دکترمحمد باقر بهشتی

The housing (local) tax in the big cities, especially in the last decades has affecting the price and supply of housing in Iran.This research aims to examine the effective indicators of municipal (local) taxes on housing supply from the perspective of experts active in the field of housing in Tabriz metropolis.In order to identify indicators, interviews with construction and housing experts were used. After extracting the indicators, a questionnaire based on the fuzzy Delphi approach was designed and provided to the experts.The final sample consisted of 14 professors and activists in the field of construction with at least 5 years of work experience in the field of construction and housing. Based on the investigation, 114 primary indicators were extracted and after three stages of fuzzy Delphi were implemented and the consensus of the experts was reached, 68 final indicators were identified as indicators of municipal variables affecting housing supply. According to the obtained results, experts believe that, despite the fact that the increase in (local) taxes has led to an increase in the municipality's revenue, on the other hand, factors such as increase in expenses, rent seeking and bribery, municipal expenses has increased the municipality revenue management inefficiencyAlso, complex administrative bureaucracies, lack of transparency in the amount of tolls (local tax) and related costs, concentration in specific city districts, weakness of urban culture and urban expansion, lack of accurate use of dilapidated structures, all of them are indicators of municipal (local) tax affecting price changes and housing supply.

Countries face with different historical critical junctures through their historical countries.. One of the most important critical junctures in the contemporary history of Iran is the removal of Reza Shah from power and substituting of Mohammad Reza Shah.by foreign forces. After the overthrowing of Reza Shah, however, power was distributed among various factors, the interventions of foreign forces and political chaos marginalized the path of economic development. The main objective of this historical-economic research, refers to the role of governments and superiors as well as the underdeveloped of Iran. The result shows while the existence of a powerful parliament eventually led to the nationalization of the oil industry, due to political and social chaos, economic development did not occur. In addition, during 1940s by the decrease of the power of the parliament against the prime minister’s authority, an exclusive institutional change took place and took into account as a legacy for the shah rule. Through this institutional change, the shah was able to protect the prime minister’s legacy well and by increasing monopolized economic resources kept the power for himself and his relatives.

The end of Second World War has marked the beginning of an era of renovation and development for many countries in the world and European and Asian countries have utilized several development strategies based on their situation. South Korea is one of those countries. Having an ancient history, South Korea is one of the most integrated and stable countries in the world. Its development which starts right after the end of the second world war and Japanese colonization is an outstanding example of fast and extraordinary development in a short time span. Despite having the bitter experience of being colonized, what happened as a consequence of the second world war, the division of the peninsula into two parts (North and South) and the civil war following that, and the severe poverty and dependence on international aid, it is one of the Asian Tigers, together with Taiwan, Singapore, and Hong Kong. Having an authoritarian but developmentalist government, a strong sense of nationalism against foreigners, Confucian culture, a focus on export expansion strategies, and the development of an education system based on economic needs and changes are among the influential factors that are discussed in line with the main question of the paper. Finally, the development model of South Korea is presented.

The emergence of water crisis and the spread of uncertainties in the context of sustainability and the future of water supply makes managers to make critical decisions about water resources management, taking into account the various processes and factors affecting it, in particular the consequences of climate change, population growth, political decisions, and so on.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate systematically the factors affecting water resources in dimensions of resources together with consumption and define alternative futures in this context based on the considered factors.

Scenario development is one of the suggested tools that can be effective in assessing the future consequences of making decisions and implementing various strategic policies in water resourcemanagement field. This framework has been studied at regional level for Tabriz water resources. According to the nature of the research, structural analysis, scenario writing and Delphi methods have been used.

According to the results, 15 key factors are involved in the availability of water resources in Tabriz. Investigating the possible states in each factor eventually led to 47 possible situations. By thoroughly evaluating possible situations, 7585 possible scenarios, 9 plausible scenarios and 4 scenarios with high probability of future condition of water resources in Tabriz were identified.

According to the current situation, it was observed that there has been a considerable gap to the achievement of the fundamental goals of development and the desirable scenarios. Therefore, strategies and measures for achieving the most desirable future were introduced.

One of the important issues in regional economics is how the resources and facilities of the country are distributed in the spatial and geographic dimension, so that it does lead to regional balances. One of the indicators of imbalance between regions is the inequality of per capita income. In this regard, identification of factors affecting income inequalities among regions will play an important role in policy making for regional equilibrium The purpose of this study is to identify the causes of per capita inequality among the provinces of Iran during the period of 2000-2014. To achieve the research goal, the role of various economic factors in increasing income inequality among the provinces with using the fixed effects method of Panel data regression model was studied. The estimated regression model showed that the impact of the relative advantage indexes in industrial goods, the gap in the government spending in the provinces, the concentration of industrial activities, the difference in human capital and relative advantage in the tourism industry on income inequality were positive.

The system of water resources is influenced by several factors affecting in a particular geographical environment or in a wider space. Sometimes, these effects are such that, the conditions for access to healthy water resources have been faced with massive problems and performances of water resource planning and management. The goal of water resource planning and management is to match the socio-economic system demand of water with the supply of the water system through administrative control and management, without damaging sustainability of ecosystem. This can be achieved by identifying effective and influential factors, both from water supply side, and demand side of the various sectors of the society. Therefore, in the present study, it was attempted to identify key factors and drivers affecting in the future of water resources of Tabriz County till 2041 vision based on the Integrated Water Resources Management. Meanwhile, to apply appropriate policy strategies. Based on some 46 primary factors were identified by the panel of experts by using the resource review and Delphi method. In order to determine the key factors and effective drivers in this system, 15 factors were introduced using the cross impact matrix. The final findings indicate that environmental and economic factors have the largest share as the main actors in this collection and will play a more effective role in the future of water resources and it is expected that driver affecting of County water resources to be one of the environmental and economic components.

According to modern development theories, creativity plays an important role in economic growth through shifting human capabilities to human feasibilities. In fact, the milestone of development is when human, human mind, its infinite power, and human capabilities came in to consideration. So, the objective of this research is to study the effect of global indicators of creativity on economic growth in two set of countries (developed and developing countries) during 1990-2016, by using factor analysis and spatial methods.The results of factor analysis indicate that there are three factors for creativity indicators in developing countries and two factors in developed countries. According to the results of spatial econometric method, both of the factors, the first (R&D expenditure, patent, high-technology exports and number of researchers in R&D) and the second factors (creative export and human capital) in developed countries have a positive effect on economic growth; also the results for developing countries show that all three of the first (R&D expenditure, patent and number of researchers in R&D) , the second (high-technology exports and creative export) and the third factors (human capital) , have a positive effect on economic growth

Paying attention to economic development has always been one of the main concerns of science and politics, and in order to put economic development in a suitable path, its continuous recognition is essential. The recent findings and experiences of countries Show that creativity is the most important and basic factor for the growth and development of the economy. This study aims to scrutinize the effect of creativity index on the economic development of Iran for the 1990-2016 period by using generalized method of moments (GMM). The findings support the idea that economic growth and development is more dependent on creativity and innovation than on formal education. In other words, education can affect economic growth and development, only  if it results in creativity and innovation. Also the findings clarify that high-technology exports have the most effect on economic growth and patenting inventions has a positive effect on economic growth. Thus, it is suggested that by providing a creative ecosystem and supporting the rights of patenting, we will have creative and innovative system in the society so that through diversified economy which relies on knowledge, higher human resources, and modern technology will promote sustainable growth and development.

This paper uses dynamic spatial shift-share analysis to examine Production changes in Iran's provinces for the period of 2000 to 2014. This paper differs from the standard shift-share analysis by combining the dynamic shift-share with the spatial shift-share and decomposing the Production changes of selected sectors into four effects: national growth effect, structural effect, neighborhood competitive effect, and national competitive effect. The distances among the main cities of Iran’s provinces are considered in developing the distance based weight matrix for measuring neighborhood competitive effects. The research found that the effect of the structural change in the water, electricity and natural gas, construction communications, other mines, transportation, industry, and agriculture sectors are positive, therefore the share of the above sectors in the country is increasing and in the oil and other services sectors are negative. The highest neighborhood competitive effect among the provinces occurred in provinces of Bushehr, Tehran, Khuzestan, Kerman, Khorasan, and Isfahan while the least competitive advantage belonged to the province of Kohgilouyeh and Boyerahmad neighborhood competitive effect determine the leading sectors of each province. The national competitive effect is negative for all the provinces of the country, so most economic sectors of the country's provinces will have difficulty in attracting capital and production. Furthermore, it is estimated that the value-added growth rate of the provinces during 2014-2021 will be about 5.67 percent.

Wetlands are vital to the supply of valued ecosystem services. The restoration and preservation programs of wetlands will increase the supply of ecosystem services. This paper aimed to estimate the total economic value of the restoration and preservation programs of Jazmourian wetland in Kerman. Data required for the analysis was taken from 312 households interviews in the around regions of Jazmourian wetland in 1396. In the first, this paper employs Cooper's method for optimal survey design for the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method. This method finds the bid amounts as well as the sample size corresponding to each bid. Then, Logit and ordinary least square models were estimated for the total economic value of the wetland restoration and preservation programs. The result shows that, based on the population of Jazmourian wetland around regions, the estimated total economic value of the wetland restoration and preservation programs ranges from 34.412 to 63.566 billion Rials per year. These estimates may be used to justify the level of expenditure on the restoration and preservation programs of Jazmourian wetland.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the dynamics of income distribution and to find evidence of convergence or divergence in per capita income in Iranian provinces by using newly developed methods for Exploratory Space–Time Data Analysis (ESTDA). In order to achieve this goal, per capita income data were collected for the period from 1997 to 2014. Then, using the markov chain and the spatial markov chain, the transition probability matrix is estimated at different time periods. The results show that in an 18-year period in Iranian economy, there was a very small possibility that poor provinces (in terms of per capita income) could increase their per capita income. Also, the values of asymptotic distribution show very weak tendency to divergence in per capita income of Iranian provinces during period 1997 to 2000. According to the high probability of 77% for staying at each level of per capita income, one can claim that there is no strong evidence of convergence or divergence in the distribution of per capita income between provinces of Iran. Also, the estimation results of the spatial transition probability matrix show that the moves between income classes for each province depends on the performance and status of neighboring provinces.

The consistency between the national development goals and the provincial development goals is highly important. The objective of this paper is to estimate the impact of production structural changes on income inequality among Iranian provinces. The research used the change of share of production sectors during years of 2000-2014 as the structural change. Meanwhile, the difference between each province's per capita income and the national per capita income was utilized as income gap among provinces. Through using a panel data regression the findings of research are as follows: By reducing the 1% share of the agricultural sector and transferring it to the industrial sector, assuming a stable service sector share, income inequality in the provinces of the country will increase by 1.42%, but with the transition to the service sector, with the assumption of a fixed share of the industry sector, this inequality remains unchanged. With a 1% reduction in the share of the industrial sector and its transfer to the agricultural sector or the service sector (assuming the share of the other part is assumed), income inequality between the provinces decreases 1.47 and 1.86%, respectively. With a one percent reduction in the share of the services sector and its transfer to the industrial sector, with the assumption of a steady share of the agricultural sector, income inequality in the provinces will increase by 1.8%, but with the transition to the service sector, with the assumption of a fixed share of the industry sector, this inequality remains unchanged.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of determinant factors on entrepreneurship level using logit and probit models in Shahid Salimi industrial town in Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected from the population. The data were then analyzed using probit and logit models. The empirical results indicated that the level human capital has a negative and significant impact on entrepreneurship level. In addition, physical capital, social capital, expected benefit, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and subjective value have positive and significant effects on entrepreneurship level. Therefore, considering the importance of entrepreneurship in the country, promotion of variables increasing the entrepreneurship level as well as a fundamental reconsideration of the quality of education in Iran has been recommended.

Undesirable social and economic consequences of income inequality persuade the governments to give a first priority to the income distribution improvement and pursue plans to reduce inequality in the form of income redistribution policy, resource allocation and stabilization of macroeconomic indices. Taxes in addition to being the most important source of government revenues are one of the most effective policy tools in improving income distribution. In this paper, using a FAVAR method and quarterly data for the period 1990-2014 for 99 macroeconomic variables, the impact of direct taxes on the Gini coefficient, as an indicator of income distribution, have been explored. Impulse response functions show that a positive shock of one standard deviation in direct taxes causes a sustainable reduction in the Gini coefficient and improves income distribution. Also, variance decomposition results show that after the fourth season, tax shocks have the most important role in the dynamics of Gini coefficient. This study also rejects Kuznets Hypothesis for the Iranian economy.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the inequality in the distribution of per capita income among Iranian provinces using the spatial data analysis. To this end, per capita income data are collected for the period of 1997 to 2014 in two cases, including oil and excluding oil. Then, with using the Gini coefficient and Theil index, the amount of inequality in per capita income is calculated between the provinces of Iran. Moreover, Moran' I index, Moran scatter plot and LISA index is used to identify the spatial patterns in per capita income distribution among Iranian provinces. The results show that there is a high instability in the spatial pattern of per capita income distribution in Iran. Also, the inclusion of the oil sector in calculating per capita income affects on the conclusion and changes in inequality and the spatial pattern of inequality. The results also show that there is a spatial clustering phenomenon in per capita income of provinces in Iran. In addition, there is evidence of core-periphery patterns based on the distribution of per capita income in Iran.

This study seeks to measure income inequality among provinces of Iran in urban and rural areas during five socio-economic, and cultural development plan by using household survey data from 1990-2015, that issue by Statistical Centre of Iran, Gini coefficient, Theil index, Atkinson index and Sen Welfare indecies are calculated for the whole country as well as all provinces. Gini, Theil and Atkinson inequality index presented the Compatible results and confirm each other. Inequality indices over the period 1990 to 2015 does not have deterministic trend. But generally has a downward trend that, suggests improving income distribution in both urban and rural area. Most reduce of inequalities in urban areas are related to the provinces of Azarbayjan-Ghrby, Ilam, Bushehr, Kermanshah and Zanjan, and in rural areas of Semnan, Yazd and Hormozgan . On the other hand, welfare indicator over the past decade for the whole country as well as all provinces is dropped during five-year development plans, inequality in urban and rural areas has been decreasing, although at this time the reduction of inequality is higher in rural areas. The Second Development Plan had less success in reducing inequality indices but the fifth development plan in this regard has been the most successful program. Sen Index shows that in the past decade, decreasing inequality does not leading to an increase in household welfare. Because of changes in price index for goods and services in urban and rural and negative growth of average household spending due impose heavy costs on the economy, which lead to extend the poor. Hence in interpreting of the coefficients of inequality, all its aspects should be considered in order to decision -making.

Today is based on science and knowledge, as humanity has entered the age of information and communication after leaving the agrarian and industrial societies; it witnessed three: digital, internet and entrepreneurship revolutions. Today is the era of entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs are leading the revolutionary that are based on knowledge, information and awareness. Evidence from developed countries suggests that the entrepreneurship has been causes of economic growth and development, and the only economic solution to treat stagnancy and inflation in Iran is to increase the supply and production which, in turn, depend on knowledge, creativity, innovation and entrepreneurship, investment in which is essential to achieve sustained development. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of demographic and environmental factors on the success of entrepreneurs using logit and probit models in Shahid Salimi industrial town in Tabriz in 2016. The data were collected form 121 economic activist who were randomly selected form the population. We use the Cochran formula to estimate the sample size and use the panel of experts to determine the validity of the questionnaire and use Cronbach's alpha coefficient to estimate reliability. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients for the main variables of the research are between 0.61 and 0.86. That it indicates the appropriate reliability of the research tool. The data were then analyzed using probit and logit models. The empirical results indicated that the level of education has a negative and significant impact on the success of entrepreneurs. In addition, years of experience, physical capital, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and social value have positive and significant effects on the success of entrepreneurs. According to the obtained results, the LR statistic in both models (logit and probit method) indicates the significance of the whole regression at 1% level. the calculations by the logit method show that by increasing one unit of years of experience, physical capital, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and social value, assuming the stability of other conditions, The probability of entrepreneurship in the mean increases respectively, 0.12, 0.35, 0.21, 5.77, 1.40 and 0.63 unit. Also, by increasing one unit of education level, assuming the stability of other conditions, the probability of entrepreneurship in the mean decreases, 0.27 unit. So that the calculations by the probit method show that by increasing one unit of years of experience, physical capital, financial and non-financial support of the government, attitudes, self-efficacy and social value, assuming the stability of other conditions, The probability of entrepreneurship in the mean increases respectively, 0.11, 0.33, 0.21, 5.24, 1.31 and 0.56 unit. Also, by increasing one unit of education level, assuming the stability of other conditions, the probability of entrepreneurship in the mean decreases, 0.25 unit. Therefore, considering the importance of entrepreneurship in the country, the researcher recommends the promotion of variables increasing the success of entrepreneurs as well as a fundamental reconsideration of the quality of education in Iran. In other words, the empirical findings of the research indicate that to succeed the entrepreneurs and through which more economic growth and development, attention to invest and the transformation of national assets and wealth into physical capital and non-financial support of the government that create entrepreneurial businesses and access to the banking facility are essential. Due to the fluctuations in the price of oil and the ending of these resources, it is recommended, that reduces dependence on oil and gas revenues and move towards the growth of export of innovative products. Thus, it will be obtained through the attention and support of investment in human beings and the creation of efficient human capital through education and accumulation of experience. Also, by educating and translating the culture of belief and self-efficacy, and providing an environment in which social values and attitudes toward entrepreneurship good achievements can be achieved.

The aim of this paper is to examine the impact of government fiscal policies on income distribution. For this purpose FAVAR method and quarterly data for the time period of 1393:q4-1369:q1 for 99 macroeconomic variables have been used. Impulse response functions show that a positive shock as size one standard deviation in government current expenditure, increases Gini coefficient and as result worsens income distribution. While, government development expenditure as well as direct and indirect taxes shocks reduce Gini coefficient and improve income distribution. According to the Findings, the government can reduce income inequality by reducing unproductive costs, increasing targeted development spending and improving tax system.

Many development planners believe that development of tourism industry is the key factor for sustainable development. This industry can play an effective role in national, regional development as well as diversifying the national and regional economies. One of the consequences of tourism industry is its impact on regional income change and income distribution together with its economic and social effects.
This paper investigates the relationship between tourism industry development and income inequality among the provinces. For estimating the research model a panel data regression method with cross-section/ period Fixed Effects Testing model for the period of 2000- 2014 was utilized.
The paper found that there is a negative and significant between tourism industry development and income inequality among the Iran's provinces such that by developing of tourism industry, as it is, the inequality of income among the provinces will be decreased. Moreover, the increase of agricultural activities and increase of per capita public expenditures will decrease of income inequality among the provinces while the increase of production and export of industrial goods will increase of income inequality among the provinces.
Introduction In recent decades, the tourism industry has been increasing in both developed and developing countries. This industry has had a positive impact on economic growth through gaining foreign exchange and investment, increase of tax revenues and create job opportunities. Therefore in case of developing tourism industry in provinces the income equality would be declined.
The income inequality among the Iran's provinces is increasing such that during 2000-2014 years the per capita income of the top province to the last one increased from 3/78 to 6/2 As a result of the increase of income inequality, people of border- situated provinces migrating to center-situated provinces that led to worsening the income distribution against more underdeveloped provinces. Since in the five-year development plans instead of whole economy, economic sectors were highly considered therefore as a result of ignorance of balanced growth of the sectors the income inequality of the provinces was devastated. Accordingly, this paper is searching to find a response to decrease the income inequality among Iran's provinces through developing the tourism industry.
Materials and Methods In this study, for analyzing data a panel econometric model has been used, because this model constitutes both time series and cross section data such that estimation problems like autocorrelation and co-linearity will not occur. Therefore, these estimates are valid and more reliable. Meanwhile, in this research variables of agricultural activities, industrial exports and per capita public expenditure were utilized as independent variables.
The empirical findings confirm a long-run equilibrium relationship between the tourism industry, at its current position, decrease income inequality significantly.
Discussion and Conclusion In order to attain sustainable development, by considering the negative relationship between the tourism industry and income inequality in all provinces of the country, the research recommends to the government improving infrastructure for develop tourism industry in all provinces specially in provinces with high natural capabilities and low per capita income. Moreover, the government can facilitate tourism industry through some financial policies like tax and insurance reduction incentives and technical and credit subsidies. .
Conclusions The estimated regression model showed that the development of tourism industry improves income distribution significantly. Meanwhile, increase of agricultural production, industrial exports and the per capita public expenditure caused to a reduction in income inequality.

Economic growth or programs oriented toward it cannot guarantee development of societies alone. To reach development, changes in believes, behaviors and attitudes are prior to such programs. Since school textbooks are suitable tools for offering changes in believes, behaviors and attitudes, this study is to content analyze social studies textbooks of primary school during the educational year of 2015-2016 regarding such kind of indices. The research data suggested that among indices of changes in believes, behaviors and attitudes studied textbooks paid more attention to “collectivism or socialization”, “scientism”, “social discipline”, and “attachment to the country”. While other indices i.e. “work ethics and loyalty”, “social trust”, “punctuality”, and “respecting the right of others” attracted attention less than expected.

It is important to assess the environmental sustainability in order to achieve the goal of sustainable development. For this purpose, in this study the environmental sustainability of some of the Iranian provinces has been evaluated and compared using two methods of AHP and TOPSIS in the years of 2007 and 2012. Based on the results from AHP, the most stable and the least stable provinces in 2007 were Kermanshah and Markazi, while in the year 2012 East Azerbaijan and Kerman were the most and least stable provinces. Based on the TOPSIS results, in 2007, Golestan and Ardebil and in 2012 Golestan and Kerman were the most and the least stable provinces in Iran. The results show that even though both AHP and TOPSIS methods are appropriate at prioritizing provinces, but the results from the AHP are the preferred ones.

Consumer behavior is the most important issues in microeconomics. In neoclassical economics it is assumed that in order to reach the goals, human behavior is based on absolute rationality. While, Simon criticizes the paradigm assumptions of neoclassic school and introduces the bounded rationality. Since, because of uncertainty and lack of access to enough information, human faces with limited cognitive. So that cannot decide rationally, according to neoclassical economics predictions. So, based on the studies in this field, we can say that human behavior is affected by the intuitional and reasoning factors. The purpose of this paper is to discuss consumer behavior with a different approach and to mention the critics that are posed to neoclassical economics. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the consumer behavior by using four approaches of economics, psychology, social science and cognitive science. The most important approach which, in recent years, absorb a lot of attention, is cognitive science that attempt to percept human brain and mind which receipts, keeps and process the information. This science focuses on reasoning, perception, retention, cognizance, emotions, attention, awareness, creativity and connection between them which are used to understand the ability of the human brain. The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the function of cognitive science in consumer's behavior as an important matter in economics.

Development of each society needs some pre-requisites so that without them it seems impossible to get the developed and civil society. The formation of social contacts, both normal and informal ones, represents the people's efforts for the formation of civil society and putting the society on the path of development. Three outstanding thinkers of the Enlightenment, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Thomas Hobbes did assess the reasons for crossing from the nature state to civil society. They emphasized that reaching a civil society needs the people’s practical commitment to theses contacts. Social contract means having common ideas and beliefs in political, cultural and social areas and they can open the way for development of a society if they work in unconscious of society members. Social contract, which can be seen in various areas, includes a strong sense of citizenship, respect for the rights of others, nationalism, social capital in the form of social participation, membership in social networks and individual or group trust. Since development is one of the main issues in the social areas and it has been considered in Iran like the other societies, therefore attention to the role of social contracts in smoothing this process seems to be essential. This descriptive study assesses the views of main thinkers and the reasons of offering this theory. Findings of this study indicate that factors and prerequisite for the further development of the society is a practical commitment to the social contract in society.