ذبیح الله چهارراهی

Introduction:

Religious tourism is one of the significant areas of world tourism. Religious tourism is very important field of tourism and climate problems or bad weather, it will not be prevented. Religious tourism is as old as the history of religious culture. According to the World Tourism Organization studies each year 600 million people travel by motives of religious and spiritual.Today more and more countries seeking to develop tourism as a major source of employment and income. religious tourism is vital in Iran and has important role in many travels. The vast country of Iran, with a great variety of cultures that has led to the formation of various customs throughout the country, has many religious attractions, monuments, shrines and holy sites, in addition to having various attractions, everywhere it is Has been conducive to the development of religious tourism. Total Imamzadeh Iran is 8051 cases. In addition, 33 Prophets are buried in the country, who are part of the Prophets who have a special position with the Shiites. from total Imam Zadeh, seven percent in rural areas, 23 percent in urban areas, 18 percent in mountainous areas, and others in roads and desert areas. Among the provinces of the country, Fars province with 14%, followed by Mazandaran with 12% of the first and second ranked number of Imam Zadeh. The Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province also has a total of 1% of Imam Zadegan.One of the most important centers in religious tourism is Emamzadeh Hamze Ali in Chaharmahal And bakhtiaree province. And accept a lot of tourist every year. These tourists have various impacts in some levels such as economical , social , environmental and physical level. Now the question is what is the sustainability of this center and where is located this center in the life cycle of tourism.Methodology The aim of this study is applied and method is descriptive and analytical . and aims is assess the impact of tourism sustainability in Emamzadeh Hamze Ali. The study population consisted of tourists and pilgrims that visit the holy shrine. The total volume of tourists and pilgrims that visit the shrine during the year is about 600,000 people. Most viewed is in the months of June, July, August and September . The average daily page views this month about 4,000 people, and other months of the year about 500 people. The total sample size of torists are 350 cases according to Cochran formula. The variables of this study used via identified the experience of other similar studies and surveys of experts. The total levels of study are 4 levels (economical , social , environmental and physical) and the total variables are more than 50 cases.

Respondent information: Of the total number of respondents, 61 percent were men and 39 percent were women. For the duration of their stay, 73% of these tourists were daily tourists, with 27% of tourists staying overnight. The origin of these tourists is 65% of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, 19% of Isfahan province, 9% of Khuzestan province and 7% of other provinces. Also, 11% were illiterate, 23% elemental, 40% diploma and 26% bachelor and higher. The mean age was also 20% 18-29 years old, 42% 30-49 years old, and 38% 50 years old.To assess dimensions of sustainable development, information gathered from classified to prepare and insert into models of sustainability assessment process .we used 63 variable to assess sustainability at the destination. some of these variables includes: Creating jobs, Buy agricultural products by tourists, Indigenous employment in the tourism sector, Access to credit and banking services, Spreading handicrafts, Private sector investment , Improved facilities and educational services, Improvement of cultural facilities and services, Promote the standard of living of people Addiction, Theft, crime, Respecting the guest, Attention to the local culture of the people, Local community satisfaction from tourism, Participation of local residents in planning, Interaction between tourists and the host community, Rural migration, Protecting the Imam Zadeh Cultural Heritage, Quality of access routes, Communication development, Access to Healthy and Healthy Drinking Water, Access to the proper sanitary, Suitable mobile coverage, Tourists access to therapeutic space, Access to commercial spaces, Access to parking and ….The study of economic variables shows that things like seasonality of tourism revenues, rising costs, and economic inequality are not good and are in an unstable and almost unstable situation. In the social dimension, addiction, theft, and delinquency are the worst of all. In the environmental dimension, about 75% of the variables are unstable or almost unstable, the worst of which is the loss of drinking water and agriculture, pressure on resources, and environmental degradation. In the physical dimension, road accidents, access to sanitation and health care services have the worst condition than other variables. based on the analysis performed , the highest stability is related to social sustainability ( 5.13 value) and this level of sustainable development is medium condition. After that physical sustainability is in the next rank (4.97 value) . the least sustainability is related to environmental level (3.71 value) and after that is economical level (4.34 value). In general, all aspects of sustainable development is evaluated in intermediate level (4.6 value).

In total, according to the survey, of all respondents, the sustainability of Emamzadeh Hamze Ali is in medium level and especially in environmental sustainability the condition is bad and planning for having a suitable condition in this center is very essential. In Butler tourism life cycle model this center is in the second atage . In the this stage, people engaging and has action. This phase is to increase tourism activities and the number of tourists started to increase. Usually tourists stay shorter time but more people to come to a place. Tourism businesses are starting to build a professional services and facilities. Small hotels and places to eat is under construction.

One of the main parts of the Great Khorasan Road is the road leading through the Pataq defile. The Great Khorasan and Mesopotamia were origin and destination of the travelers who passed the defile. Archaeological evidence and historic sources about the defile point out its high importance through history. Pataq Defile is the same Median (Μηδικὴ πύλη or Zagros Gates (Ζάγρου πύλαι) of classic historians. There are evidences from passengers’ traffic at Pataq Defile. Heavy traffic and strategic position of the Defile made a context to construct a monument as Garra Arch. Thorough look at Pataq Defile and Median Gate lead us to better understanding of application of Garra Arch, which is unknown and should be discussed in another place. Pataq Defile. Path 1: it is compared to pre Islamic to Safavid road. Evidences of pavement (stone blocks), hand dug path, foundation and so on, imply the significance and activities for ultra-regional road. As the evidences imply connections between Garra Arch and the road, it is probable that the arch is a structure in relation to road, traffic, or a borderline of to land. Path 2: as conclusion, considering Flandin’s scheme, there is a caravan passing in front of the arch. As mentioned earlier, remained evidences indicate pre Islamic and even Islamic road (before Flandin) passes from lower part of the arch. Path 3: it is not seen in aerial photos of geographical Organization of armed Forces at 1956, however it is obvious Corona’s photos of 1969. Considering photos of Jalili Kirmanshahi and Golzari, and Kleiss’s documentation one can conclude that the road constructed between 1956 and 1965 at Pahlavi II’s reign. Finally, there are millennia’s efforts of Iranian people at Pataq Defile of constructing road in order to political, economic, and cultural exchanges between east and west.

The social capital as part undeniable in urban planning process, Due to its role and benefits, regarded as an important and effective factor in reaching the sustainable urban development. In the current research the focus is on surveying the social capital and the effective factors on forming, in Estahban city (province Fars). The practical research and the method used in this research are descriptive an analytical. The statistic society is the households of Estahban residents that 320 households are chosen based on the Cochran formula. To measure the social capital 33 indicators in the form of 6 major factor has been used. Also the analysis of the data is done through the T test, the correlation coefficient and the regression method. The results show, social capital in city is higher than the average level, and between the components of the, solidarity, participation, trust and knowledge, which was statistically significant correlation. Also the finding show that the satisfaction from the environmental quality. With the degree 0.392 has the more effective on forming the social capital.

Massif of Parav-Bistoun covered around 880 square kilometers of the thrust zone of Zagros Mountains and located in Kermanshah province. There are various kinds of karst Landforms such as jamas, uvulas', dolines, caves in this mountainous area. These landforms are under the influence of palaeoclimatic conditions. Nowadays, current climatic conditions in this area allows for development of karst landforms only in high altitudes, over 2500 meters. The rates of karst development are shown by correlation between precipitations and hydraulic coefficient, and also the rate of precipitations that influence the discharge of springs. Therefore, in this research, karst evolution in Parav-Bistoun massif has been evaluated based on hydrogeologic parameters. This work is based upon the Study of isotopic –chemical characters, Estimate of recession coefficient– volume of dynamic storage, Analysis and comparison between characteristics of major springs in Parav-Bistoun area, such as Sarab-Barnaj, Sarab-Bistoun, and Sarab-Tagh-e-Bostan, to other springs in the folded Zagros zone, such as Sarab-Shian and Sarab-Niloufar. In this research, our data for analysis belongs to the hydrological year of 1995. The result shows that the hydrograph of springs, that come out from karsic area, are more complicated. In fact the reason of low rate minerals in Tagh-e-Bostan spring are depended on the canalized recharge system and limited contact surface with the solution agent (water). High rate of tritium in the water of Parav-Bistoun massif springs, indicate their relations to characteristics of precipitation, rate of Carbon-14 and CO2 that indicated the rapid penetration of water through the karstified system and low level contact between water and bedrock and finally exist of canalized system in the study area. Evaluation of the rate of isotopic characters in springs, such as tritium, Carbon-14 and CO2 pressure show the karstified character of the area. Furthermore, death time of the springs, their recession coefficients and dynamic storage volume (in the Parave-Bistoon springs), implies high levels of karst development in the area and denote to conduit and canalized feeding system of the springs.