فهرست مطالب داود محمدی

Potato tuber moth, Phthorimaea operculella is an important pest of potatoes which annually impose economic loss in potato production especially in stored places. Chemical control with spray in farms and fumigation in storages is a conventional method for depressing the population of this pest. In addition, with harmful effects of synthetic pesticides on environment and human health, developing resistant population of insects, compel researchers and plant protection institutions to utilizing new safe control methods. Delaying the resistance by keeping effectiveness of pesticides by using synergists and sublethal concentrations is a resistance management method. Bacillus thuringiensis is an effective microbial control agent against some insects. Its effectiveness decreased because of developing resistance in some population of insects. Combination of Bt with some botanical biopesticides increases its efficiency that reported in many studies. In this study combination of B. thuringiensis with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Celery, Apium graveolens were investigated on mortality and some biological parameters of PTM. Celery is a biennial plant in the apiaceae family, which is rich in some compounds such as phenolic and flavonoids. These compounds could affect biology and physiology of insects. Combination of sublethal concentrations of Bt with extracts of celery subjected for study of their effects on mortality, synergistic effects and some biological parameters on PTM larvae in this paper.

Potato tuber moth colony established by preparing larvae from a health colony in department of plant protection, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani university. Larva reared on potato tubers in plastic containers. Rearing carried out in controlled condition of 26±2ºC, 60% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) hrs.Foliage of celery after well washing with distilled water, dried in shadow in laboratory condition. Coarsely powdered dry plants used for extraction. Extraction carried out using the maceration method with three solvents, hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol respectively. Sub-lethal concentrations of both agents, including LC10, LC30 and LC50, individually and in combination, were assayed by the oral bioassay method. The same age and size of potato leaves were impregnated with sub-lethal concentrations of both experimental materials using the dipping method. The first larval instars of PTM were transferred on treated leaves, and mortality was recorded in 48, 96 and 144 hours’ intervals. Larval developmental period and adult’s emergence as an important biological parameterrecorded in all treatments. In addition, the inhibitory activity of extracts on α-amylase and protease enzyme of PTM larva was considered.Inhibitory activity of celery extracts in two concentrations 1 and 10%, on PTM larvae alpha-amylase activity was assayed by the dinitrosalicylic acid procedure, using 1% soluble starch as a substrate described by Bernfeld, (1955). And protease inhibitory activity assayed using azocasein as substrate, with comparing enzyme activity in controls and present of extracts in reactions.All experiments were replicated three times. On-way ANOVA analysis of variance in random design was used for statistical analysis. Duncan’s multiple range tests used for comparing means. For determining the synergistic, additive or antagonistic effects of combinations, chi-square test conducted between observed and expected results (df=1).

The results revealed that ethyl acetate extract of celery in combination with Bt synergistically increased the mortality of larvae. Compared to the control, the combination of methanolic extract with Bt didn’t affect larval mortality. However, the combination of sub-lethal concentrations significantly increased larval life span compared with the control and adult emergence decreased especially in LC50 combinations. Increasing the mortality with exposure time progressing, observed in all combinations and the most larval mortality recorded in 144 hours’ exposure time. Ethylacetate extract of celery alone and in combination with Bt more than other solvents affected biological parameters of PTM. Extracts in the concentration of 10 percent in reactions inhibited α-amylase and protease activity of PTM larvae by 27.97-37.77 and 11.48-25.51 percent, respectively.Numerous researchers have reported increased efficiency of Bt in combination with other plant extracts for controlling various insects. The observed synergistic effects can be attributed to factors such as disrupting midgut properties, inhibiting digestive enzyme activity, and disrupting the insect's immune system by plant extracts.Inhibitory activity of celery extracts on digestive enzymes activity of PTM larva, well documented in this research which is in alignment with other reports. Effects on larval life span that with prolonging it affects population dynamics of insect pests, reported in same studies. This biological effect has adverse effect on development and physiology of insects and asynchronies developmental stage with environmental variations which finally decrease the population of next generations or overwintering insect’s density. Adults and pupa emergence percentage decreased in combination of Bt with celery extracts that same results were reported in other researches.

This study aims to determine the effects of different extracts (prepared by different solvents) of celery in combination with Bt on potato tuber moth larvae. Effects of different solvents in separating effective compounds on PTM, was not same. In certain instances, the methanol extract of celery showed a minor effect in enhancing the potency of Bt. However, strong synergistic effects were observed with ethyl acetate and hexane extracts at various integrated concentrations. Time also played a crucial role in achieving the desired mortality results, with mortality and synergistic effects increasing over time in all extract combinations with Bt. Particularly, towards the end of the exposure period, a synergistic effect was notably observed in all integrations involving ethyl acetate extract of celery.In addition, with mortality, larval developmental period also affected by combinations. Increasing in life span observed in all treatments with different ratios. Adult emergence decreased strongly in different treatments and this is so important in decreasing the population of PTM. Because of importance of Bt as an effective and safe insecticide and increasing the resistance by different pests such as PTM, management of insects in integrated programs using plant extracts will improve the efficiency of Bt. Decreasing the sprayed concentrations in combination with other control methods are two important resistance management toll in IPM programs. Celery is a potent plant for this goal and additional studies are needed.

The greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella is one of the most important pests of beehives in Iran and the world. Which leads to the death of weak honey bee colonies. Also, this insect is an important laboratory host for the isolation and mass production of the entomopathogenic fungi and nematodes. In this research, the effect of pollens of different plants including poppy, wild rapeseed, rapeseed and apple in artificial diet, were evaluated on some physiological and biological parameters of this insect. The highest amount of the last instar larval gut protein was recorded in the diet containing poppy pollen (20.22 mg/ml) and no significant difference was observed between the other treatments. The highest relative activity of digestive alpha-amylase and pectinase in the last instar larval gut was related to the diets containing poppy pollen (100 %), and the lowest relative enzymes activity was recorded in the diet containing rapeseed pollen (51.12 and 76.35 %, respectively). Larvae fed with the diet containing poppy pollen and the resulting pupae had a higher weight than the other diets (325 and 175 mg, respectively). The highest percentage of larval survival and pupation was related to the diets containing poppy (77.5 and 77.5 %), apple (62.5 and 70 %), rapeseed (52.5 and 47.5 %) and wild rapeseed (47.5 and 30 %) pollens, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in the percentage of adult emergence in different diets. Consequently, the diets containing rapeseed and wild rapeseed pollens compared to poppy and apple, are not suitable diets for rearing G. mellonella and it is better to use poppy pollen in the preparation of artificial diet for the mass rearing of this insect.

The striped bug, Graphosoma lineatum L. is one of the pests of Apiaceae family such as parsley, carrot, celery and some medicinally important plants. The adults and nymphs of this insect feed on seeds of host plants. The eggs of the striped bug have an important role in mass rearing program of some parasitoids. Nutritional supplements undertake an essential function in mass rearing of insects and increase the efficiency of production. Vitamins such as B group have different functions in physiology of insects. The growth and development of insects hinge on acquiring essential nutrients through food materials. Apart from their primary food source, insects rely on essential amino acids and certain minerals for proper nutrition. These crucial components must be obtained from their food sources. Symptoms of nutritional deficiency, as reported in various research studies, include delayed growth, weight loss, prolonged immature stages, increased mortality, wing deformities, alterations in mating behaviors, and various physiological issues. In this study the effects of some vitamins and amino acids on anatomy of salivary glands, total protein of body, developmental time and fecundity of G. lineatum were evaluated in controlled conditions.

Insects reared on parsley seeds adhered on the inner side of big plastic containers in controlled condition. Supplements including vitamins B12, B6, B1 and Serine and Phenylalanine amino acids selected for evaluation. These supplements used for the treatmnet of G. lineatum in four different concentrations dissolved in water. For evaluating the effects of nutritional supplements on anatomy of salivary glands, both glands separate after dissection of adult’s thorax, and dimension of glands including width and length of posterior and anterior lobs, measured by micrometer apparatus located on stereomicroscope. Total body protein measured by Kjeldahl apparatus after well drying the total body of insects in oven followed by fine powder of dry materials. Total protein was determined using a standard method, calculated by multiplying the nitrogen amounts by 6.38, a constant value. In distinct experiments, the impact of nutritional supplements on the duration of each nymphal stage was investigated. One-day-old eggs were employed for this purpose. Following treatment justification, the time required for the development of each instar was recorded on a daily basis. All tests were replicated three times, with distilled water used for the control treatment. The data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA experimental randomized design and Duncan’s multiple range test using SAS software used for comparing the means.

The results disclosed a significant impact of all vitamins and amino acids on all studied parameters. Notably, in the case of salivary glands, the posterior lobe exhibited a more pronounced effect in insects fed with B1, B6, and Phenylalanine. Different concentrations of vitamin B6, B1 and Phenylalanine affected total protein content of male and female insect’s body. Vitamin B12 had non-significant effect on male and female total body protein. Nutritional supplements changed the rate of laid and hatched eggs in addition with nymph’s developmental time. Vitamin B12 in the concentration of 0.005 g/l, B6 in the concentration of 0.25 g/l, B1 in the concentration of 0.5 g/l, Serine and Phenylalanine both in the concentration of 0.5 g/l showed the highest rate of laid and hatched eggs. Vitamin B6 and B1 in the concentration of 1 and 1.5 g/l resulted in prolonging the nymph’s life span in comparing with controls. The negative effects of high concentrations of nutritional supplements on fecundity and normal developmental period of nymphs well documented in this study. Metabolism, cell division, hormone synthesis, enzymes activity and many physiological parameters affects by supplements especially vitamins. Any disorder in utilization, absorption and inhibition of their function leads to biological and behavioral problems in insects. In some cases, the function of symbionts for compensation essential supplements documented.   

The results of this study indicate important function of vitamins B12, B6 and B1 on G. lineatum nymphal developmental period. In high concentrations, rate of growth decreased in comparison with controls. Salivary glands anatomy showed some changes in dimensions especially in posterior lobs in dose-depending manner. Number of eggs laid and hatched decreased especially in high concentrations of nutritional supplements. The results of this study will help to justify better meridic diet for rearing striped bug. In semi-artificial diets for rearing this insect, corporation of little concentrations (optimum) will improve the fitness of insects.

Tuta absoluta is one of the most important tomato pests in Yazd province. Geographic Information System (GIS) with integrated, accurate and timely information, which is the most important part of any management program, can be used to solve pest management issues. In order to determine and evaluate the distribution pattern of tomato leaf miner, a 1-hectare tomato greenhouse was selected around Yazd city. Data on pest population density were obtained through random sampling from the greenhouse surface. Based on the results of the nearest neighbor method, the distribution pattern in these communities in the beginning and middle of the cultivation was cumulative and at the end of the season was uniform. The Ripley k method also showed that the dispersion pattern was cumulative at the beginning and middle of the culture, which tends to disperse more with increasing distance. This pattern was observed uniformly at the end of the growing season. As a result of these two methods, this pest has a cumulative distribution in the early and middle of the growing season, so it is possible to control it according to the location in the greenhouse. The spatial distribution map of the pest was drawn through Kriging model in all parts of the greenhouse.

The existence of moral thoughts in Persian poetry and prose, which benefits from religious cultureand education, It has given a special richness to Persian literature. The book of Faraid al-Saluk is one of the valuable works of the 7th century of Hijri, which is full of educational teachings and it contains a treasure of knowledge, virtues and wisdom. In this research, it has been tried to use the inductive method to find the texts that imply the clarification or allusion to moral themes; to be checked and to describe the desired words and expressions using the method of content analysis. Therefore, the most important questions that are raised in this research are: which moral and didactic teachings are recommended in the book of Faraid al-Saluk Sejasi? For this purpose, Shams Sejasi's Faraid al-Suluk book, He has chosen Noorani Vosal and Frasiyabi as the focus of his work and according to the topic, ethical examples were extracted in this book. The results of the research indicate that: In his book, in addition to creating literary pleasure for the audience, Sejasi used every opportunity to convey his educational ideas to the audience, and under the influence of the moral teachings of the Islamic religion, directly or indirectly through the telling of appropriate anecdotes or parables, It leads the reader to dissolve into moral virtues and by stating the consequences of moral vices, he makes them look distasteful in his opinion and tries to guide people in the right path of life.

Unrestricted use of chemical insecticides, especially at high concentrations, has reduced their efficacy. Plant-based pesticides, due to their relatively high safety levels to humans and environment as well as effective control on insects, have become a suitable alternative to conventional pesticides. The aim of this study was to investigate the biological and physiological effects of the formulated essential oil of Trachyspermum ammi (L.) on the larvae of Helicoverpa armigera Hüb. The obtained essential oil was formulated into an emulsion using Tween 20 as emulsifier. Chemical analysis of the extracted essential oil indicated that Terpinen (14.4%), Cymene (18.5%), and Thymol (61.6%) were the major compounds. The essential oil of T. ammi have a significant repellency rate on third and sixth instar larvae of cotton bollworm at different observed time intervals, with an average repellency rate of 61-76%. Regarding fumigant toxicity, the highest concentration of the essential oil (500 µL/L) resulted in 100% larval mortality. The LC50 value for fumigant toxicity measured as 82.73 µL/L. The duration of larval development significantly increased in treatments compared to control. In EO concentrations of 2.5-1.25 percent an increase was observed respectively in the duration of the larval stage by 9 and 7 days. The pupae and adult’s emergence affected in dose dependent manner. At concentration of 50 µl/l, 89% inhibition of protease enzyme recorded. With regards to the biological and physiological effects observed in the formulated T. ammi essential oil, with complimentary researches, it could be used in integrated management programs of cotton bollworm.

In this study, toxicity of hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of Apium graveolens and Falcaria vulgaris were compared with the microbial insecticide Bt against 1st instars of Phthorimaea operculella. The aerial parts of plants dried in shadow, and were extracted using the above mentioned solvents via maceration method. The results revealed that after 24 hours’ exposure, ethyl acetate extracts of both plants were significantly more toxic than other extracts with LC50 values of 0.21 and 0.38 mg/l respectively. These extracts in addition with hexane extracts also were more toxic than Bt after 48 and 72 hours. The dose-response line slopes of methanol extracts of both plants were more than other agents otherwise less toxic than them. The best relative potency calculated as 69.76 fold in comparing toxicity of Bt with ethyl acetate extract of A. graveolens which indicates the toxicant potential of this extract against PTM larvae. According to the results, Ethyl acetate extracts of both plants showed more AchE inhibitory activity in comparing with other extracts and 60-70% inhibition recorded by LC70 concentration of these extracts. Adults emergence reduced by 68-80% in LC70 concentration of ethyl acetate extracts of both plants. Life span of PTM larvae which treated with methanol and ethyl acetate extract of both plants, increased by 8 days in comparing with controls.

the most important element of power in securing national interests is defensive power because of its role in deterrence and against threats . ayatollah khamenei , as the supreme leader and commander - in - chief , is the main role in formulating and explaining the country 's principles and strategies . therefore , knowledge of the thought and defense strategies of imam khamenei should lead us to understand the defensive principles of islamic republic of iran . therefore , the present article seeks to answer this question that what is the intellectual basis of ayatollah khamenei 's defense thought ? in explanation of imam khamenei 's defense strategy , this research , which is based on descriptive - analytical method and referring to their statements , shows that their strategies in three areas of strategy , combat readiness and threats against the threat is extracted from the verses of the holy quran , the infallible imams and imam khomeini 's thought .

In the contemporary approach, traditional definitions of metaphor have been criticized and a comprehensive definition has been established for it. One of these definitions is the cognitive linguistic approach. This approach takes a different approach to metaphor, as proposed by Lycoff and Johnson. In this approach, mental concepts are objectively manifested that the concept of love is one of these concepts. Love has a special place in the poetry of the poets of the literary return style, and this mental concept has been objectively tangible in the Qaani and eager attitude of Isfahani.

This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method; By extracting evidence and examples of the poets in question based on theories of cognitive linguistics, then by interpreting and analyzing them, extracting ontological metaphors in a general classification from the divan of the poets in question and comparing them to the audience. Description.

In the view of two poets, love as a human being has found a clear manifestation that this objectification of the concept of love in the eager Isfahani court has a negative charge and manifests as a murderer and bloodthirsty human being; While in Qaani poetry it has a high position.

The objectification of the concept of love in the divan of two poets is used almost identically as something that can be drunk, and in the objectification as elements of nature and objects, the attitudes of the two poets are close to each other, although their frequency is more pronounced in eager poetry. Also, the use of the concept in question as a directional metaphor is evident in the court of enthusiasm, and in the Qaani divan, the concept of love as a directional metaphor was not found

Majd Hamgar is one of the poets of the seventh century AH who was a contemporary of Saadi. He held a high position in the court of the Salghuri kings. A collection of quatrains of this poet - over 610 quatrains - has been written by his grandson among the manuscripts of the Divan of four other poets in four sections. This exquisite edition, available in the British Library, has unique features; and has been considered by researchers. In order to know the important features of these quatrains in terms of subject matter and verse music, this version has been studied. The result is that Majd Hamgar's quatrains have been written on various subjects such as love themes, advice, herds of the world and destiny, satire and description of the beloved; and the poet has given a lot of importance to inner and side music. About half of his quatrains are in rows and a significant part of these quatrains has rhyme in four shutters, or rows and rhymes and in many cases, the end of the third stanza is related to the rhymes of the other stanzas united, as well as the letters, the allied, or in some way. It is a sign of the poet's attention to side music. Regarding the poet's view of external music, it should be said that the poet paid more attention to the shajar akhrab. The weights used in his quatrains are associated with various zehaf.

The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, is one of the most important polyphagous ubiquitous pests of the sugar beet. Because of adverse effects of conventional pesticides, introduction of new safe control methods in beet army worm management is essential. The aim of this study was evaluating compatibility of two EPN species, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae with cypermethrin against beet army worm larvae. Contact and oral toxicity of EPNs and cypermethrin was evaluated against six days old beet armyworm larvae. The recorded LC50 values of S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae were 6.63 and 4.41 IJ/Larvae, respectively. This value for cypermethrin was 465.4 ppm. Combination effects were tested at three concentrations of EPNs including 2, 4, and 6 IJs/Larvae and 160 and 320 ppm of cypermethrin. Nevertheless, the negative effect of cypermethrin on EPNs, synergistic effects on larvae mortality were recorded at combination treatments 160 ppm Cyp+2 IJs/Larvae EPNs, similar effect was also recorded at treatment contained 320 ppm cypermethrin and same level of IJs of S. feltiae. Larvae mortality was enhanced by increasing the exposure time to cypermethrin and also in combination with EPNs. This increasing trend was also recorded for 48 hours of post-exposure to EPNs and then the curve became plateau.

Mystic prose is poetic artistic prose and what makes it stand out is the use of literary structures and poetic elements. Mystics offer religious and spiritual concepts in a beautifully shaped format, which is rich in language and prose. The aforementioned features have kept this type of prose from obsolescence and difficulty. For this reason, mystic prose has been in the center of attention for centuries and has many readers, just like rich poetry. Thanks to mystics like Eynolghozat Hamedani, Suhrawardi, and Rouzbehan Baghli, the sixth-century prose has always been at the highest level of lingual and literary aesthetics. This type of prose illustrates healthiness, rigor, delicateness, freshness, and whatever is expected from distinguished mystic prose. In this study, an attempt was made to analyze the metaphoric language of Rouzbehan Baghli in praising Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). We tried to scrutinize his innovation, which is the use of different stylistic devices and structures in the context of metaphors. Also, we hope to illustrate his other innovations in enchanting the audience with mystic prose.

The tomato leafminer Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) is one of the main pests of tomato in Yazd province. Successful prediction of population fluctuations is one of the key aspects of pest management programs. Geographic information systems have been successfully used to determine actual and potential distribution areas of the pests. High-risk areas of pest prevalence were determined based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model using ArcMap and ArcCatalog softwares, and Arc GIS sub-software was used to create spatial databases and geographical analysis of the regions. Parameters of altitude, rainfall, temperature, plant hosts and humidity were used to analyses of the effective factors on pest distribution. The results showed temperature by a final weight of 0.431 is the most important factor affects pattern of the pest distribution. The cultivated area, humidity, height and rainfall had a final weight of 0.376, 0.107, 0.056 and 0.030, respectively. The results showed Yazd, Khatam, Bahabad, Ashkzar, Nodooshan and Robat are high risk areas of the pest.

Television advertising has the power to create images from different concepts to influence public opinion. Purpose of this study is to investigate the Representation of television advertising from Iranian life style. In this study, qualitative approach and discourse analysis method have been used. In this regard, food advertising has been collected and reviewed during a year. At this time, Most Television Advertising Commercials have used methods like Bolding, Implanting & Edge driving (According to their Policies) to reach their Goals. Study identified how the Iranian life style is represented in these ads. Findings show that the Iranian lifestyle, centered on "religion as a way of life," has been overlooked in these ads. On the other hand, “Consumerism Lifestyle” theme is bolded. It’s hard to explain how much advertising effectiveness on People Consume & Purchase has been observed in that Situational texture. But no Change has been made in Content and form of the advertising. "Consumerism, to show importance of unnecessary products, goodness of foreign products, Importance of aristocracy and luxury foods" are the dominant propositions in the lifestyle depicted in these ads. The television ads that reviewed emphasized on these propositions the most. In the end, for each of these propositions, relevant concepts are categorized and presented.

One of the most important factors in the development of tourism and ensuring the security of tourists is the existence of systematic and optimal communication between organizations involved in tourism, so that this relationship has facilitated tourism. Accordingly, the present study was conducted to investigate the impact of communication factors (formal and informal communications and communication channels) affecting the security of foreign tourists in 2016.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and survey type. The statistical population is the staff of the Immigration and Passport Police and the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism Organization. The sample size was determined using Cochran's relationship of 140 people. The sampling method is proportional and then simple random. In order to measure the research variables, a researcher-made questionnaire was used. The validity of the questionnaire was determined by face-to-face method (using the opinions of 15 experts) and its reliability was obtained by calculating Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.86. The method of analysis was used in the descriptive part of the mean and in the analytical part of the correlation, regression and Friedman.

The results showed that communication channels, formal communication, informal communication, inter-organizational communication and reduction of non-security violations and crimes, have a significant and positive effect on security control. Formal communications have had a significant impact on security control. Informal communications between the police and tourism organizations have a direct effect on security control. The reduction of non-security violations and crimes has a significant and direct effect on security control, as with the reduction of non-security violations and crimes, the security control of foreign tourists increases by about 42%.

The results of Friedman test showed that formal communication with an average rank of 4.6 is in the first place. The second rank belongs to communication channels with an average rank of 4.19 and the third rank belongs to informal communications with an average rank of 2.67.

Nowadays, use of botanical compounds as pesticides is becoming increasingly important, because of their acceptable efficiency and relative safety to human and environment. The present study aimed to investigate oral toxicity of different extracts of Achillea millefolium L. and Marrubium vulgare L., against larvae of potato tuber moth and compare their potency with some conventional insecticides. Larvae of potato tuber moth, reared on potato tubers in controlled conditions. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water as solvents. Foliage of A. millefolium and M. vulgare collected, well washed with distilled water, air dried in shadow then used for extraction. For bioassays fresh potato leaves dipped in each concentration of extracts for 5 seconds, air dried for 20 minutes. Potato tuber moth larvae transferred on treated leaves. Mortality was recorded after 48 hours. The results revealed that, aqueous and ethyl acetate extracts of A. millefolium showed the most and the least toxicity against 1st larval instar, with LC50 values of 2.96 and 44.03 gr/lrespectively. Methanol extract of A. millefolium and ethyl acetate extracts of M. vulgare were more and less toxic against 2nd larval instar of PTM with LC50 values of 9.03 and 34.79 gr/l, respectively. The toxicity comparison of plants extracts with Fenvalerate, Imidacloprid and Acetamiprid showed that, in all cases the synthetic pesticides were more toxic than plant extracts. Acetamiprid with LC50 values of 0.18 and 0.31 gr/l was more toxic than other pesticides against 1st and 2nd larval instars of PTM, respectively but relative potency of plant extracts was comparable with Fenvalerate.

An isolate of entomopathogenic fungus was isolated from the soil samples by using the Galleria bait method. Species identification was carried out using morphology and phylogenetic analysis of ITS-rDNA region and ß-tubulin gene sequences by Maximum parsimony (MP) method. Based on the both morphological and molecular characterization, the isolate KJ3 was identified as Cordyceps farinosa. The isolates showed an ellipsoidal conidial shape with overall dimensions of 3.83 × 1.98 µm (length ×width). The phialide of the isolate was characterized by a wide globose basal portion and overall dimensions of 4.98 × 2.21 µm. The PCR-amplified ITS and ß-tubulin regions were 615and 355 bp, respectively. In all constructed phylogenetic trees, C. farinosa isolate KJ3 grouped together with C. farinosa CBS 541.81 as a monophyletic group. Based on the ITS-rDNA sequence, in reconstructed phylogenetic tree, a group including C. albocitrina and C. coccidioperitheciata appeared as sister group of C. farinose. Cordyceps confrogasa was the genealogically closest species to I. farinosa based on the ß-Tubulin sequence. With the aim of comparing the efficiencies of ITS-rDNA and ß-Tubulin sequences for Cordyceps spp. genealogic studies, MP phylogenetic trees with the similar sets of species were reconstructed based on the both genomic regions in combination and alone and then compared in terms of consistency index, retention index and topology. The results showed that phylogenetic analysis based on the ß-Tubulin sequence is more efficient way for genealogical studies in Cordyceps spp..

The blasting method is one of the most important operations in most open-pit mines that has a priority over the other mechanical excavation methods due to its cost-effectiveness and flexibility in operation. However, the blasting operation, especially in surface mines, imposes some environmental problems including the ground vibration as one of the most important ones. In this work, an evaluation system is provided to study and select the best blasting pattern in order to reduce the ground vibration as one of the hazards in using the blasting method. In this work, 45 blasting patterns used for the Sungun copper mine are studied and evaluated to help determine the most suitable and optimum blasting pattern for reducing the ground vibration. Additionally, due to the lack of certainty in the nature of ground and the analyses relating to this drilling system, in the first step, a combination of the imperialist competitive algorithm and k-means algorithm is used for clustering the measured data. In the second step, one of the multi-criteria decision-making methods, namely TOPSIS (Technique for Order Performance by Similarity to Ideal Solution), is used for the final ranking. Finally, after evaluating and ranking the studied patterns, the blasting pattern No. 27 is selected. This pattern is used with the properties including a hole diameter of 16.5 cm, number of holes of 13, spacing of 4 m, burden of 3 m, and ammonium nitrate fuel oil of 1100 Kg as the most appropriate blasting pattern leading to the minimum ground vibration and reduction of damages to the environment and structures constructed around the mine.

Bacillus thuringiensis generally applies for controlling of Spodoptera exigua larvae. Applying high doses for effective control increases the risk of resistance developing. Integration of different pest controlling tactics is a useful component of pest management by decreasing the applied doses. Here, the lethal and sublethal effects of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in combination with ethanolic extract of Cupressus arizonica (CA) on mortality and some biological parameters of Spodoptera exigua were evaluated. For bioassays, different concentrations of both agents, incorporated into artificial diet of insects. The results revealed that, larval mortality and life spam, pupation and adult emergence were significantly affected. LC50 values of Bt was measured as 4.25 and 0.76 g/l in first and 7th days of experiments respectively. Efficiency of ingested food (ECI) decreased to 16.1 and 17.9% in combination treatments of Bt (2 g/l) with respectively 12.5 and 6.25 g/l of CA extract in comparison with controls as 38.99%. Significantly higher larval mortality and adverse effects on nutritional parameters of the pest in combination treatments confirm the suitability of this combination as a candidate for greenhouse and field studies to aim of reduce the Bt resistance phenomena frequency and sustainable control of pest population.

In conceptualizing addiction, the role of personality elements in the emergence and continuation of dependence to substances has attracted the attention of researchers. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to investigate the frequency of personality disorders and temperament-character traits of personality in substance-dependent individuals.

In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 150 patients referred to Nekooe-Forghani Hospital in Qom and 145 healthy people working in this hospital were selected by convenience sampling. The two groups were evaluated and compared by Multidimensional Clinical Questionnaire (III). Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics (ANOVA, Tukey post hoc test).

The results showed that the prevalence of personality disorders was 56% in substance dependent individuals. Borderline personality disorder with 16%, antisocial personality with 14%, and avoidance personality with 6.67% had the highest frequency in the case group, respectively. Also, generally, subjects with substance dependence had higher scores in novelty-seeking and lower scores in self-directed dimensions compared with normal group. Moreover, sedative drugs users had more scores in harm avoidance, stimulant users in self-transcendence and normal subjects in persistence than other groups.

The results of the research indicated that there was a high prevalence of personality disorders among drug-dependent individuals. In addition, study showed that there was a significant difference between personality dimensions of temperament-character in substance dependent individuals and normal people.

Academic procrastination as an irrational and voluntary delay behavior is a common phenomenon among university students which is associated with many variables in personality and behavior. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between personality dimensions (neuroticism, conscientiousness) and self-esteem with academic procrastination on students of University of Medical Sciences in Qom. In this descriptive correlation study during 1396-97, A sample of 194 students from Medical Sciences University of Qom were selected by stratified random sampling method based on gender, six colleges. Data were collected through a standard questionnaire, Neo personality dimension, Rosenberg self-esteem and Savari academic procrastination. Data analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test and multiple regression step by step. There was a significant negative relationship between neuroticism with academic procrastination (P=000, r= -0/310), and conscientiousness with academic procrastination (P=000, r= -0.544), and self-esteem with academic procrastination (P=000, r= -0/336). There was a significant difference between male and female students average scores in neuroticism, conscientiousness and self-esteem with academic procrastination (P=0.01). Finally, the results of regression analysis showed that only conscientiousness predicted academic procrastination. Regarding the findings, planners have to create a positive personality trait in the students by providing a scientific joyful environment in order to increase their self-esteem and, consequently, reduce academic procrastination.

Extracts of some plants could be used as botanical pesticides because of their lethal effects, repellency and antifeedant activity on insect pests. In this study, bioactivities of different extracts of two plant species, the sickleweed Falcaria vulgaris Bernhand the celery Apium graveolens L., (both belonging to the Apiaceae family) were evaluated against the potato tuber moth (PTM) Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller, 1873). Insects were reared in controlled conditions at 26±2ºC, a photoperiod of 16:8 (L: D) h and 50±5% RH, on potato tubers. Foliage of plants were washed by distilled water, and air-dried in shadow. Extraction was carried out by maceration method using hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol as solvents of different polarity, respectively. Ovicidal activity, lethal toxicity against 1st instars and oviposition deterrency of extracts were investigated. The median lethal concentration (LC50) of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of F. vulgaris against one-day old eggs of PTM was estimated as 2.5 and 3.38 g/l, respectively. Also, the same extracts of A. graveolens showed ovicidal activity at concentration rates of 2.12 and 2.81 g/l, respectively. Inhalation toxicity of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of F. vulgaris with LC50 estimated values of 5.59 and 13.43 mg/l was significantly more than other extracts. Methanol extracts of both plants showed neither ovicidal nor inhalation toxicity. Ethyl acetate, hexane and methanol extracts of both plants showed effective oviposition deterrency against adults of PTM. Ethyl acetate extract of A. graveolens and F. vulgaris showed 100% and more than 80% oviposition deterrency respectively. Considerable toxicity and oviposition deterrency of both plant extracts detected in this study show their potential as a control agent in PTM management programs.

Rhizoctonia solani is an important soil-borne pathogen which has a broad host range and cause damping-off or rottenness in root and crown of cultivated plants. The combined use of different control methods in IPM programs is an effective strategy against pathogens and is useful especially in resistance management programs. In this study, EC50 and EC25 values of three conventional chemical fungicides Zineb, Captan and Carboxin thiram and two biocontrol antagonist Pseudomonas fluorescens 73 and Trichoderma harzianum T22 were tested against R. solani in vitro and greenhouse condition. The results revealed that Carboxin thiram was effective than other fungicides with EC50 values of 0.05 ppm in vitro. The best control (75%) were obtained in combined use of Carboxin thiram fungicides with EC50 value of T. harzianum T22. and EC50 and EC25 values of P. fluorescens 73 in combination with Captan fungicide showed the best control (near 75%) in vitro. In green house tests that the control agents individually and in combination with each other were evaluated showed that, the best control of the disease were observed in positive control (without infection) and EC50 values of fungicides in combination with each of biocontrol agents. Overall results of this research showed that combined use of two antagonists with selected fungicides in both in-vitro and green house condition are effective than individual use of each control agent and may be it is possible to control the R. solani derived disease using this integrated method in cotton crop.

     Most natural enemies have low maintenance capabilities so they are often cultivated shortly before release. In the case of parasitoids, their hosts can be stored instead of parasitoids. Since storage of host eggs can increase the efficiency of the mass production units of Trichogramma wasps, this approach has been suggested by various researchers as a suitable method for mass production of Trichogramma species. As regards that there are few studies on the effect of low temperatures on the growth population parameters of parasitoid, so in this study the effect of cold storage of Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) eggs at 4°C for 0, 1, 4, 7, 15 and 30 days on biological and population parameters of Trichogramma brassicae Bezdenko were investigated. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 25 replications. Mean comparisons were performed using Duncan's test. The results showed that developmental time, longevity, parasitism rate, percentage of emergence, fecundity and oviposition period of T. brassicae were significantly different between treatments and the all parameters decreased when the storage period increased. It was also determined that all population growth parameters had a significant difference between the control and cold treatments. Due to the parasitism and adult emergency rate, longevity and fecundity of T. brassicae on stored host, eggs of P. operculella can be stored at 4°C for up to two weeks without significant negative effect on the efficiency of the T. brassicae. However, based on population growth parameters, maintenance of host eggs for up to one week are most recommended.

The present research was done with the purpose of determining the effectiveness of training neurocognitive functions on the disposition of the first cycle secondary school students of Tabriz toward critical thinking. It was a quasi-experimental
research with pre-test post-test control group design. The research population included all male students of the first cycle secondary schools of Tabriz during 2016-2017 academic year. The research sample was selected using multistage cluster sampling method. First, 10 schools were selected from among the first cycle secondary schools of Tabriz. Then, from among those 10 schools, just 2 schools were chosen. 30 students from one school were chosen as the experimental group and 30 other students were chosen from the other school as control group. The experimental group was taught neurocognitive functions on planning during 20 sessions, cognitive flexibility during 10 sessions, and reinforcement of working memory during 11 sessions. To collect data, Ricketts’ critical thinking disposition questionnaire was used. The data was analyzed using the covariance statistical test. Findings revealed 0. 339 positive effect of training neurocognitive functions on the reinforcement of disposition toward critical thinking. Also, regarding the effectiveness of neurocognitive functions on the components of disposition to critical thinking, creativity and commitment, a positive effect was reported, whilst no difference was observed between the experimental and control groups regarding the eloquence component.