فهرست مطالب خسرو توکل

Aim and Adoption is a subject with prolix antecedent in historical society and culture. Child acceptation affects on partner and kinfolk relation; so the family experience recognition help nurse to have deep knowledge about family relation.Method and Materials: In this phenomenological qualitative study, participants were 15 family with adopted child in Shahrekord, Iran. Target based method used for sampling. Data were gathered by means of in-depth semi-structured face-to-face interviews. Data analysis was conducted using the phenomenological analytic method defined by Colaizzi. One hundred and sixty codes were extracted. Nine main themes were obtained related to psychological experiences including parent role acceptation, adoption tools, interaction with others, child specification, mental changes, family relation, life changes, child acceptation and relation with child. Based on our findings, mental changes were the most important experience mentioned by families. Adoption has some compensation for adopted child and consolidates the family basis.

Cardiovascular disease is one of the important mortality causes in developed country of the world and so in Iran. Coronary Artery bypass graft surgery as a lifesaving intervention in cardiac patients may presents a number of challenges for patients and theire family caregivers. Little is known about the experience of caring for this patients. The purpose of this study was to describe the lived experiences of family caregivers of coronary artery bypass graft. This is a qualitative study with phenomenology method. Using phenomenological methods, 14 family caregiver were interviewed at clinic or home during one year post discharge period. Five them emerge from participant experiences encompass pressure of role, exposure to tension, resistance against vulnerability, functioning, and need. The research finding showed that the patient,s family faced with many stressor agents duration their caregivering period that this stress agents provoke somatic and mental reaction. Inappropriate interaction of medical team exacerbated this problems. In other hand, the devout belives, appropriate information and provided needs had important effect on protect them. Having a appropriate communication with patients and family caregivers should hold in nursing plans.

The birth of a child with disability is an event that has a dramatic impact on the whole family and its interactions. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate about family functions in such situations. There is compelling evidence that some families can never cope with this event. Since knowing about familie's experiences of having a child with disability helps caregivers to have a deep understanding of family status, individual and social relations of the affected members, the results of this study will be beneficial to caregivers dealing with this population. This study was a qualitative one and because it dealt with human experiences, the research method was descriptive phenomenological. 12 subjects who were members of families with a disabled child taken care of in Rehabilitation Centers, selected through the goal-oriented sampling. The research data was obtained via audio-taped interviews. Researchers used in-depth and unstructured Interview which involved open and exhaustive questions. Data was statistically analyzed by Collaizi method. Data was compiled and subsequently transcribed from 18-hour audio-taped interviews with the 12 subjects participated in this study. Then researcher formulated the meanings of each significant statement into 74 codes and organized the formulated meanings into following 5 clusters of themes: 1- protective structure 2- adjustment 3-interactions 4- child characteristics and 5- Psychological stress. The results indicated that having a disabled child in family leads to psychological problems and large changes in all aspects of all family member's lives, so affects their interaction. Family members use many ways to make adaptation or to return to normal life. Despite all psychological problems and conflicts, family wants to support the child with special disability as a member. The social, psychological and economical problems that family with children with disabilities experienced could lead to conflicts in the family and might lead to changes in the performance of individuals and their roles in the family.

Although daily development of technology has made life easier and more comfortable for families and despite of its large advantages it can be a threatening factor for young people. According to the unique characteristics of internet which can make possible the overtime usage and consequently addiction to it this qualitative research has done to truly and deeply characterize the experiments of young people in living with internet. In this research the Benner's Interpretative Phenomenology method has been used. The main method of gathering information was semi organized interviews with 12 young Iranians addicted to internet which have been chosen by purposeful sampling. Data were analyzed by Benner's theme method. Generally 4 main themes and 8 subthemes deduced from the results of this study. Main themes are: 1- Internet world as figurative ideal for young people; 2- Internet and changing of life style; 3- Internet as a wall for loneliness; 4- Internet and changing of physical-mental statue. Internet with its interesting and figurative conditions, especially for young people can disrupt all dimensions of their life and also pull the constructive relations of these ages to the depth of seclusion and loneliness which is the consequence of extreme usage of internet. This result emphasizes on the necessity of noticing of all people in this area to correct usage of this technology.

Parents' attitude toward parenting styles is one of the factors that affect how they treat their children. Through enhancing the knowledge, educational interventions can moderate such attitudes. Studying new health educational models is essential for improving the traditional ones. The purpose of this study was to assess mothers' attitude toward child abuse before and after educating the behavioral intention model.

Method and Materials:

 This was a quasi-experimental single group before and after study. The sample consisted of 45 mothers with a child abusive attitude randomly selected among the referees to one of the Falavarjan health homes. The Adult-Adolescent Parenting Inventory (AAPI) questionnaire was used to assess their attitude toward parenting style. Data was analyzed using t-paired test via SPSS soft ware.

Comparison of pretest and post test scores using paired samples t test indicated statistically significant improvement in attitudes whole mean scores (p ).

The findings indicate that educating parents may change their attitude toward proper parenting style. Such educations may result in better parenting behaviors and fewer instances of child abuse and neglect.

With the aim to recognize the identity of relationship and communication with family as a reality experienced by large amount of young population in country, this research was carried out to describe females high school students on their family experiences. A phenomenological qualitative approach was used in year 2005 in Isfahan. A sample was chosen based on purposeful sampling method amongst females’ high school students. Sample size was dependent on the data saturation with a total 15 participants at the end. Data gathering was done using deep interviews, then data were analyzed through Straubert method. From the lived experiences of female adolescents, sixty five codes, three sub concepts and two core concepts were emerged. The two core concepts were emotional support (intimacy) in family and reactions in family. In spite of the vital role of families in adolescent's life, they are not experiencing useful interactions with their families. This study expresses the importance of educating families according to the needs and characteristics of adolescence period.

Introduction & in traditional education method teacher have critical role. In this method learners are inactive and don’t have opportunity for deep thinking. This survey has done on nursing student to compare effects of lecture and group discussion on learning and reminding in nursing and disease of children. this is a quasi experiment method, on 30 nursing student, That divided to two 15 number group; lecture and group discussion with randomization. And one teacher teached them during 5 session. Tool for gathering data was demographic information and nursing test that used as pretest after one and three week after teaching. Data analyzed with spss11.5 and independent t test and paired t test was used. learning rate in two lecture and group discussion was more than discussion group. Reminding rate in discussion group was more than lecture group as significantly.discussion group method is a way for activate student and increase of deep thinking skills, and can stabilize learning in mind. Therefore this way advise to nursing teachers and planning education must be done more research about this method.