of the land reform law, despite its limitations. The window of opportunity has been opened following the co-existence of the current land problems and the owner-farmer relationship, domestic political forces and international pressures, and the policy-making process. Since then, the issue has been on the government's agenda, and political Entrepreneurs have taken the opportunity to approve their proposals and facilitate the change process.

The future of human life depends on a better understanding of the factors that lead to satisfaction. Social capital is one of the factors that can grow through the exchange of knowledge and experience and communication with others and be effective in promoting the satisfaction of local communities. Effective and efficient implementation of rangeland rehabilitation programs using a participatory approach also raises issues and problems for policy makers and managers that require a general approach to solving them. This study emphasizes the mediating role of social learning in the interaction of participation and trust in rangeland farmers' satisfaction with the implementation of rangeland management projects in Mazandaran summer rangelands and ends with the modeling process.

The study method is a survey and the statistical population studied includes rangers of 11 customary systems with 136 people in the summer rangelands of Mazandaran province in which rangeland management projects have been implemented in 1397. The sample size was determined using Cochran's formula of 100 people. Data were collected by stratified random sampling method using a Likert scale (structured) questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS22 and Smart PLS3 software. The apparent and content validity of the research tool was confirmed using the collective opinions of experts related to the research topic. Also, the values obtained from Cronbach's alpha, combined reliability and mean variance extracted for different sections of the questionnaire were acceptable. In order to test the conceptual model of the research, structural equation modeling of reflective model type (for arrows from structures to items) based on the partial least squares method has been used. The values observed on the path between the structures (hidden variables) with each other are called the path coefficient and show the correlation coefficient of the two structures or the standardized regression beta. This method is a very powerful and general technique of multivariate regression or general linear model expansion, and external and internal models examine the relationship between overt and covert variables.

The results of path analysis with Smart PLS3 software showed that all three indicators (trust, participation and social learning) have a positive and significant effect on the satisfaction of rangers with the implementation of rangeland plans and are able to 85% of the dependent variable changes ( Explain the satisfaction of ranchers). The trust variable has a direct effect of 0.303 and the participation variable has a direct effect of 0.598 on satisfaction. But because of the mediating role of social learning, they have more effects on satisfaction; Thus, the indirect effect of trust on satisfaction due to the mediating role of social learning (0.608 * 0.561) is equal to 0.341 and more than the direct and unmediated effect of social learning, ie 0.303. In general, the effects of trust (0.644), ie directly in addition to the indirect effect, are stronger than the effect of trust on satisfaction alone (0.303). Also, the indirect effect (through the mediating role of social learning) of participation on satisfaction (0.608 * 0.329) is equal to 0.000, which is less than its direct effect (0.598), but in general, the effects of participation on Satisfaction (0.798) which is obtained by combining direct and indirect effects of social learning on satisfaction is greater than the effect of participation alone (0.598) on satisfaction, so it can be concluded that social learning plays a role. There has been an improvement in increasing the total effects of independent variables on the dependent variable.

In this study, social learning through the sharing of information and relationships between rangelanders prepares the necessary ground for knowledge transfer and by increasing the indicators of social capital among rangeland ranchers in Mazandaran summer rangelands in which in 1397 Were implemented; Improving manpower productivity and increasing ranchers' satisfaction. Indicators of social capital express different conditions and characteristics governing the actions and performance of rangelanders in the implementation of rangeland projects that have many effects on their satisfaction. Therefore, it can be said that the richer the relationship of ranchers in the implementation of projects, the higher their satisfaction with the performance and implementation of projects.

Water resources management in the Central Plateau of Iran and Zayandeh-Rud River basin, as the only permanent river of this plateau, has faced serious challenges which has challenged the lives and livelihoods of most residents and beneficiaries.The aim of this study was to identify and explain the causes of the crisis in the Water Policies of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin from the perspective of beneficiaries in the western townships of Isfahan province. The reseerch method of the styudy was qualitative type and by the Thematic analysis approach. In this study, data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and have been done with 51 beneficiaries in Falavarjan, Mobarakeh, Shahin Shahr and Maymeh, Khomeini Shahr, Lenjan, Chadegan, Fereydunshahr, Fereidan and Buin cities.In this study, first 195 causes announced by the participants were investigated and after removing similarities and repetitions, they were counted in the form of 76 basic concepts and analysed relying on the data encoding process in the Thematic analysis, in the open laying stage, were obtained 15 main concepts from these concepts. The findings of this study indicate that the concept (core) of the nucleus, which is the cause of the water crisis in these cities, has emerged under the influence of four categories of political, legal, climatic and ethnic-cultural causes.

Effective and efficient implementation of rangeland improvement and rehabilitation programs using a participatory approach will raise issues and problems for policy makers and managers requiring a general approach to solve them. This type of management is often related to the pattern of social relations between ranchers in the structure of different management systems governing on rangelands. The purpose of this study is to analyze the social network of ranchers in terms of participation related to the implementation of rangeland activities and compare it in the management systems of private exploitation, collective and council in the Delarstaq rangelands of Amol. In this research, using a network analysis questionnaire and a direct interview, the link was examined between participation in the implementation of rangeland management plan. According to the research findings, the rates of density, reciprocity and transitivity indices in private exploitation management system are higher than collective and in common management system are higher than the council. However, the average geodetic distance index and network centrality indices in group management systems (collective and council) were higher than the private exploitation management system, which indicates less participation, cohesion and integration of the ranchers in group management systems. Therefore, considering the discovery of social gaps in the participatory network of group management systems, modifying the structural pattern of social relations in these systems before the implementation of the desired programs is one of the basic and necessary measurment for successful participatory management in these areas.

The aim of this study was to identify and analyze the management issues related to the mangrove forests of Qeshm Island and to investigate the relationships and collaborations between government agencies using the network analysis method. In order to collect information and data related to the research topic, they referred to the relevant agencies and local communities in this regard and were asked to list the government agencies involved in the management of mangrove forests. Then, a network analysis questionnaire was prepared based on a review of three types of communication networks (referral, cooperation, trust) between government agencies involved in mangrove management and was completed by their representatives. After completing the data and entering them into Excel software, the data were entered into UCINET6.718 software for analysis and after generating a one-dimensional matrix, macro and micro indicators of the network such as density and centrality were measured. The results of graph analysis using NetDraw software showed that all micro and macro indicators in the cooperation network are better than the reference network and in the trust network are better than the cooperation network. Also, the cooperation and participation of provincial government agencies along with the sub-managements of the Qeshm Free Zone Organization are other strengths of these networks, which can be used to expand the participatory projects in the management of these forests with the participation of local communities.

The increasing growth of human population and the number of livestock and wasteful has led to a rise in the trend of land degradation in the last few decades. Identifying the factors of destruction and sustainability of Rangelands is one of the first steps in reforming the exploitation of these resources and rehabilitating them. hence This study was done on the necessity of analysis and evaluation of the destruction of vegetation cover in Fars province. Effective choices were determined by reviewing the research resources and were grouped into Four indicators including: Hydrology (H), plant production (P), soil (S) and Atherogenic (A). The reference group of 45 experts familiar with the field of research consisted of all local operators and Operators available and a number of researchers determined in snowball method. The Questionnaires were Designed separately and scored by the reference group according to the two methods of Boolean evaluation and Fuzzy Delphi. The mean values of the indices and options were ranked and analyzed in a comparison method. Reliability was investigated by Cronbach's alpha test 0.88) and confirmed the existence of fit between Components of the questionnaire. the convergence of the results of the two above methods confirms the validity of the two methods, given that the two Boolean and Fuzzy methods were evaluated. the evaluation of Sustainability indices in fuzzy method showed that the human and soil indices have the highest relative weight, respectively, with the weight of 0.480 and 0.330 respectively. plant and climate production indices and hydrology are less important in terms of relative weight of 0.134 and 0.056, respectively. the weight and the Computational importance of indicators in the Boolean method is much less than that, and it can be said that in Comparison of the Boolean and Fuzzy methods, the fuzzy method has more performance and helps with a diverse Range of responses to provide clearer and clearer results for the evaluation of sustainability.

Participatory management in the protection of desert ecosystems is important due to the high sensitivity and fragility of these ecosystems. However, insufficient attention to the position of stakeholders in the social relations network has led to its failure. Therefore, identifying key actors is significant in the participatory management of the desert ecosystems. This study was conducted to investigate the coherence of the cooperation network and determine the key actors of government stakeholders at both levels of government and public institutions considering the participatory management approach. Information and data were collected through surveying, interviews, and participating meetings with representatives of the organizations and local communities. After identifying 45 beneficiary government institutions, a social network analysis questionnaire was developed and completed by 41 members of the local community and 34 members of the governmental institutions. Then, the prepared data were entered into the Microsoft Excel software and were analyzed using the UCINET6.718 software. Two one-dimensional matrices of organization-organization and people-organization were used to delineate the networks; then, different macro and micro indicators of the network such as density, shear points, degree centrality, and betweenness centrality were calculated to interpret the networks. The results showed that density index in both organization-organization (0.672) and people-organization (0.77) cooperation networks were evaluated more than average. So, it is acceptable. Also, the Department of Environmental Protection of Qeshm city has the highest index of betweenness centrality among 45 identified devices in both cooperation networks. Therefore, more cooperation of the organizations involved in participatory management of natural resources is suggested to protect and develop the mangrove forests to reduce each type of environmental pollution.

One of the common and growing perspectives on achieving sustainability is to formulate its indicators based on local data alongside with a guided and experimental approach. On this basis, designing and prioritization of rangeland sustainability indicators from the experts perspectives in the nomadic rangelands of Kham Namdan in Eghlid county, Robat Sarvestan and Dogush Naderi of Khanj county were done. These three regions were considered as the representatives of seasonal nomadic rangelands, cold, temperate and warm, of Fars province, respectively. In this study, multivariate decision-making methods, fuzzy Delphi, hierarchical analysis (AHP) and TOPSIS method were used. The questionnaire criteria were divided into four categoris: climate and meteorology, crop production, soil and anthropogenic. Analysis of the results at the level of indices showed that anthropogenic and soil indices with a weight of 0.480 and 0.330 were the highest, respectively, and crop production and climate and hydrological indices with relative weights of 0.134 and 0.056 were fallen in the next rank. At the level of options or criteria, all unapproved options were related to the anthropogenic index, while in the indicators of climate and hydrology, crop production and soil, all options were approved by experts. Paired comparison of the options also shows that the options of income and capital, ownership and types of visible soil erosion with relative weights of 0.16, 0.13 and 0.11 have the highest priority. On the contrary, for drought index, average annual temperature and access to alternative forage with relative weights less than 0.005 have the lowest priority. The results of TOPSIS method showed that options: finance (income, savings, loans and insurance), ownership (land, livestock, housing and car) and types of erosion are superior to other options.

Today, environmental policy-making is the main responsibility of governments in many countries. In Iran, environmental legislation began in the first years after the Constitutional Revolution. This exploratory study has been conducted with the aim of policy-making analysis and enumeration of the most important environmental issues in Iran. Laws in the field of environment were categorized into four historical periods and six statements based on information from interviews, publications, library documents, and organizations' websites. Then, according to the experts, the issues were verified and prioritized. The results show that "forest management and exploitation", "environmental protection and nationalization", "land reform", "construction jihad", "resource provision" and "risks" have been the most important environmental policy-making issues The highest agreement is reached on the third issue and the lowest agreement on the second issue. Prioritization of issues indicates the dominance of the capitalist view on environmental issues. The first step in resolving the issues is to eliminate contradictions and develop a comprehensive and connecting platform.

Healthily watersheds provide many ecosystem services in various fields, such as social and economic well-being; Therefore, we need to develop methods that can be used to determine the levels of health and sustainability of watersheds. The aim of this research was an evaluation of the sustainability of the Bakhtegan Watershed servicer using the watershed sustainability index (WSI) in a ten year periods of (2006 to 2016). The UNESCO – HELP demonstration has proposed an integrated watershed sustainability index (WSI), based on four criteria of hydrologic (quantity and quality), environmental, life, water policy issues and three parameters of pressure, status and, the response was used in order to achieve low, medium, and high levels of the basin¢s sustainability of services. The results showed that the pressure parameter with a score of 0.75 and the response parameter with the score of 0.45 had the highest and lowest scores for an assessment of the watershed¢s sustainability of services. Furthermore, the results showed that the criterion of quantity hydrological with a score of 0.25 and the environmental quality with a score of 1 offer the most and least priorities for its management. The value obtained for the WSI was 0.61, which represents an intermediate level of basin¢s sustainability of services, thus points to the need for more attention to the region's sustainability level.

Rangelands are composed of different plant species with different vegetative characteristics that have a certain grazing value. Hence, the grazing livestock also shows a special grazing behavior according to it. Without knowing these behaviors, planning and managing rangelands and livestock is not possible. This research was carried out on camel herds in the rangelands of the Tabas desert from 2015 to 2017. Parameters such as grazing time, rest time, livestock movement time, distance traveled, and livestock movement speed were examined by GPS. The results showed that in spring, summer, fall, and winter, grazing time, livestock movement time, distance traveled, livestock movement speed at (p < /em><0.01), and rest time at (p < /em><0.05) were significantly different. The highest grazing time (342 minutes), rest time (119 minutes), and distance traveled (21.66 km) by camels in the studied rangelands were in summer and the lowest in winter. The highest speed (2.12 km/h) and travel time (359 minutes) were in spring and the lowest in winter. Therefore, knowing the mentioned parameters will help the rangeland management in determining the appropriate time for the camel to move in the rangeland and will increase the livestock performance.

Today SEA is one of the most important tools on which environmental considerations can be institutionalized in the planning system. In this regard, it is important to select the effect of scale jumps on the process of SEA. Therefore, in this study, with using the favor of spatial scale 1:250000 and satellite imagery ASTER and SRTM in the first order Persian Gulf and Omman sea watershed an attempt has been made to test whether SEA outputs are aligned with macro policies and to increase the scale in the spatial dimension. In this regard, first by inputting raw data of digital elevation model in Arc SWAT extension in Arc map software and processing their related calculations HRUs and then, introduce the 11 year climatic data to the SWAT model and implement (RUN) SWAT model at different spatial scales. The results showed that re-sizing the digital elevation model had a significant effect in the first order Persian Gulf and Omman sea watershed.

as healthy watersheds provide many ecosystem services in various fields such as social and economic welfare, some methods need to be developed for measuring the extent of watershedschr('39') health and sustainability. Sustainable development is a comprehensive approach to improving human life quality by providing the economic, social, and environmental well-being of human settlements. Therefore, it is achieved if there is an overlap between the ecological, economic, and social layers. The purpose of this study was to compare two methods of HLEP and the organization of forests, rangelands, and watershed management in assessing the sustainability of the Bakhtegan watershed in Fars province.

The first Method used the guidelines for monitoring and evaluating natural resource management and watershed management plans prepared by the Vice President for Strategic Planning and the Organization of Forests, Rangelands, and Watershed Management for Iran. In this method, the watershed was divided into five ecosystems: forest, desert, rangeland, aquatic environment, and economic and social issues. Different criteria and indicators were defined, determined, and measured for each of these ecosystems. Each variable was divided into different classes numerically, and each class was given a score (from high to low). The second method for analyzing and measuring stability in the field was the HELP that was based on four categories of hydrology (quantitative and qualitative), environment, watershed life, and policy-making. Moreover, three parameters of pressure, status, and reaction were used under the title of Basin Stability Index (WSI) to study basin stability at three levels: low, medium, and high.

as for the first method, the scores were added up to create a class, and according to the study area, three criteria, nine indicators, and 14 variables were selected and measured based on the rangeland and desert ecologistschr('39') section. In the ecologistschr('39') section, five criteria and 16 indicators (the indicators themselves act as variables) were selected and measured. The final scores for rangeland and desert ecologists and the economic and social issues were reported as 45 and 32, respectively, putting both in the middle class. The watershedchr('39')s sustainability status was also determined using the score estimation matrix and watershed assessment table. Taking the Bakhtegan watershedchr('39')s total points into account, it could be said that it is in a weak position in terms of stability. The results of the application of the HELP method showed that the pressure parameter with a score of 0.75 and the response parameter with a score of 0.45 had the highest and lowest scores for assessing the sustainability of the Bakhtegan watershed, respectively, indicating an appropriate response to reduce the pressure on the ecosystem. The results also suggested that quantitative hydrological sub-indices with a score of 0.25 and environment with a score of one had the highest and lowest priority for watershed management (especially management and protection of existing water resources), respectively. The level of watershed stability was assessed with a mean downward score of 0.61 in the study period, indicating that improving the regionchr('39')s level of sustainability requires more attention.

This studychr('39')s results in terms of selected criteria and indicators concerning the quality and quantity of information and accuracy of the data could be generalized to other parts of Iran (although similar to the field). To achieve acceptable sustainability, the area must be developed in terms of ecosystem, economic, and social issues and surpass the current equilibrium state. These conditions are made possible by protecting the ecosystem and providing a decent life for watershed dwellers. Considering the watershed management operations carried out in the basin, it is expected that the ecosystem sector will reach the desired level of stability. Moreover, for the basin to be sustainable, the economic and social sectors must get involved, conducting some measures to improve peoplechr('39')s living standards. Naturally, ecosystemschr('39') substantive and functional value in the formation and sustainability of watersheds are not the same; Therefore, according to the consensus of experts, aquatic ecosystems have the highest value, and desert ecosystems have the lowest value in the evaluation of a watershed. Thus, in the process of determining the sustainability of the watershed, the essential value of the composition of the ecosystems and the surface of the watershed that are covered must be taken into consideration.

Many investments in research and development have been made to stimulate the formation of cooperative relations and have significantly improved economic growth and the performance of the national innovation system. Numerous studies have already been conducted on relationships between members of the networks; however, there are gaps such as insufficient attention to government actors in these studies. The present study seeks to develop a model for strengthening relationships between the members of social capital theory-oriented collaborative networks of science and technology in Iran so that the nature of members of the network also considered in terms of their being public or private. It is a case study, and the members of the nanotechnology laboratory network are the statistical population. In the first step, factors that influence the strengthening of relationships between the members of the network were identified through a literature review (Related to social capital theory) and adjusted by the experts’ consensus. Then using the interpretive structural modeling, those factors were compared and prioritized within ternary compositions of private-private, private-public, and public-public. The results show that the factors of programs and policies of network management, the experience of previous relationships, and the duration of membership are three radical factors in different compositions of public-public, private-public, and private-private. Also, the factor of programs and policies of network members is a radical and influential one in the public-public composition.

This study was conducted in the central plateau of Iran to examine the income, cost, and profitability of conventional systems, in which camel is common during the years 2015 to 2017. For this purpose, by selecting 28 conventional systems with an average of 126 camels, the amount of income and cost per camel during the regular period of each year (spring) was completed and calculated by the operators with a questionnaire. The type of research is practical, and the statistical population included 28 camel herders. Random sampling was performed. Variables included income factors and camel costs. Using the analysis of engineering economics, the current value of income (PV income) and the present value of costs (PV cost) were calculated for the studied years, and then the net present value (NPV) and the benefit-to-cost ratio (BCR) was calculated with Excel software. The results showed that in all conventional systems, the net present value was positive, and the benefit-to-cost ratio was greater than one (BCR≥1). The highest gross income in each of the conventional systems was related to the sale of live camels (male camels, 6-month-old camels, elimination camels) and the highest cost was related to camel driver’s wages and the purchase of manual forage. However, by calculating gross income from expenses, the amount of profitability was determined, so it is suggested that due to the appropriate profitability of this profession, the relevant agencies have a plan to expand the cultivation of this industry along with the tourism industry and considering that forage of these habitats will not be able to supply the nutritional needs of camels in traditional areas, and the continuation of this situation will endanger the vegetation; therefore, it should be done with caution.

. Land use prediction models are essential for planning sustainable land use. This is especially needed in developing countries where activities such as deforestation, development of agricultural lands, and degradation which intensifies the phenomenon of desertification. Since land use changes occur on a large scale over time, the use of remote sensing science is essential in investigating this phenomenon. Using data such as multi-time and large coverage, this data can be used to prepare land use maps and survey them in different time periods at the lowest cost and in a short time, and from their ratio, changes can be predicted for the future. The results show that the region has a sensitive ecosystem, land use change is happening rapidly. Therefore, if the current strategy of land use in this region continues without consideration for sustainable development, severe land degradation and desertification of the region in the future is inevitable.In this research, we studied trend of land use change in Sirjan plain that located in the west of Kerman province during period (2017-1990 using Landsat satellite images (TM and OLI sensirs) . likelihood maximum method applied to classifying these images. kapa coefficient was used to evaluate the accuracy of the maps and modeling. For predicting land use changes for year 2026, we used CA_Markov automatic cell .studing land use changes trend in Sirjan plain during (1990-1990) showed that the largest area covered by bayer lands with low coverage. this level user has decreased from 88.04% in 1990 to about 84.11% in 2017. During the study period, saline, urban area and agricultural lands has been increasing. saline land increased (with 6.05%) in 1990 to about (6.91 %) in 2017. The urban area were increasing trend observed with 0.23% of the total area in 1990 to 0.85% in 2017. The trend of changes in this use in the first period (2006-1990) has increased from 291.51 hectares to about 952.99 hectares in the second period (2017-2006). The results of evaluating the accuracy of the maps produced for 1990, 2006 and 2017 were 86.7, 89.7 and 88.7, respectively, and the Kappa coefficient for these years was 0.82, 0.84 and 86, respectively. Simulation of land use changes for 2026 showed decresing trend observed in bayer lands with 2.15% about 3792.48 hectares and saline, urban area and agricultural Results increasing trend observed with 2.62%, 64.54% and 28.55 %t, and 155.74, 291.51 and 3185.32 hectares, respective.land use changing has important role in stability ecosystem and its services, and its negative effects are the reduction of the ecological and biological power of the earth, which is also known as the cause of desertification. Land use estimates showed that more than 90% this the area. Based on the prediction for 2026 showed decreasing trend in bayer lands and increasing trend in saline, urban area and agricultural lands. Therefore, if the current strategy of land use in this region continues without consideration for sustainable development until 2026, The rapid changes in land use in different parts of the world have attracted a lot of attention because it has a considerable impact on the physical and economic conditions ecosystems and communities in them. Land use change is a very important indicator for understanding the interaction between human activities and the environment. Land use prediction models are essential for planning sustainable land use. This is especially needed in developing countries where activities such as deforestation, development of agricultural lands, and degradation which intensifies the phenomenon of desertification. Since land use changes occur on a large scale over time, the use of remote sensing science is essential in investigating this phenomenon. Using data such as multi-time and large coverage, this data can be used to prepare land use maps and survey them in different time periods at the lowest cost and in a short time, and from their ratio, changes can be predicted for the future. The results show that the region has a sensitive ecosystem, land use change is happening rapidly. Therefore, if the current strategy of land use in this region continues without consideration for sustainable development, severe land degradation and desertification of the region in the future is inevitable.In this research, we studied trend of land use change in Sirjan plain that located in the west of Kerman province during period (2017-1990 using Landsat satellite images (TM and OLI sensirs) . likelihood maximum method applied to classifying these images. kapa coefficient was used to evaluate the accuracy of the maps and modeling. For predicting land use changes for year 2026, we used CA_Markov automatic cell .studing land use changes trend in Sirjan plain during (1990-1990) showed that the largest area covered by bayer lands with low coverage. this level user has decreased from 88.04% in 1990 to about 84.11% in 2017. During the study period, saline, urban area and agricultural lands has been increasing. saline land increased (with 6.05%) in 1990 to about (6.91 %) in 2017. The urban area were increasing trend observed with 0.23% of the total area in 1990 to 0.85% in 2017. The trend of changes in this use in the first period (2006-1990) has increased from 291.51 hectares to about 952.99 hectares in the second period (2017-2006). The results of evaluating the accuracy of the maps produced for 1990, 2006 and 2017 were 86.7, 89.7 and 88.7, respectively, and the Kappa coefficient for these years was 0.82, 0.84 and 86, respectively. Simulation of land use changes for 2026 showed decresing trend observed in bayer lands with 2.15% about 3792.48 hectares and saline, urban area and agricultural Results increasing trend observed with 2.62%, 64.54% and 28.55 %t, and 155.74, 291.51 and 3185.32 hectares, respective.land use changing has important role in stability ecosystem and its services, and its negative effects are the reduction of the ecological and biological power of the earth, which is also known as the cause of desertification.

Social evaluation of natural resource projects in rural areas of Iran, which has certainly numerous positive and negative impacts, can have an important role in identifying the strengths and weaknesses and improving the implementation process of such projects in the future. The purpose of this research is the social evaluation of the Hosseinabad carbon sequestration project in South Khorasan using the network analysis method to investigate the level of trust formed between the people and the organizations involved in the implementation of this project. According to the results of this study, the evaluation of different trust network indicators showed the formation of a coherent and integrated network among the beneficiaries of the project. The formation of trust indicates the positive impact of the project executives on the local people's perspective and promises to provide a suitable environment for the implementation of natural resource projects in this area. A study of the power distribution among organizations also shows that out of the 44 organizations studied, most of the power is owned by about 10 organizations, which is one of the weaknesses of this project and it is suggested to distribute the relationships based on uniformity. Confidence in the entire network with proper planning and policy reduced the focus of power in one or more limited organizations.

The role of artificial recharge projects has always been considered in the sustainability of the region development. In this study, this role has been indicated as sustainability evaluation of Kal project by IUCN method, Classic Delphi method (in classification Verdenburg, with 3 phases and questionnaire) and Snowball method in the pre and post implementation of the artificial recharge project (2009-2016). This method could compare the current and ideal situations of a region. In this research, 6 criteria and 14 indicators have been indicated for the ecosystem and human dimensions (3 indicators for both water and vegetation criteria, and 2 indicators for each of soil, population, poverty and land use criteria). In research, use 16 exports. The results showed that the ecosystem sustainability is in the moderate situation with a slight upward trend (50.07 – 51.03). And, the sustainability of human dimension has improved to relatively stable (50.47 – 61.13). Also, the trend of EC (26 to 21.8), national lands (92 to 83.6) grabbing and changing the land use of rangelands ( 80 to 65) have been decreased. In general, the study area has been in a moderate sustainability situation in both periods.