داریوش قنبری بیرگانی

In order to evaluate the effects of some herbicides on weed control and seed yield of broadbean an experiment was conducted in 2008 and 2009 at agricultural research center of Safi Abad of Dezful, I. R. Iran. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block desigh with 13 treatments and three replications. Treatments included pre-plant application of trifluralin (EC 48%) at 1 kg ai/ha, pre-emergence and post-emergence application of imazethapyr (SL 10%) at 2 - 4 leaf stage of weeds at 0.04 and 0.075 kg ai/ha respectively, mixture of bentazon (EC 48%) + Halloxy fop R- methyl (EC 10.8%) at (0.75 + 0.08) kg ai/ha at 2 - 4 leaf stage of weeds, pre-emergence application of prometryn (WP 80%) at 0.8 kg ai/ha, pre-emergence application of pendimethalin (EC 33%) at 0.99 and 1.32 kg ai/ha, pre-plant application of metribuzin (WP 70%) at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha, pre-emergence application of metribuzin (WP 70%) at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha, weed free check and pre-emergence application of oxyfluorfen (EC 24%) at 0.36 kg ai/ha. Compared with the weedy check, on average, the sequence of the most to the least effective herbicide treatments on total weed control was recorded as oxyfluorfen> bentazon> metribuzin pre at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha > pendimethalin at 0.99 kg ai/ha > metribuzin PPI at 0.52 kg ai/ha. Compared with the weedy check, on average, the sequence of the most to the least effective herbicide treatments on yield increase was recorded as bentazon> pendimethalin at 1.32 kg ai/ha > oxyfluorfen> imazethapyr post > pendimethalin at 0.99 kg ai/ha, metribuzin pre at 0.35 kg ai/ha > metribuzin pre at 0.52 kg ai/ha. According to this experiment for weed control and seed yield increase of broadbean, application of each of the following herbicides at the above mentioned stage and rate are recommended: post-emergence application of imazethapyr at 0.075 kg ai/ha and mixture of bentazon + Halloxy fop R- methyl or pre-emergence application of pendimethalin, oxyfluorfen and metribuzin and also two handweedings throughout the growing season of broadbean.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of planting methods, planting density of mungbean and application of herbicides on weed control and yield of mungbean for two years at Safi abad agricultural research center of Dezful, I. R. Iran. The experiment was arranged so as to form strip split split plots with three replications. Vertical factor were planting patterns at four levels : planting of two rows of mungbean on beds with 60, 75 and 90 cm width, respectively, and planting of one row of mungbean on beds 50 cm apart, horizontal factor was mungbean density at two levels: plant spaces of 5 and 10 cm on the row, and subplots were application of herbicides at seven levels : preemergence application of prometryn at 1.2 kg ai. ha-1, oxyfluorfen at 0.48 kg ai. ha-1, oxadiazon at 0.36 kg ai. ha-1, pendimethalin at 1.15 kg ai. ha-1, preplant application of trifluralin at 1 kg ai. ha, weed free and weedy checks. Results show that overall, ranking of the effect of herbicide treatments on weed density are : oxyfluorfen> trifluralin> prometryn> pendimethalin> oxadiazon. Effect of oxyfluorfen and trifluralin on reduction of weed biomass was greater than the other herbicides. Ranking of the effect of herbicide treatments on yield increase are : oxyfluorfen> trifluralin> oxadiazon> prometryn> pendimethalin. Therefore to increase the yield and weed control in mungbean field, planting of one row of mungbean on beds with 50 cm width and 5 cm spacing between bushes along with the application of trifluralin at 1 kg ai. ha-1 or application of oxyfluorfen at 0.48 kg ai. ha-1 are recommended.

This experiment was conducted during 2003-2005 to evaluate the efficacy of metribuzin in the control of weeds of wheat field at the Safi Abad agricultural research center of Dezful, Iran. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with 11 treatments in three replications. Treatments consisted of the application of: metribuzin at 210, 280 and 350 g ai/ha, metribuzin tribenuron at 210) g ai/ha, metribuzin clodinafop propargil at (210) g ai/ha at mid tillering stage of wheat, (iodosulfuron 駫⢲몺 mephenpyr diethyl) at 21 g ai/ha plus citoweet non-ionic surfactant at 0.25%, sulfosulfuronat 20 g/ha, (tribenuron clodinafop propargil) at (19 640) g ai/ha as standard treatment, metribuzin at 210 g ai/ha at early tillering stage of wheat, weedy check, and ioxynilat 450 g ai/ha at mid tillering stage of wheat. On average, ranking of the effect of herbicide treatments on decreasing total number of weeds were: sufosulfuron > all treatments containing metribuzin > tribenuron牚ᶊ皟 > (iodosulfuron mesosulfuron mephenpyrdi ethyl) plus citoweet > ioxynil. On average, compared with the weedy check, wheat grain yield increased in metribuzin treatments by 22%. According to the results to control the weed effectively and to increase wheat grain yield, application of each of the metribuzin treatments at early tillering stage of wheat, ioxynil, sufosulfuron, metribuzin at 280 g ai/ha at mid tillering stage of wheat, metribuzin clodinafop propargil, tribenuron clodinafop and (iodosulfuron mesosulfuron mephenpyr diethyl) plus citoweet each at the above mentioned rates are recommended.

The experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the efficacy of some herbicides against weeds in tuberose fields in Dezful, Iran. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with 14 treatments and three replications. Treatments included application of paraquat POST at 0.6 kg ai/ha, oxyfluorfen PRE at 0.48 kg ai/ha, ioxynil POST at 0.66 kg ai/ha, trifluralin PPI at 1 kg ai/ha 10 days before planting, trifluralin PPI at 1 kg ai/ha, EPTC PPI at 4 kg ai/ha, oxadiazon PRE at 0.36 kg ai/ha, alachlor PRE at 2.5 kg ai/ha, diuron PRE at 1.6 kg ai/ha, atrazine PRE at 1.2 kg ai/ha, atrazine PRE at 0.8 kg ai/ha one handweeding, 2,4-D haloxyfop-r–methyl POST one week after 2,4–D applicationat 1.44 0.08) kg ai/ha, weedy and weed free checks. In both the years of the experiments, compared to the weedy check, application of diuron and atrazine, with 100% and 97%, were the most effective treatments in reducing the total number of weeds, respectively. 2, 4 - D haloxyfop - r – methyl with 95% was the most effective treatment in reducing total dry weight of weeds. Compared with the weedy check, after weed free check application of atrazine one handweedingwith 5.87 ton/ha-1 was the most effective treatmentinincreasing spike yield. In2006 and 2007, application of ioxynil and atrazine one handweeding had the highest level of corm weight respectively. Considering the results of this experiment, application of each of atrazine PRE at 0.8 kg ai/ha one handweeding, oxyfluorfen PRE at 0.48 kg ai/ha, ioxynil POST at 0.66 kg ai/ha, atrazine PRE at 1.2 kg ai/ha or handweedings throughout the growing season of tuberose are recommended.

This experiment was conducted in 2006 and 2007 at Agricultural Research Centers of Safi Abad of Dezful, Isfahan and Tehran (Karaj), I. R. Iran, to evaluate the efficacy ofselectedherbicides on weeds and yield of direct seeded tomato. The complete randomized block design was used with 9 treatments in three replications. Treatments included: pre-emergence and post emergence application of metribuzin (Sencor® 70% WP) at 4-leaf stage of tomato at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, preplant incorporated application of oxyfluorfen (Goal® 24% EC) at 2 kg/ha, pre-plant incorporated application of napropamide (Devrinol® 45% FL) at 2.5 and 4.5 kg/ha, weedy and weed free checks. The experimental results at Safi Abad of Dezful for the reduction of total weed density indicated, pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen were the most effective herbicide treatments. Also weed free check and post-emergence application ofmetribuzin at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, were the most effective treatments in increase the yield of tomato fruits. In Isfahan, in reduction of the total weed density, oxyfluorfen and post-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and in tomato yield increase, weed free check, napropamide at 4.5 kg/ha, pre and postemergence application of metribuzin at 0.75 and 1 kg/ha, respectively, were the most effective herbicide treatments. The results of Karaj showed that pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen in reduction of total weed density, and for tomato yield increase weed free check, pre-emergence application of metribuzin at 1 kg/ha and oxyfluorfen, were the most effective herbicide treatments.

This experiment was conducted in 2007 and 2008 to evaluate the efficacy of metribuzin herbicide on weeds control and yield of maize، at research farm of the Agricultural Research Center of Safi Abad Dezful، Iran. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 13 treatments in three replications. Treatments included preplant، preemergence and postemergence application of metribuzin at 3-4 leaf stage of maize and weeds each at 0. 35 and 0. 52 kg ai ha-1، preplant، preemergence and postemergence application of atrazine + metribuzin at 3-4 leaf stage of maize and weeds each at (0. 6 + 0. 175) kg ai ha-1، nicosulfuron at 0. 08 kg ai ha-1at 3-6 leaf stage of maize and preemergence application of atrazine + alachlor at (1. 2 + 1. 9) kg ai ha-1، together with weedy and weed free checks. The results indicated that compared to the weedy check، postemergence application of metribuzin at 0. 35 kg ai ha-1 and atrazine + metribuzin with 79 and 75% control، respectively، were the most effective treatments in reducing total number of weeds. Application of atrazine + alachlor، postemergence application of metribuzin at 0. 35 kg ai ha-1 and atrazine + metribuzin and nicosulfuron with 89، 87، 86 and 85% control، respectively، were the most effective treatments in reducing dry weight of weeds. Compared to the weedy check، postemergence application of metribuzin at 0. 52 and 0. 35 kg ai ha-1، atrazine + metribuzin and premergence application of atrazine + alachlor with 50، 44. 44 and 37% increase، respectively، were the most effective treatments in yield increase. According to these results، for weed control and yield increase of corn، postemergence application of metribuzin at 0. 52 or 0. 35 kg ai ha-1، atrazine + metribuzin or premergence application of atrazine + alachlor each at the abovementioned rates can be recommended.

This experiment was conducted for 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons to evaluate the effects of planting patterns and herbicides application on weeds population and grain yield of maize as well as on enhancement of water use efficiency at Dezful and Karaj, I. R. Iran. The experimental design was strip block arrangements in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Planting patterns were assigned to vertical plots at four levels including: planting of one and two rows of maize on beds and one and two rows of maize in furrows. Application of herbicides was assigned to horizontal plots at six levels including; pre-emergence application of a mixture of atrazine + alachlor at (0.8 + 2) kg ai.ha-1 and also at 25% reduced rates, pre-plant application of EPTC at 4 kg ai.ha-1 and also at 25% reduced rate, weedy and weed free controls. Average total weed density reduced in Dezful by application of atrazine + alachlor by 63% as comparing to the weedy control. However, in Karaj by application of atrazine + alachlor and EPTC total weed density reduced by 65 and 56%, respectively, when comparing to the weedy control,. In 2005, application of a mixture of atrazine + alachlor at (0.8 + 2) kg ai.ha-1 in planting pattern of two rows of maize on beds reduced dry weight of weeds by 71.7%. However, in 2006, application of the same herbicide treatments in planting pattern of two rows of maize on beds and in furrows reduced dry weight of weeds by 92%. In both Dezful and Karaj, weed free controls, in planting pattern of two rows of maize on beds, with 13.34 t.ha-1and 12.91 t.ha-1 had the highest and application of EPTC at 3 kg ai.ha-1 and weedy controls both in planting pattern of one row of maize in furrows with 6.99 t.ha-1 and 4.38 t.ha-1 had the lowest grain yield, respectively. On average, in Dezful and Karaj, application of herbicides in furrow planting method as compared to the bed planting method, had 88 and 80% higher water use efficiency, respectively. In conclusion, for increasing grain yield and weed control in maize (cv. KSC 704), planting of maize as two rows on beds/ in furrows and pre-emergence application of a mixture of atrazine + alachlor at (0.6 + 1.5) kg ai.ha-1 could be recommended.

Cruciferous weeds are one of the important factors that affect yield and quality of canola. To identify, determine density and study phenology of the weeds in canola fields, an investigation was carried out in ten provinces for two years (2001 – 2002). Weed densities were determined by quadratic method in W form once per month. Results showed that the relative density of cruciferous weeds was 35.11% in Tehran, 18.9% in West Azarbayjan, 20.37% in Khorasan, 1.81% in Bandar Abbas, 16.13% in Semnan, 37.71% in East Azarbayjan, 3.8% in The North of Khouzestan, 35.45% in Fars, 22.17% in Golestan, 10% in Zanjan. The mean for the 10 provinces was, 20.14%. The relative density of cruciferous weeds in East Azarbayjan and Fars were more than other provinces. In Fars, Sinapis arvensis was the dominant cruciferous weed. Dominant cruciferous weeds in Iran were: Descurainia sophia, Cardaria draba, Goldbachia laevigata, Malcolmia africana, Sinapis arvensis.

This experiment was conducted for three consecutive years from 2000 to 2002 to evaluate the effects of integrated weed management on weeds of alfalfa at the Safi Abad Agricultural Research Farm of Dezful. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with strip-split plot arrangement of treatments. Herbicide treatment was as horizontal factor at five levels which in 2000, consisted of application of bromoxynil at 0.45 kg ai /ha at the 2 - leaf stage of alfalfa + metribuzin at 0.35 kg ai /ha after the cutting for seed, application of bentazon at 0.96 kg ai/ha at the 6 - leaf stage of alfalfa + metribuzin at 0.52 kg ai/ha after the cutting for seed, application of bentazon at 0.96 kg ai /ha at the 6 - leaf stage of alfalfa + bentazon at 1.44 kg ai /ha after the cutting for seed, weed free and weedy checks. Cultivation was as vertical factor at three levels which in 2000, consisted of reciprocal application of shovel cultivator and rolling + shovel cultivator when alfalfa was 30 cm tall and after the cutting for seed and noncultivated plot. In 2001 and 2002, treatments were applied after the cutting for seed and were as follows: application of metribuzin at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha, bentazon at 1.44 kg ai /ha, weed free and weedy checks, and cultivation treatments were as abovementioned treatments. In 2000, total number of broadleaved weeds were reduced by application of bromoxynil + metribuzin, bentazon + metribuzin and bentazon + bentazon by 77, 81 and 56%, respectively, and on average, by cultivation by 59%. In 2001, total number of broadleaved weeds were reduced by application of metribuzin at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha and bentazon by 83, 95 and 83%, respectively, and in 2002, by 68, 87 and 65%, respectively, by the aforementioned herbicide treatments. Compared to the weedy check, alfalfa seed yield increase in application of metribuzin at 0.35 and 0.52 kg ai/ha, bentazon and weed free check treatmensts was 51, 11, 83 and 37%, respectively.

This experiment was conducted in 2002 and 2003 to evaluate the effects of chloridazon and desmedipham mixture plus a nonionic surfactant on weeds of sugar beet at Safi Abad agricultural research center of Dezful, Iran. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and three replications. Treatments included postemergence application of the mixture of chloridazon + desmedipham at 3.2 + 0.78, 3.2 + 0.63, 2.4 + 0.63, 4 + 0.47 and 3.2 + 0.47 kg ai ha–1 and aforementioned herbicide treatments each plus a nonionic surfactant (Citowett) at 0.35% (v/v) at the 4- leaf stage of sugar beet, weed free and weedy check. In both years, application of the mixture of the chloridazon + desmedipham treatments each plus surfactant compared to the application of the same treatments without surfactant had 61 and 38% higher efficacy in reducing the total number of broadleaf weeds, respectively. Application of mixture of the chloridazon + desmedipham treatments at the abovementioned rates with and without surfactant provided 91 and 83% of sugar beet root yield, respectively. Weedy check plots had only 50% of sugar beet root yield. Application of the mixture of the chloridazon + desmedipham treatments at the abovementioned rates with and without surfactant provided 93 and 83% of pure sugar yield, respectively, Correspondence to: D. Ghanbari-Birgani, d.ghanbari@safiabad.ir D.Ghanbari-Birgani 46 while weedy check plots had only 52% of pure sugar yield.

This experiment was conducted in 2002 to 2004 to evaluate the co-efficacy of reduced rates of herbicides and cultivation for weed control in sugar beet at the Safiabad Agricultural Research Center of Dezful and Agricultural Research Station, Boroujerd, I. R. Iran. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with stripe plot arrangement of treatments with three replications. Cultivation was as vertical factor at three levels including: application of shovel and blade cultivator at 6 to 8 leaf stage of sugar beet and repeating it one month later, and uncultivated treatments. Herbicide application was as horizontal factor at eight levels including: application of chloridazon + phenmedipham at 3.2 + 0.78 and 2.4 + 0.63 Kg ai ha-1, phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate at 0.54 and 0.72 Kg ai ha-1 at 4 to 6 leaf stage of sugar beet, triflusulfuron at 10 and 15 g ai ha-1 at cotyledon leaf stage of sugar beet, weed free and weedy controls. Results showed that in 2002, at Safi Abad and Boroujerd application of chloridazon + phenmedipham at 2.4 + 0.63 and 3.2 + 0.78 Kg ai ha-1 were effective treatments in controlling broadleaf weeds and had also the highest level of sugar beet root yield after the weed free controls. In 2003, at Safiabad, application of phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate at 0.72 Kg ai ha-1 was the most effective treatment in controlling broadleaf weeds, but in Boroujerd there were not significant difference among herbicide treatments and application of chloridazon + phenmedipham at 2.4 + 0.63 Kg ai ha-1 and triflusulfuron at 10 g ai ha-1 had the highest level of sugar beet root yield after the weed free control at Safiabad and Boroujerd, respectively. Application of shovel and blade cultivator compared to uncultivated plots increased sugar beet root yield by 11 and 27%, respectively. According to this experiment application of chloridazon + phenmedipham at 2.4 + 0.63 and 3.2 + 0.78 Kg ai ha-1, phenmedipham + desmedipham + ethofumesate at 0.72 Kg ai ha-1 at 4 to 6 leaf stage of sugar beet and triflusulfuron at 10 g ai ha-1 at cotyledon leaf stage of sugar beet together with the application of shovel or blade cultivator at 6 to 8 leaf stage of sugar beet repeated at re-emergence of weeds is recommended

This study was conducted during 1997 and 1998 at agricultural research centers of Mashad, Dezful, Moghan and Karadj to reduce herbicide usage and protecting environment through application of Triflusulfuron with broad spectrum of weed control low residual and low application rates at the early growth stages of weeds and sugarbeet crop. The experimental design was a randomized complete blocks with 11 treatments in four replications. Herbicide treatments included post emergence applications of Triflusulfuron at 15 and 20 g a.i./ha at the cotyledonous stage of sugarbeet crop. Sequential applications of Triflusulfuron at 10 and 15 g a.i./ha at the cotyledonous stage of sugarbeet crops, Triflusulfuron + Phenmedipham at 15 g a.i./ha + 0.3kg a.i./ha, Choridazon+Phenmedipham at (1.6 + 0.3) kg a.i./ha, Phenmedipham at 0.3 kg a.i./ha at the cotyledonous stage of sugarbeet. Phenmedipham at 0.78 kg a.i./ha and Chloridazon at 4 kg a.i./ha at four leaf stage of sugarbeet crop, weed free and weedy controls. Effect of herbicide treatments on weed control and sugarbeet root yield were significantly different. Application of the mixture of Triflusulfuron + Phenmedipham at (15g+0.3kg) ai/ha had the highest level of weed control as compared to the weedy check and controlled broadleaved weeds by 78%. Weed free control and application of Triflusulfuron + Phenmedipham treatments with 45.13 and 36.94 t/ha produced the highest yield of sugarbeet root, respectively. However, weedy control with 10.53 t/ha had the lowest sugarbeet root yield.