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To study the effect of cytokinin (0 as control and 50 mgl-1) and auxin (0 as control and 10 mgl-1) hormones and planting arrangements (single row, double rows and furrow plantings) on grain yield and yield compoments of maize SC704 under saline stress conditions, a field experiment was conducted as split factorial arrangements using randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 and 2014 in Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center. The experimental factors included: planting arrangement in main-plots and growth regulators as factorial in subplots. Results showed that double rows and furrow planting increased grain yield by 31.7% and 74.6%, respectively (P<0.01). Foliar application of cytokinin and auxin in both years increased grain yield. The highest plant height obtained in furrow planting and foliar application cytokinin hormone. Cytokinin and auxin application increased the number of rows per ear and number of grain per row in all planting arrangements. Cytokinin and auxin increased 1000 grain weight by 14.42% and 14.46%, respectively (P<0.01). The application of cytokinin and auxin in different planting arrangements increased harvest index by 19% and 30.72%, respectively (P<0.01). The results showed that furrow planting and foliar application of cytokinin in the V8-V10 stage and auxin at the silking stage increased grain yield of maize SC704 under saline stress conditions.

Maize (Zea mays L.) which belongs to the Poaceae family is the third important cereal crop of the world after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Planting method is a crucial factor for improving crop yield. Planting methods in saline and non-saline conditions are different. Kinetin is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. Indole acetic acid (IAA) is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinin levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of foliar application of cytokinin and auxin hormones on distribution and accumulation of chlorine and some macro elements in different parts of maize in salinity conditions.
The experiment was carried out at Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Dashtestan station with 29° 16´ E latitude and 51° 31´ N, longitude and 70 m above the see surface during the 2014 growing season. Dashtestan region is a warm-arid region with 250 mm precipitation per year. The field plowed inApril 2014 and then prepared and sowed inAugust 2014. There were five rows with 75 cm distance. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot design based on complete randomized blocks with three replications. Planting pattern (ridge planting, double rows of planting on a ridge in zigzag form and furrow planting) as the main factor and use of hormone (not consumption (control), application of cytokinin hormone in the time of V8-V10 and application of auxin hormone at the silking stage) was considered as the sub-factor. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening with concentration of 50 and 10 g. l-1, respectively. All traits measured on 10 randomly selected plants of each plot. Data analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and comparing of the means was conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test.
The measured salinity of soil at a depth of 0 to 30 cm in different locations of planting patterns and in different time period showed that in different planting patterns because salt movement by capillary ascent and its accumulation in the ridges, salinity center stack was the highest and the lowest salinity belonged to the furrow planting. The highest Potassium (K) and Calcium (Ca2) ions were obtained with pattern of furrow planting, while the highest sodium ions (Na), Chlorine ions (Cl-) and Naﲯ were devoted to the pattern of conventional planting (ridge planting). Foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) sodium ions (Na) and Naﲯ. The results showed that in all three planting pattern the most sodium leaf was obtained without the use of hormone auxin, but the lowest amount of sodium leaf was observed with auxin treatment. In each pattern, use of hormone leading to increased potassium of shoot, but the largest increase was cytokinin hormone, of course, the greatest increase was achieved by application of cytokinin hormone. In furrow planting use of hormone reduced the amount of leaf chlorine so that most leaf chlorine was obtained without the use of hormones. While, use of cytokinin and auxin hormones reduced the amount of leaf chlorine by 6.86 and 21.24 percent, respectively. Use of hormone in all planting methods reduced the amount of shoot chlorine but the greatest reduction was achieved by application of cytokinin hormone.
In general, it can be concluded that increasing concentrations of sodium, magnesium and chlorine in leaves and shoots in row planting compared to planting two rows and furrow planting could be related to higher concentrations of these elements in the soil and in the location of the plant and as a result decrease of plant growth and therefore higher concentration of elements in various parts of the plant in the row planting. It is concluded that use of cytokinin and auxin especially in the furrow planting reduced the concentration of sodium, chloride and sodium to potassium ratio and increased plant potassium and calcium concentration.

Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family Poaceae and it is the first important cereal crop of the World (FAO, 2013). Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity (Turan et al., 2009). Planting method is one of a crucial factor for improving crop yield. Planting methods in saline and non-saline conditions are different. Cytokinin (Rajala and Peltonen-saninio, 2001) and Auxin (Jung and Park, 2011) are known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress and to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinins levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of foliar applications of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and dry matter remobilization of grain Maize (Zea mays L.) under different planting patterns in saline conditions.
The experiment carried out at Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Dashtestan station with 29° 16´ E latitude and 51° 31´ N longitude and 70 m above see surface during 2013 growing season. The field plowed by April at 2013 and then prepared and sowed by August at 2013. There were five rows with 75 cm distance. A split factorial design based on complete randomized blocks with three replications was conducted. Planting pattern (ridge planting, double rows of planting on ridge in zigzag form and furrow planting) as the main factor and time of cytokinin (0 as control, V5- V6 stage and V8- V10 stage) and auxin (0 as control, silking stage, two weeks after silking stage) foliar-applied was considered in a factorial. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening with concentration of 50 and 10 g. l-1, respectively. All morphological and yield component traits measured on 10 randomly selected plants of each plot. Yield was measured in 9 m2 for each treatment. Data analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and Significance of differences between means was conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test.
The results showed that different planting patterns in terms of amount, efficiency and contribution of dry matter remobilization (DMT), amount, efficiency and contribution of current photosynthesis (CP), 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and harvest index were significant. Generally, results of this research indicate improved yield and yield components of maize due to the change pattern from one row to the furrow planting in salinity conditions. At the times of BA application, the maximum amount of amount and contribution of DMT Was dedicated to non-use. While the maximum amount of efficiency and contribution of CP Was dedicated to time consumed V8- V10 stage. The maximum amount of amount and contribution of DMT, amount of CP, 1000 kernel weight, grain yield and harvest index produced by time of auxin foliar-applied in silking stage and the most CP and biological yield was assigned to the non-use. It has been found that both auxin and cytokinin may have a role in mediating cell division in the endosperm during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, these hormones might regulate the grain capacity (sink size) for the accumulation of carbohydrates (Koocheki and Sarmadnia, 2012). It has been found that IAA actively participated in the mobilization and accumulation of carbohydrates in seeds (Darussalam Cole and Patrick, 1998). Auxin and cytokinins hormones are also thought to be involved in regulating sink strength either by mediating the division and enlargement of endosperm cells or by controlling the import of assimilates to the sink (Kaya et al., 2010).
It is concluded that furrow planting with CK application in V8- V10 stage (50 g. l-1) and IBA in silking stage (10 g. l-1) reduced effects of salinity on plant and produced the highest grain yield. Due to its effect on diminishing salt aggregation in relation to ridge planting, furrow planting prepare semi saline and saline areas for growing crops.

Maize (Zea mays L.) belongs to the family of Poaceae and it is the third important cereal crop of the World after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Ba is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. IBA is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinins levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of sprying of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and yield components of grain maize in saline conditions.
To study the effects of cytokinin (0, 75 and 100 mg.l-1) and auxin (0, 15, 20 mg.l-1) hormones on yield and its components of grain maize (Zea mays L.) under saline conditions, an experiment was conducted during 2013 in the research station of Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in a factorial design based on randomized complete design with three replications. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening. Data was analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and significance of the differences between the means was conducted using LSD test.
Results of Analysis of Variance showed that the highest grain yield was obtained by application of cytokinin and auxin with concentrations of 100 and 20 mg.l-1, respectively. The characteristics of plant height, stem diameter, ear length, row number per Ear and biological yield increased by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokine. In the treatment of without spraying auxin, the highest kernel number per row was obtained by spraying cytokinin at 75 mg.l-1 while in the treatment spraying auxin at 15 and 20 mg.l-1 the highest kernel number per row was obtained by sprying 100 mg.l-1 cytokinin. In three levels of cytokinin, application of auxin increased 1000 kernel weight. The highest harvest index was obtained by application of auxin at 20 mg.l-1.
It has been found that both auxin and cytokinin may have a role in mediating cell division in the endosperm during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, these hormones might regulate the grain capacity (sink size) for the accumulation of carbohydrates. It was found that IAA actively participated in the mobilization and accumulation of carbohydrates in seeds. Auxin and cytokinins hormones are also thought to be involved in regulating sink strength either by mediating the division and enlargement of endosperm cells or by controlling the import of assimilates to the sink. Results of this study demonstrated that sprying cytokinin at 100 mg.l-1 and auxin at 20 mg.l-1 reduced the effects of salinity on yield and increased the grain yield.

Salinity of soil and irrigation water is the most important factors limiting crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. Corn because of diversity, adaptation and high nutritional value is among the best crops in the world and in terms of production in the first place. Planting pattern can be effective on access to light, water and nutrients. Cytokinins by accumulation of chlorophyll and conversion of etioplast to chloroplasts and Collection of free radicals delay leaf senescence. Auxins also have a very important role in salinity tolerance. Auxin is involved in the transport of carbohydrates in their production time. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cytokinin and auxin foliar application on salt tolerance indices of maize under different planting patterns in salinity conditions.
The experimental design was split plot based on randomized complete design with three replications in Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center in 2014. Planting patterns (ridge planting, double rows of planting on ridge in zigzag form and furrow planting) as the main factor and use or non-use growth regulators (not consumption, application of cytokinin hormone in the time of V8-V10 and application of auxin hormone at the silking stage) were investigated in sub plots. The electrical conductivity of soil and water is equal to 5.2 and 4 dS/m. Plant spacing in the ridge planting and furrow planting patterns was 17.5 cm and in the double rows planting was 35 cm and thus for all treatment plant density was 75,000 plants/ha. Benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were used as cytokinin and auxin hormone at a concentration of 50 and 10 mg/lit, respectively.
The results showed that pattern of double rows and pattern of furrow planting compared with conventional planting (ridge planting) increased grain yield to 30.6% and 43.4%, respectively. The highest chlorophyll a, b and carotenoid content of starch and Potassium ions (K) were obtained with pattern of furrow planting, while the highest relative permeability of the membrane, proline, total soluble sugars, sodium ions (Na), Chlorine ions (Cl-) and Naﲯ were devoted to the pattern of conventional planting (ridge planting). Foliar application of cytokinin and auxin increased grain yield to 34.3 % and 43.5 %, respectively. Foliar application of benzyladenine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) decreased relative permeability of the membrane, total soluble sugars, sodium ions (Na) and Naﲯ. However, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid pigmens, proline and starch content increased with foliar application of growth regulators and the highest amount was obtained with the application of auxin hormone. The highest proline in furrow planting pattern was obtained by auxin while in double rows planting highest proline was obtained by foliar application of cytokinin. In each pattern the highest total soluble sugars was without application of growth regulator. In different planting patterns the highest of sodium ions was without regulator while the lowest amount of sodium ions was obtained with application of auxin.
Generally, results showed that change planting pattern to furrow planting and foliar application of cytokinine and auxin at the concentration 50 and 10 mg/l, respectively, increase salt tolerance of maize.

A large part of lands under maize cultivation have various degrees of salinity. To study the effects of spraying time of cytokinin and auxin regulators on some characteristics of grain maize (SC704) under different planting patterns in salinity conditions, an experiment was carried out as split plot-factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications in Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, in 2013. Planting pattern (ridge planting, double rows and furrow planting) was considered as the main factor and spraying time of cytokinin (control, V5-V6 and V8-V10 stages) and auxin (control, silking and two weeks later) with 50 and 10 mg.L-1, respectively, in factorial as the sub-factor. The results showed that planting pattern had the highest number of leaves, LAI, SPAD, Fm, Fv/Fm and grain yield. Double rows and furrow planting increased grain yield to 24.9% and 45.8%, respectively. Cytokinin application in V8-V10 stage increased LAI, RWC, SPAD, Fm and Fv/Fm. The lowest Fm was observed with cytokinin application in the V8-V10 stage and the highest SPAD and Fv/Fm and the lowest Fm were obtained with application of auxin in the silking stage. Application of auxin in silking stage increased grain yield (19.7%). Since the highest SPAD and Fv/Fm were produced under furrow planting with cytokinin application in V8-V10 stage and auxin in silking stage, where the highest grain yield was obtained, the spraying time together with balancing regulators under the correct planting pattern can be main factors in salinity tolerance of corn.

Maize (Zea mays L.) which belongs to the Poaceae family is the third important cereal crop of the world after wheat and rice. Salinity is one of the major environmental factors limiting plant growth and productivity. Maize is sensitive to salinity. Planting method is a crucial factor for improving crop yield. Planting methods in saline and non-saline conditions are different. Kinetin is one of the cytokinins known to significantly improve the growth of crop plants grown under salinity. Indole acetic acid (IAA) is also known to play a significant role in plant tolerance to salt stress. However, little information appears to be available on the relationship between salinity tolerance and auxin or cytokinins levels in plants. In this respect, the objective of this study was to study the effects of foliar applications of cytokinin and auxin hormones on yield and yield components of grain maize under different planting patterns in saline conditions.
The experiment was carried out at Bushehr Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, Dashtestan station with 29° 16´ E latitude and 51° 31´ N, longitude and 70 m above the see surface during the 2013 growing season. Dashtestan region is a warm-arid region with 250 mm precipitation per year. The field plowed by April 2013 and then prepared and sowed by August 2013. There were five rows with 75 cm distance. The experiment was conducted as a split-plot factorial design based on complete randomized blocks with three replications. Planting pattern (ridge planting, double rows of planting on a ridge in zigzag form and furrow planting) as the main factor and time of cytokinin (0 as a control, V5- V6 stage and V8- V10 stage) and auxin (0 as a control, silking stage, two weeks after silking stage) foliar-applied was considered in a factorial. Cytokinin (Benzyl Adenine, Merck) and Auxin (Indole-3-Butiric Acid, Merck) were sprayed on the entire plant in the evening with concentration of 50 and 10 g. l-1, respectively. All morphological and yield component traits measured on 10 randomly selected plants of each plot. Yield was measured in 9 m2 for each treatment. Data analyzed using the SAS (Ver.9.1) and comparing of the means was conducted using Duncan’s multiple range test.
Results showed that the planting pattern had a significant effect on plant height, ear (cob) length, ear diameter, kernel row number, per ear, kernel number per row, 1000- kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index. The highest and the lowest yield obtained through furrow planting and conventional planting, respectively. Applying furrow planting, resulted in water use improvement and reducing side effects of saline soils
Cytokinin application in V8- V10 stage produced the highest plant height and row number per ear and the highest 1000- kernel weight and harvest index was belong to the application of cytokinin in V8- V10 stage. The maximum kernel number per row was obtained without cytokinin.
Auxin effect on 1000- kernel weight, biological yield, grain yield and harvest index were significant (p≤0.01). The highest grain yield by a mean of 6.57 tons.ha-1 produced by time of auxin foliar-applied in the silking stage. It has been found that both auxin and cytokinin may have a role in mediating cell division in the endosperm during the grain-filling stage. Therefore, these hormones might regulate the grain capacity (sink size) for the accumulation of carbohydrates. It has been found that IAA actively participated in the mobilization and accumulation of carbohydrates in seeds. Auxin and cytokinins hormones are also thought to be involved in regulating the sink strength either by mediating the division and enlargement of endosperm cells or by controlling the import of assimilates to the sink.
The results indicated that the foliar application of cytokinine and auxin hormones counteracted some of the salt induced adverse effects and improved the maize yield .Due to its effect on diminishing salt aggregation in relation to ridge planting, furrow planting, prepare semi saline and saline areas for growing crops. It is concluded that furrow planting with CK application in V8- V10 stage (50 g. l-1) and IBA in silking stage (10 g. l-1) reduced the effects of salinity on plant and produced the highest grain yield.

This research was conducted to study the effects of nitrogen application rates, and plant densities on, nitrogen agronomic efficiency, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery fraction of grain corn (hybrid SC.604) in 2007 in experimental field of Agricultural college, of Urmia University, Iran. Three nitrogen rates consisting of 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha-1 were chosen as main plots, and three plant densities consisting of 75, 85 and 95 thousands plant ha-1 as sub plots. The results showed that the effect of plant density and nitrogen on grain, biological and protein yield and harvest index was significant. The increase of nitrogen application rate caused significant increase in grain, biological and protein yield and harvest index. The response of grain and protein yield and harvest index to increase in plant density was negative. The results showed that nitrogen agronomic efficiency was higher in plant density of 95 thousand plants with application of 100 kg N ha-1 and Nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen recovery fraction was higher in 75 thousand plants ha-1 with application of 100 kg N.

Agricultural ecosystems are widely related to economical and social condition in the world. The major aim of agricultural ecosystems management is maximizing energy flow and human service materials. Input and output energy have been calculated in different agricultural ecosystems in different locations of the world. In this study, energy flow at agricultural ecosystem of wheat under rainfed farming was evaluated by using statistics and information about wheat farmers (preparation of questionnaire from province farmers). The data of inputs and outputs changed into equivalent values of input and output energy and calculated energy efficiency. Energy value of this type of cultivation was 3467 thousands kcal ha-1 and outputs (production) energy value of wheat grain and straw yield were 2422 and 1949 thousands kcal ha-1 respectively. Also, energy efficiency value (input: output ration) was 1.23 and energy efficiency value of grain and straw were 0.68 and 0.54, respectively. Results showed that the most energy consumer in wheat cultivation of Boushehr province were nitrogen fertilizer, machinery and Gasoline fuel, and the lowest were human and herbicide energy probably, due to climatic conditions topography, population and culture.