فهرست مطالب دکتر ابراهیم محمدی

.
Gender, difference and uniformity of gender rules are considered as fundamental concepts of anthropology of gender. The present research is an attempt to examine Farhad Hassanzadeh's evidences (particularly in the ages of D and H) so as to analyze them based on post structuralism anthropology. Having confirmed the customary insight, understandable expressions, the ideologies that governor on traditional Cultural structures, One pole is the center and the other one is margin. However, as the matter of fact, the mentioned binaries (the two mentioned polars) are not superior to each other. This research, via considering the viewpoint of giving centrality or having one of two poles in nature/culture binary and female/male, analyzes whether the rate of centrality had been given to Female pole and in whose one it has been given to male pole, in which literally work centrifugal has been happened and in which ones it has not.This research shows, in the most discussed fiction centrality of writer characterization is based on male pole and looking manner to women’s character has not been kept a loof from past traditional stereotype
Life in the modern era, especially from the mid-20th century onwards and after two world wars, has, by a great margin, disrupted all previous assumptions and altered human perceptions of many concepts. In other words, a complete cultural revolution has taken place in society. Gender and how it is addressed is one of the concepts that has undergone significant changes compared to the past. Concurrent with changes in human perspectives on these issues, cultural anthropologists have introduced the branch of gender anthropology, the main concern of which is to explore femininity and masculinity beyond their biological nature. Consequently, it aims to "revert to prioritizing other social categorizations (such as ethnicity, age, religion, and social status) over gender categorization by disregarding the concept of 'femininity' as a cohesive social stratum" (Fekouhi, 2007: 233).
Feminist anthropology, as one of the important branches of cultural anthropology, which focuses primarily on gender issues, began in the 1970s and is now evolving into gender anthropology, in which the previous extreme feminist approaches and the focus on the female pole are no longer relevant, and the focus of research is on gender rather than sex. The fundamental belief of this field of study is that there must be a distinction between the "biological characteristics of sexes and the cultural characteristics, referred to as gender.   
According to this group's interpretation, 'femininity' is not a biological position but rather a social-cultural one. Therefore, it is assumed that this social-cultural position, which has been adapted to the biological position of women in a particular society, is contractual rather than natural" (Fekouhi, 2007: 232-230).
Although in most cases literary works, especially fiction, are not written for direct education or reflection of specific ideas, and usually differ significantly from the real world due to the presence of elements of imagination and fantasy, sometimes stories can explore concepts that the author is considered part of the dominant culture in contemporary society. In this way, one can find the layers of the author's interpretation in the story and, on a broader scale, the society of the author. It should also be noted that in relation to children, the transfer of both direct and indirect positions is important, and from here the importance of children's literature as an element for transmitting various concepts becomes doubly important.
Thus, the present study turns to children's literature from the perspective of two authors of different and indeed influential genders to explore their gender perspectives and to search for the relevant examples in these works based on descriptive-analytical and interdisciplinary approaches in line with the theory of dualities of cultural anthropology. Gender anthropology believes that the characteristics of men and women in any society are shaped, reflected, and transformed in its literature, art, and culture. The confrontation between men and women and in some cases the superiority of one over the other is the result of the dominance of specific ideological forms in some thoughts, not the result of the different nature of men and women.
From the examination of selected stories, it is evident that characters are often nurtured based on the concept of gender rather than sex, and in most cases, biological differences are considered the factor behind gender differences. In the stories of Judge Noor, the title of the story and the name of the book are often masculine, and in his storytelling, men are also presented in a more favorable position, introduced with higher awareness and knowledge compared to women. They are depicted as readers, not credulous, and not simple-minded. In most stories, they are the heads of the family and are considered decision-makers, but in terms of emotion, responsibility, and family care, they are shown to be inferior to women. Men in these stories are often harsh and unemotional, lacking a proper relationship with their spouses and children, often unemployed and unable to provide for their families, leading them to resort to violence, which naturally victimizes the family, primarily women. However, this can also be attributed to societal status, family welfare, and individuals' ignorance during the narrative timeframe. In these stories, the author sometimes introduces a newer generation with more positive attributes; they are aware and courageous, striving to create positive changes in their lives, with men having a greater share in this. With the passage of time and in a period of rapid cultural change, which is witnessing the greatest gap between generations, the difference in the type of perspective on the issue of gender in previous and present works appears natural. Therefore, the intellectual growth and change in society's perspective on gender have led to a noticeable difference in later books by Hassan Zadeh compared to his earlier works. One of the indications of this is the increased presence of women in society and the subsequent growth of central characters in the form of women's gender. Women in these stories have a more favorable position in terms of livelihood, welfare level, thinking, awareness, satisfaction, health level, and social presence. Sometimes, the audience in the stories is confronted with signs of female dominance and the predominance of women's will and power, and changes in women's temperament and character (from avoidance of dominance to seeking dominance and even violence), something not seen in the works of other selected authors.
However, the dominant view still influences the stories, and in most cases, female characters are depicted in a way that they lack intellectual and financial independence, have simple beliefs, are interested in superstitions, and are captives of undesirable affairs falsely attributed to religion. In contrast, men are more aware, considered the economic and intellectual pillars of the family, have made significant positive changes in terms of emotion and affection, have appropriate relationships with their spouses and children in most stories, and are presented as more positive and complete characters.

Conceptual metaphor in the context of cognitive semantics emphasizes the role of experiences in structuring categories of the mind and perceiving concepts. The elements of nature are one of the most experimental fields for explaining the mystical worldview. Since the sea and the sun are two great and majestic phenomena, they have attracted the attention of Rumi in depiction; Therefore, in this research, we have aimed to examine the conceptual metaphor of the perfect man, relying on the two elements of the sea and the sun, in order to explain the attributes and role of the perfect man. statistical society is the first office of Maulana's masnavi.The data analysis method is descriptive with analytical content. This research shows that "Sun" and "Sea" in the first book of Rumi's Masnavi, as two colorful elements, serve to explain Rumi's worldview towards the perfect human being, with all their manifestations, and clarify concepts such as " Survival is "unity", "destruction" and "the need to work with the old". The results of this research show that Rumi created a network of metaphors by using the metaphorical aspects of the sun and the sea and related and contrasting image clusters, all of which represent the macro metaphor of "Man is the perfect light" and "the perfect man is the sea". These sub-metaphors are: sun, moon, star, lamp, oyster, fish and pearl, all of which explain the position and role of a perfect human being. The roles of a perfect human are: guidance, therapy and improvement.

The present research examines and analyzes the archetype of the miraculous birth of the hero in some folk legends of Khor and Biabank in a descriptive-analytical way. The amazing, miraculous and unconventional birth of the hero is a very important element in the beginning of folk stories, which starts the story with a prophecy about the fate of the character or the description of his characteristics, which is a sign of the presence of the hero in the story. This research shows that the birth of the hero in a number of legends of Khor and Biabank has a mythological aspect. In these stories, the hero is usually born to prominent parents, sometimes the hero is a prince. Often, the birth of a hero and the process of his growth and development are accompanied by many problems, difficulties and obstacles. In general, among the various forms of the miraculous birth of the hero in the legends of Khor and Biyabank, we can mention birth with plant origin, birth without parents, birth with one origin, incomplete birth, birth from a non-human, birth in the form of an animal-human, and birth with a child's vow. The tree pointed.

The aim of the present study is to compare and evaluate the narrative style in the novel Alley of Medaq, by the successful Egyptian writer Najib Mahfouz(winner of the 1998 Nobel Prize in Literature) and the film Cafe Setareh, the first adaptation of the well-known Iranian director Saman Moghadam. Therefore, it can be said that this research focuses on explaining the nature and quality of narrative transformations from literature to cinema in both literary and cinematic works. In the work of cinema, which is the product of the interaction of literature and cinema and narrates a slice of women's lives(as part of the lower class of society) in the struggle with superiors and socio-economic conflicts made above, the presence of female narrative is obvious, while this method of narration There is no clarity in the literary work, ie the alley; Inferior people give birth to inferior offspring and, thus, propagate their inferiority. Overall, the narrative in the film has changed in creative ways:

In comparison with other geological zones of Iran, the Makran geological zone has been studied less. This study aims to introduce and study the Late Cretaceous fossiliferous successions (part of the Chah-Mirak Unit), in the southeastern Kahnuj (the northwestern part of the Iranian Makran geological zone) to draw the geologists’ attention to the area. Given the note that most of the rock units in the region are non-sedimentary (ophiolitic) complexes or Quaternary continental sediments, every fossil evidence is of great value for investigating and reconstructing the paleo-environmental condition of the region. Lithologically, the studied successions mainly consist of tuffaceous limestones, which were deposited after the reduction of pyroclastic material to the basin; its lower and upper contacts are composed of volcanic rocks. The studied successions present different fossil groups such as abundant gastropods, corals, algae, bivalves, and foraminifera. The gastropod-rich sequences and younger marine layers are Cenomanian and Cenomanian-early Santonian in age, respectively. The shallow marine lagoonal environment (accompanied by mollusks, especially abundant gastropods), and slightly deeper settings containing coral and algae, are suggested for the deposition of these successions. Further studies are necessary for a more detailed examination of the fossil groups.

One of the important topics in novel criticism is the analysis of the character type of the hero and the people in the story. Sometimes the character of the hero and the characters of the story undergo a transformation. If this transformation has an evolutionary course, it is called character metamorphosis, in which the hero or characters become superior type. In this descriptive-analytical research, the metamorphosis of the hero type and the main characters of the novel Hasti by Farhad Hassanzadeh has been analyzed from the perspective of the Enneagram. The findings of this research show that Hasti suspends the stereotyped norms of her gender and overcomes the problems in an all-round challenge with the help of her mother, aunt and uncle. After completing the metamorphosis stage, she becomes the hero and savior of her family and community. By analyzing the personality elements of Hasti and matching it with the Enneagram theory, "hasti" is a girl with type 4 characteristics who goes to wing 3 after the events of the story. Hasti's mother, aunt and uncle have the personality type 2 and they maintain their personality type from the beginning to the end of the story . Hasti's father is an unhealthy type 1 person who is calmly transforming into a happy type 7

This article tries to use semiotics to study the covers of The Blind Owl, Tangsir, The Tale of Baba Sobhan and Shazdeh Ehtjab in a descriptive-analytical way to shed light on the interplay of the basic elements of painting and literary texts. Because color has the capacity to communicate, nonverbally, with the most active human sense – the sense of sight – it can help us understand the textual space by conveying thoughts without speaking. The artistic use of color plays a special role in creating a creative space for the textual content; it can also challenge the audience’s assumptions by stimulating their emotions and encouraging them to read the book. Therefore, examining the cover of literary texts – the space of color display which is used as a cover for the verbal world – can shed light on the connection between the color of the cover and the textual layers as well as hidden concepts of the text. Analysis of the elements of color in the above-mentioned novels reveals that in some of these texts, the color of the cover is not just a product of the designer’s imagination (a decorative element). Rather, it has a symbolic function and interacts with other paratexts, especially the title, theme and characters; it also plays a main role in the process of production of meaning. In other texts, however, the color serves only an aesthetic function and is used to attract the audience – without having a meaningful connection to the theme.

The purpose of the present article is to study two novels, A Shawl as Long as the Silk Road by Mahasti Shahrokhi and A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers by Xiaolu Guo through Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's perspective in her "Can the Subaltern Speak?". This descriptive-analytical research adopts a postcolonial approach to view the above mentioned novels comparatively with a view to elements and concepts such as language, marginalized other, Eurocentrism, patriarchy, ignoring female agency, subalternity, impossibility of self-expression for women, female dependency and the need to form a family and gain socio-economic status. The study shows that both protagonists are neglected in their destination country and in their romantic relationships, and their self-confidence is lowered. They cannot obtain a proper social standing, nor are they accepted in the society; they are always reminded of their difference from others in order to establish their subalternity. Despite being encouraged by their lovers to live according to a European lifestyle and their occasional success to follow the advice, Katayoun and Tswang still remain as "others" and outcasts who do not even have the power and voice to express themselves. Although both of these women try to express their opinions, at least in their personal romantic relationships, their condition and people's attitude towards them would not change as a result of this articulateness. In the end, neither of them succeeds completely. At best, they have been able to express how the Subaltern does not have the opportunity to speak out or to be heard. Even if she has gained knowledge about her status and conditions and strives to achieve her goals, the concerns of the Subaltern woman are not of much value- at least- from either the perspective of an imperialist system or that of a patriarchal society.

The Qom Formation, (Oligocene-early Miocene in age) consists of thick successions of marine marls, limestones, gypsum, and siliciclastics. It is deposited in the Sanandaj–Sirjan fore-arc basin, Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Arc (Intra-arc basin), and Central Iran back-arc basin and it was subdivided into 11 members to date. "Unnamed member" which is identified by Nummulites intermedius and Eulepidina cf. dilatata and attributed to Rupelian, was introduced as the oldest member of the Qom Formation. Recent studies by the current author subdivided the Rupelian stage into “early Rupelian” and “late Rupelian”, based on the first appearances of lepidocyclinids in the latter one. Accordingly, the "unnamed member" is late Rupelian in age. Besides, the early Rupelian strata are characterized by the presence of Nummulites without lepidocyclinids, reported merely from southwestern and southern Kashan. The basal deposits of the Qom Formation sections in SW and S Kashan (composed of marl, limestone and marl limestone) are distinctly different from the “unnamed” member (alternation of silty marl, sandstone and limestone), “a” member (basal limestone) and “b” member (sandy marl) of the Qom Formation, in terms of lithology. Therefore, the mentioned deposits are introduced as a new member and named the "Verkan Member". Accordingly, the number of the Qom Formation members has increased to 12 and the “Varkan Member” (with 108-m thickness in the Varkan section and early Rupelian in age) is introduced as the oldest member of Qom Formation. The “Verkan Member” is present in the Varkan (SW Kashan), Vidoja (SW Kashan) and Ghohroud (S Kashan) sections.

The purpose of this study was to understand how the marital relationship of active couples in cyberspace .The research was a qualitative one. The statistical population of the couples in Isfahan city and the sampling was purposeful and available. Participants were selected from couples who had experienced a large presence in virtual networks. During the work 14 people (seven couples) were interviewed and interviewed. Semi-structured interviews were used to gain an in-depth understanding of the purpose and the conversations were fully recorded and transcribed. From the seventh and eighth interviews, the cases were almost repeated, but for the sake of convenience, the interviews continued and eventually ended with the eleventh (data saturation) conversations collecting and analyzing the data in a seven-step Kalazzi process. The findings were categorized into main concepts. The results of this study showed that the quality of the marital relationship of the couples who participated in this study has changed significantly, including: deep emotional disturbance, impaired marital relationship, suggestion and tendency to meta-marital relationship, etc. Obtaining news and information, instant messaging, awareness of different cultures and customs, and increased intimacy are all positive in the research findings. Understanding the experiences of multiple presence in virtual networks can help families to optimally manage and control the use of cyberspace.

This article is the first published example of the application of (tephra) event stratigraphy in the Qom Formation as well as the temporal and spatial distribution of the Qom Formation pyroclastic deposits. The presence of igneous (volcanic) associations is the most obvious facies change of the Qom Formation. The tuffaceous limestones and tuff units of both Bozdan and Kagharaki sections (in the southeast of Kerman province) are late Rupelian in age, indicating the occurrence of a volcanic event in NW Jazmourian at the same time. The pyroclastic deposits of the Qom Formation have a significant and regular extent in different areas of the formation realm (from Jazmourian to Mako). In general, it can be said that the pyroclastic units of the Qom Formation are mainly distributed in the following three areas: 1) Jazmourian–Jiroft–Sirjan (fore-arc); 2) Southwest of the Natanz–Kashan–Qom–Saveh belt (mainly in intra-arc); and 3) Zanjan region (SE, S, SW, W, and NW of Zanjan). The thickness and age of these deposits vary in different sections.

Ahou Khanom (Madam Ahou’s Husband) novel, written by Ali Mohammad Afghani and its movie adaptation directed by Davood Mollapour. The noteworthy point in both works is the existence of different sense-maker layers and components in the novel and movie threshold that reveals the quality of the relationship between husband and wife in the traditional and pseudo-modern discourse. By highlighting the dispute between traditional and modern discourse, the writer and the director, invisibly and intangibly, try to present the audience the image of an oppressed and alienated woman around whom the patriarchal discourse has always formed a chain to subjugate her due to the natural differences between men and women, and has regarded her as the other and inferior and has marginalised her. So, in the present research based on a comparative-interdisciplinary approach and Laclau and Mouffe’s critical discourse analysis the structures of the thresholds of the two media were investigated. First, the micro-texts of thresholds in the novel and movie were identified, and then with the analysis of the existing point in their structure, the connection among thresholds, the nodal text and its outside world, and ways of creating meaning in different layers of micro-text were examined. Two points were revealed by studying threshold structures in Showhar-e Ahou Khanom’s novel and movie: 1. All the points found in the thresholds of both works were formed based on a macro-clash between men and women. 2. The existing points reveal patriarchally created discourse which always equates men with the nodal point, as superior, active, independent, and free, while introducing women with concepts such as marginal, inferior, passive, dependent and limited, and using the rational of the difference between men and women it excludes and rejects this rival.

In this article, by analyzing the text and using a comparative method, the similarities between Rostam and Gershasep are examined from the point of view of the physical characteristics of the horses of those two. After receiving the title of world heroism, Rostam stands against Afrasiab who has sent a large army to invade Iran. But in order to stand against the Turanians and set foot on the battlefield, he wants two things from Zal: one is a mace and the other is a horse. First, Zāl gives the mace of Garshasp- his great grandfather-to Rostam and then, by gathering many herds of horses, provides the conditions for Rostam to choose a suitable horse. Rostam chooses a slim waist horse from various horses. Regarding to the meaning of Garshasp's name and also attending to many similarities between him and Rostam, such as: being born from mother's side, being similar in dealing with fire, falling into a holl, a similar battle with Akvān and Gandarva, etc. it is hypothesized that Garshasp, who means the owner of a thin horse, in addition to his mace, gives his slender horse to Rostam as well. So, Rakhsh can be a reflection of the part "Kres" or "Kresh" in the name "Garshasp" which means lean horse.

The aim of the study was to investigate the qualitativestudy to impact of virtual networks and the Internet on parenting and marital relationships. The research method was of qualitative phenomenological method and statistical population of Isfahan couples in the year 2019, were selected by Snowball sampling method . The research tool was a semi-structured interview that the sample reached saturated with 14 people (seven couples) In during the work, interviews recording and implementation and 1793 important phrases were coded and analyzed with Colaizzi analysis method. The problems of marriage and parenting related to virtual networks on a class (communication and marital problems), 3 categories (communication and emotional problems with children, extramarital relations and disruption of marital relations) and 16 conceptual codes were placed. The results showed that improper use caused communication and emotional problems with children, including "neglect of the child, children's complaints, behavioral and emotional problems"; Extramarital relationships include "seeking diversity and entitlement, mistrust, structural change and marital boundaries and virtual seduction." Disruption of marital relationships includes "sexual problems, marital burnout, emotional coldness, and behavioral-emotional problems.

Examination of development plans and projects implemented in the country shows that in the past planning, like in many developing countries, the importance and values of natural resources and the environment are hidden from the view of decision makers and many of them are designed and exploited without considering environmental considerations. Is. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of dam construction on microclimatic factors using satellite images and to investigate the extent of government responsibility for it. In this research, satellite sensors in 2009 and 2021 as well as land use map have been used to analyze the time series. After processing the images, the surface temperature was calculated using ground data, vegetation index, lighting temperature of the thermal sensor and the emissivity of the ground obtained from the multispectral band of the Landsat sensor. Damage to the environment is one of the environmental challenges that has a significant impact on the national and biological security of the country. Hence, criminal responsibility and punishment is the response that society shows to environmental crimes, and in this case, in the shadow of national security, it tries to defend itself against crimes and criminals. Policymakers of the penal system, as part of the legal system, must find solutions in the field of environmental protection, and by adopting appropriate measures and policies, eliminate or control the environment of aggression and aggression against the environment. Therefore, due to the importance of the issue, the legislator has allocated articles of the Islamic Penal Code and other miscellaneous laws in order to enumerate environmental crimes, punishments and criminal liability against them.

Morphogroup analysis, due to independence of species level taxonomy, as wel as permit to comparison of assemblages of differing ages, is a useful tool for ecological and palaeoecological interpretation. Foramniferal study of the Qom Formation in the Natanz (with Rupelin-Chattian?-Aquitanian in age and 330 m thickness) and Khorabad (southeastern Qom; with Rupelin-Burdigalian in age and 260 m thickness) sections resulted in identification of 8 morphogroups. The morphogroups were distinguished according to test/shell morphology and architecture (general shape, mode of coiling, and arrangement and number of chambers), inferred life habitat either living on the surface of the sediments or within the sediments (epifaunal and infaunal), and feeding strategy. Generaly, epifaunal morphogroups were dominated in both study sections. The lower 200 m of the Natanz section, are dominated by calcareous porcelaneous morphogroups; while the upper layers are dominated by hyaline morphogroups, which indicates the lower and upper parts were deposited in inner ramp (lagoonal environments) and open sea, respectively. This significant change through time reffers to gradual increasing of the basin depth, decreasing the light intensity, reducing the salinity and decreacing the nutrient level. The distribution of morphogroups in the Khorabad section follows a reverse pattern; so that, despite the minor fluctuations, the lower 200 m of the Khorabad section, are dominated by hyaline morphogroups; while the upper layers are dominated by porcelaneous morphogroups, which indicates the lower and upper parts were deposited in open sea and inner ramp (lagoonal environments), respectively.

Cadmium is one of the heavy metals and long time exposure to it can cause a lot of health problems in human beings. In this study, we investigated the toxic effects of Cadmium on kidney performance in the smokers and non-smokers and also its relationship with ventilation systems at Maragheh City prison.

This descriptive-analytical study included 90 prisoners. Cadmium of urine samples was measured by using a graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. Parameters of renal function including urine specific gravity, creatinine, protein, albumin, glucose and urea were measured using a Hitachi autoanalyzer.

The highest values of excretion of cadmium, protein, albumin, per gram creatinine and glucose were observed in the smokers without ventilation systems in their living quarters. In this group, ratio of cadmium per creatinine showed significant relationships with protein per creatinine, albumin per creatinine, urea, and glucose (P < 0.05), while in the control group without ventilation, this ratio had significant relationship only with urinary glucose excretion (P < 0.05) and we found no significant relationships between cadmium per creatinine ratio and other variables in this group (P ≥ 0.05).

Exposure to cadmium metal through cigarette smoke can directly and indirectly affect kidney function and lead to increased excretion of protein, albumin, urea and glucose. This effect is also affected by indoor ventilation systems, so that the presence of proper ventilation systems reduces exposure to cigarette smoke and hence cadmium, which results in reduced harmful effects of cadmium on the renal function of the exposed individuals.

Apart from being a means of entertainment, the dramatic works for children serve, on the one hand, as educational tools and, on the other, as an artistic means to pass the legacy of the past (traditions, rites, religion, politics, and the socio-ethical norms of society) over to the consciousness of the current generation. This is especially true, when the authors of the works draw on such important structural elements as time, place, plot, characters and, in times, even, the integrity of a story in an intertextual interaction with ancient texts. Significant adaptations are myth and mythical narratives reflected always in various forms including stories, dramas and screenplays. Persian myth can help enrich the visual language and spiritual richness of the play, reflect national themes, and introduce children to national identities and some of the rituals and beliefs of their past. The themes are one of the most important elements of traditional Persian anecdotes that, in addition to structure, also strengthen their semantic and aesthetic aspects. The origins of fictional themes are numerous and sometimes unclear. Some of them are mythological elements and others are the representation of people's culture. Motifs change their functions over the centuries. One of the most widely used motifs in Iranian culture is the apple, the forbidden fruit, which due to its characteristics and its diverse functions, has a significant presence in both mythology, modern scripts and has even found its way into children's plays. Dramatic Literature is the most appropriate mass media for a young audiences with a very high impact factor. The play (which is the product of the imagination of the writer, director and actor), when accompanied by reality (traces of reality woven into its fabric), will be able to connect and relate to the delicate mind of a child by means of imagination. The imagination of a child is the product of paintings and images, speeches and gestures which he/she can relate to, that is a kind of basic creativity. A child's mind is highly imaginative, so works created for children should appeal to their imaginations and engage them creatively with the work. This is made easier by means of myths and mythical themes. Using Genette’s transtextuality theory, especially hypertextuality, in a descriptive-analytic fashion, the ways in which the myth of the forbidden fruit (Apple) in some of the top plays of children and adolescent theater festivals are recreated are studies. The most important result revealed are as follows: the authors of the plays have mostly used the myth of the forbidden fruit by using the method of text extension (quantitative transformation). Of course, in some of the plays, in order to better understand and make the play attractive, the content is also seen. For this reason, the hidden angles of these plays are better understood in connection with these myths. In general, children are the purest creatures on earth, their world is full of love and friendship. Their existence causes hope, affirmation of human aspirations, human interests and emotions, honesty and correctness.

The Qom Formation deposits in northern Abadeh (Sanandaj–Sirjan fore-arc basin) studied in order to analyze microfacies, depositional environment and depositional model. Outcrops of the Qom Formation in northern Abadeh, with Rupelian- Chattian in age and 85-m thickness, consist mainly of massive and bedded limestone, shale and conglomerate. The Qom Formation in northern Abadeh conformably overlies the LRF, and its upper boundary covered with quaternary alluvium. Foraminifera, coralline red algae and corals dominate biogenic components of the Qom Formation. Based on field investigations and microscopic studies, nine microfacies (six carbonate microfacies plus three terrigenous facies) were recognized. The conglomerate facies is deposited in braided streams; while, other facies are deposited in marine environment and on a ramp type platform. This ramp is generally dividable into two depositional environments including inner ramp (lagoon) and middle ramp (open marine). However, outer ramp deposits are not observed in the study area. The high abundance of larger benthic foraminifera, coral and corallinacea red algae indicates that deposition took place in tropical warm water.

Individuality is a general phenomenon surrounded by a whole world of economic, social and other kinds of reality. An individual is, in every way, affected by the world, and affects it, in turn. The interaction is of a dialectical nature. An aspect of the dialectical attitude in the field of art and thought is the dominant role of the economic and social base in the creation of great works of art and literature. The dependence of the great works of art and literature on the economic and social infrastructures is undeniable, though it is highly complex, indirect and mediated, and does not reduce the relative independence of the literary work. According to the dialectical view, each phase of social history is accompanied by a great literary form, and the novel as a literary form in the age of Capitalism is described by the problematic hero. This article does not intend to accept or reject the dialectical view in literature; rather, it seeks to examine the role of this view in the emergence of new types in literature. The existence of the problematic hero in a longitudinal relationship leads to the emergence of a stigmatized type and a type with a sense of inferiority in literature. In other words, the problematic hero is the origin of both types in the contemporary novel.
 

Zāl is always distinct from Sām and Rostam regarding his special heroic actions. He killing dragons and brings wealth to Irānshahr from a different and new narrative point of storytelling. The degradation of Zāl in the world champion’s battle had been discussed and is pointed out that Zāl in the process of turning myth to epics, the underlying structure related to the act of dragon slaying, or his primary archetype in battles with femiciding dragons, about the alliance with Rōdābeh, daughter of Mehrāb a descendant of dragons, who has a symbol of fertility in his domain, becomes the reason for redemption of Rōdābeh and also the birth of a power like Rostam, so that with the world championship being transferred to Rostam, he becomes the guardian of Iranshahr against the attacks of Afrāsiāb, who is descent of dragons. Purism demonstrates that, there are signs of, Mehr-Izad myth in Mehrab’s character.

The aim of this study was to investigate the psychological-cultural and social problems of addiction to virtual networks and the Internet on marital relationships of couples in Isfahan. that were selected by purposive sampling. The research tool was a semi-structured interview that was saturated during the work with 14 participants (seven pairs). Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and key phrases were coded and analyzed using the Colaizzi method. psychological-cultural and social problems related to virtual networks in two classes of psychological problems (including two categories of behavioral problems and emotional-cognitive problems) and socio-cultural class (including 3 categories of lifestyle change, cultural degeneration and change of religious values) it placed. The results showed that dependence on virtual networks and the Internet causes behavioral problems including the concepts of "aggression, procrastination and impulsivity", emotional-cognitive problems including "depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, lack of empathy and interpersonal sensitivity", the category of change in life style includes "Internet addiction, social isolation, fashionism, job and financial problems", cultural degeneration includes " separation of values and deindividuation cultural " and the category of changing religious values includes"faltering in moral and religious values and deviation from values . Therefore, it is suggested that the proper use of social networks as part of life skills and premarital education be considered by counselors, psychologists and couples therapists..

Similarities of Zal with deity warriors in the Iranian and Indian mythologies which are represented with different structures in the course of time could be reminiscent of the consistency of those characters in eternal days or the prime myth producing mind.  For this reason using descriptive analytic method the purpose of this article is to recognize the roots of the tales centering around the character of Zal in the   Indo Iranian mythologies.  Examples of similarities between Zal and Indra, Ormazd, Mehr, and Veruna in Rigveda and Shahnameh is shown.  Zal who is raised far from his family in Simorgh’s nest returns to his divine abode in the Alborz mountains and upon uniting with Mehr or the sun, establishes his similitude with the myth of Indra which borrowed statements from the myth of mythra or (Mehr) upon passing time.  The myth of Suma, a plant which gives power to Indra and provides a basis for his invincibility in its prime function that is healing property resembles the healing feather of Simorgh in the national epic which rendered Zal invincible.  The myth of Soma in Indra’s tale is comparable with the healing tree upon which Simorgh’s nest rests according to Zoroastrian texts.  The high frequency of similarities between Zal and Indra are worthy of contemplation and strengthens the assumption that these two are closely related or are representative of the same important themes repeated in a peculiar, significant way in the minds of ancestors and had been a common feature in creation of the mythological epic narratives.