رامین نبی زاده نودهی

Food and feed spoilage moulds cause great economic losses worldwide. Wheat is important cereal in Iran and very sensitive to mould contamination aflatoxigenic moulds. Ozone recognized as a strong disinfection substance since before 1997. It decomposes rapidly to molecular oxygen without leaving a residue. In order to study the effect of ozonated water on growth of Aspergillus parasiticus, wheat samples inoculated with spore suspension (10, 102,104spore/gr wheat) of Aspergillus parasiticus and incubated at 25-30◦Cfor 10 days. Contaminated samples incubated at <20, 25, 40◦C for 24h, after tempering with ozonated water to concentrations of 0, 1, 2, 2.5 mg ozone/l. For evaluate of ozone effectiveness on reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus, weighing of mould mycelium method was used after drying.Then fungal mycelia were weighted to evaluate the effect of ozone on Aspergillus parasiticus growth. Results indicated that ozonated water can reduce Aspergillus parasiticus growth and this the reduction can be increased due to increasing of ozone concentration. Tempering with ozonated water had significant effect on A. parasiticus growth (p < 0.001). Therefore, the ozonated water usage in wheat tempering can be caused reduction of Aspergillus parasiticus growth.

Background and Identification of risk in hospital waste management have a major role in reducing the cost of surplus and preventing the spread of diseases. In this quantitative analysis, we aimed at determining waste components, evaluating hospital waste management, and prioritizing the risks in Sari Fatemeh Zahra Hospital.
We performed a descriptive-cross-sectional study in 2015. Tchobanoglous method was used for quantitative-physical analysis of the waste. The individualized rapid assessment tool was applied to evaluate waste management. Preliminary Hazard Analysis and failure mode and effect analysis models were used to identify and prioritize the risks.
Total waste production, general waste, infectious wastes, and sharp objects were 1011.54, 600.45, 384.94, and 26.15 kg/day, respectively. Plastics, organic materials, and textiles constituted the highest amount of waste products. According to the individualized rapid assessment tool, the score obtained by the hospital was 82.15% indicating an excellent waste management. In preliminary hazard analysis, failure mode, and effect analysis models, 23 errors were observed, of which 9 had a priority number greater than 100.
The models studied showed that mixing the sharp waste material with other garbage, disposal of non-infectious and semi-household waste in infectious bins and vice versa are of high risk and need corrective measures.

Triclosan is one of the substances as anti-microbial that is used in many of these pharmaceutical products. This compound can affect human such as reduction of thyroid hormone levels, antibiotic resistant, and increasing skin cancer. This study evaluated the performance nanophotocatalysis process UV/Xe/TiO2-GO on triclosan removal from aqueous solutions.
Synthesis of TiO2@GO and its structure was analyzed by SEM, EDX and FTIR. The effects of pollutant concentration, catalyst dosage, and contact time on the removal of Triclosan were studied by DOE software according to response surface methodology. Analysis of variance test was considered for the influence of parameters. Optimum process condition was determined by desirability factor.
Optimum conditions regarding concentration of pollutant, contact time, and catalyst dosage were determined as 0.205 g/L, 14.898 min, and 0.487 mg/L, respectively. Maximum removal efficiency in optimum condition was 97.542 percent. The catalyst dosage was the most effective parameter in removal of Triclosan.
Using of TiO2@GO and xenon lamp had acceptable efficiency for the removal of Triclosan. The use of Xenon lamps alone was economically affordable.

The coastal area of ​​Ramsar in northern of Iran located in the province of Mazandaran has been known as the highest levels of natural radiation background in the world. The background radiation is mainly due to the presence of radioactive isotopes of the radium element and its decay products, which is brought to the surface by hot springs. In this study, the indoor gamma dose rate in Ramsar was directly measured and the public annual effective dose due to indoor gamma radiation was calculated. To measure the gamma dose rate, a portable gamma spectrometer with sodium iodide detector (Na I) was used. 100 houses are randomly selected and the measurements were carried out at one meter height above the ground surface in each place, which was mostly occupied by people in each house. The public annual effective dose due to indoor gamma exposure was calculated. The maximum, minimum, and average dose rates were 222 nSv h-1, 44 nSv h-1 and 94 nSv h-1, respectively. The highest, lowest, and average public annual effective dose of Ramsar residents due to indoor gamma exposure were 1.55, 0.31 and 0.66 mSv, respectively. The results of this study indicate that average of the public annual effective dose of Ramsar people due to indoor gamma exposure is equal to 0.66 mSv and it is approximately 1.6 times greater than the worldwide average exposure to indoor gamma radiation reported by the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (0.41 mSv). In addition, it is not significantly different from the other reported results (average of 0.7 mSv) for the homes in normal radiation background areas in Ramsar.

Environmental pollution due to dumping construction and demolition wastes has adverse effects on public health. This study aimed to select the best method for managing construction and demolition wastes disposal in Tehran by AHP.
This research was a descriptive study. The study population consisted of environmental health experts in the field of construction waste management. Initially, criteria and alternatives for construction waste management, recycling and reuse and landfilling were identified and classified. Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP), different outcomes were compared based on scoring by Expert Choice 11 software.
The results of this study showed that the discharge percentage in the permanent landfills was 68%, in temporary pits was 9% and in recovery centers was 23% in the last 6 years. The final priority of criteria with respect to the economical criterion was reuse (0.492), recycling (0.274) and landfilling (0.235), respectively. Also, according to the environmental criterion, the scores for reuse, recycling and landfilling were 0.492, 0.373 and 0.198 respectively. Based on social criterion the calculated scores were 0.5, 0.279 and 0.222 for landfilling, recycling and reuse, respectively.
In this study, the reuse option with the weight of 0.439 was the best disposal option; and the recycling option with the weight of 0.312 was the second priority. Landfilling showed the lowest score with the weight of 0.250.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a group of organic pollutants that are mostly generated during the incomplete combustion. The main objective of this study was to characterize potential sources of PAHs in Tehran.
Samples of PM10 were collected at 10 monitoring stations belonging to Tehran Air Quality Control Company (AQCC) and transferred to laboratory for analysis. Besides, a SKC Flite 2 Air Sampling Pump (SKC, USA) equipped with a sampling head and PM10 size-selective inlet was used at four stations to compare the results obtained by collecting AQCC monitors (AQCCMs) tapes with the standard sampling procedures for assessing the interchangeability of two field sampling methods. The principal component analysis (PCA) and diagnostic ratios were applied to identify emission sources and source contribution.
The average diagnostic ratios of phenanthrene (Phe)/ (Phe橻憭ꜞ (Ant)), benzo(a)anthracene (BaA)/ (BaA爚 (Chry)), fluorantene(Flu)/ (FluꜪ� (Py)), and indeno(1,2,3cd) pyrene (IcP)/(IcP淩(ghi)perylene (BghiP)) in samples were 0.79, 0.52, 0.43 and 0.38, respectively. These ratios showed that the combustion, especially fossil fuels and motor vehicles, was the main sources of PAHs emission in Tehran. The results of PCA analysis also indicated that 49, 29 and 22% of PAHs sources in Tehran atmosphere were attributed to gasoline-driven vehicles, diesel vehicles and other sources, respectively.
According to the results, the combustion, especially fossil fuel and motor vehicle, was the main sources of PAHs emission in Tehran.

Bottled water consumption is rapidly increasing in recent years for various reasons.The main aim of this study was to survey the geological origin of Iranian bottled water and determine compliance or lack of compliance with the experimental data obtained through sampling 71 brands of drinking bottled water and mineral water.
In this study the coordinates of access points as a georef of the chosen points were launched on the "Iran geological map" and "Iran mineral and warm water map." The compliance of laboratory data and water types with the geological data were evaluated and compared with the important ionic ratios of the extracted water through using awh software.
In examining 71 brands of the bottled water, 28% of the brands did not agree with the laboratory results, reflected by observing higher levels of bicarbonate in 50% of the bottled waters than those of the geological data.. Additionally, 70% of water types were calcic bicarbonate. In the bottled waters from North Alborz range with coastal Time deposits around the Caspian Sea, there was a source of brine or sea water that was about 55% of this amount.
Water pass through different geological structures and the dissolution phenomenon might be an important factor for the observed disagreement. Because chemical treatment and use of additives on mineral waters are not allowed it prompts further studies to determine the cause and origin of this issue through sampling from the factory and water source.

This study was performed due to increasing concern about intake of heavy metals by contaminated foods. Health effects due to dietary intake of heavy metals is well known. Metals can be entered into cheese at various stages of production. The aim of this study was to estimate weekly intake of heavy metals (i.e. lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, tin, zinc and nickel) through consumption of cheese in Iran to estimate proportion of metal intake through dietary pathway.
This descriptive study was performed on 54 cheese samples with high consumption which their producers were distributed across the country. Lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, tin, zinc and nickel in cheese samples were measured by ICP-OES and weekly intake of metals through consumption of cheese was estimated. Then the proportion was expressed as a percentage of provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI).
The highest metal concentration (µg/g wet weight) was determined for Zinc (5.10) and the lowest for cadmium (0.005). The highest Estimated Weekly Intake (EWI) was determined for Zn (464.1µg) and the lowest (0.45 µg) for cadmium. All estimates of the metals intake (through consumption of cheese), excluding nickel (1.19 %) was less than 1% of the maximum tolerable weekly intake.
The results show that cheese has no significant contribution to intake of the investigated heavy metals in Iran. It should be considered that cheese is not the only source for metal intakes and maximum residue level (MRL) for Pb in present study is greater than Codex limit of 0.02 mg/kg. Studing sources for lead contaminant in cheese is recommended to better understand, manage and prevent from further pollution.

Water corrosion and scaling are known as destructive phenomenon of drinking water quality and water facilities. In this study, the groundwater tendency to corrosion or scaling in source water, water storage reservoirs and distribution system were studied. Simultaneous use of some qualitative and a quantitative index along with statistical analyses to assess the water scaling or corrosion tendency were investigated.
The data analysis of groundwater, water storage reservoirs and water distribution system in rural area of Kurdistan province were analyzed and the amount of Langelier (LI), Ryznar (RY), Pockorius (PSI) and Larson–Skold (LS) and CCPP indices were determined. Corrosion and scaling threshold for qualitative indices were determined based on CCPP index. The mean of indices was compared with the thresholds using independent t-test. ANOVA was used to assess the difference between the indices in different sources of water.
The balance range for LI, RY and PSI found to be -0.1-0.05, 7-9 and 7.1-8.5. The mean CCPP for groundwater, reservoirs and networks were 9.27 ± 1.29, 9.13 ± 1.25, 11.25 ± 1.23, respectively. All three sources of water have some tendencies toward scaling; however, a significant balance status was confirmed statistically. According to Larson–Skold index, sulfate and chloride anions did not play a role in scaling process.
The use of qualitative indices with CCPP index can provide more accurate estimation of water tendency toward scaling or corrosion. The assessment of qualitative indices along with CCPP is recommended in drinking water corrosion monitoring studies.

Background and Petrochemical industries and refineries are regarded as important emission sources of inorganic and organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to survey TVOCs and BTEX in the air of South Pars Special Economic Energy Zone in 2014.
In a cross-sectional study sampling and analysis was done by NIOSH 1501 method. The study was carried out in 336 activated carbon tubes and personal sampling pump in 6 sampling stations during one year. The compounds were extracted by solvent carbon disulfide and analyzed using Gas Chromatography- Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID). Data analysis was performed in SPSS Ver.18 applying Kruskal-Wallis, Fligner test and ANOVA.
The mean concentrations of TVOCs and TBTEX were 229.34 and 31.23 µg/m3 in cold season and 212.19 and 29.89 µg/m3 in warm season, respectively. The mean concentrations of Benzene in all stations were 11.72 µg/m3 which were higher than the threshold levels recommended by Iranian Clean Air Act and US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The ANOVA results showed a significant difference between the concentration of pollutants and hour, month and sampling stations (P0.05).
The concentrations of measured pollutants in cold season were higher than those in warm season. High concentrations of Benzene in cold and warm seasons were used to identify areas of high exposure risk.

Parallel to the growth of Population and increasing healthcare needs, the production of medical wastes is constantly increasing. Owing to the poor healthcare waste management, this study surveys the state of waste management in Shariati Hospital of Tehran using IRAT in 2015 as part of WHO's strategy. Matrial&This descriptive study recorded 70 questions asked from environmental health and waste authorities after inspection the implementation waste management law using the IRAT tool. The waste products for sectors were weighed for one month. The average weighing was 1911.68 kg waste production, which included 1.910.314 of infectious waste rate, 2.110.254 of domestic, 0.10.027 of Chemical/Pharmaceutical and 0.080.032 kg/b/d of sharp particles. According to the results, 18% of the bags and safety boxes with the capacity of more than 3/4 were collected with only 34 parts (72%) regular label waste bags. In addition, the hospital manager did not anticipate a specific budget to cover the costs of waste management. According to the IRAT analysis, the final score for the hospital was poor i.e. 50.71% which included 75.9% for separation, 78.9% for collection, 77.8% for transmission and storage and 81.7% for the treatment and disposal. The infectious waste rate, that is 47.27%, seems more than that recommended by WHO. So it is necessary to have more educational programs in the field of waste separation for reducing the source of infections and hazardous wastes. Legal measures should be done to make the authorities of health centers implement the waste management rules.

Objective and Fluoride is an element widely found in the earth crust. Advantages and disadvantages of fluoride in the human body are depended on its concentration. Long-term consumption of drinking water contaminated with arsenic can cause adverse health effects such as skin lesions and cancer in humans. The aim of this study was to study efficiency of nano alumina on multi walled carbon nano tube for removal As(V) and fluoride from aqueous solution. In this study, nano-scale crystalline alumina was synthesized on single walled carbon nanotube by sol-gel method for using as a sorbent for solid phase extraction of Fluorine ion and arsenic(V). Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the response function and prediction of the best response value. In this study, effect of different parameters, such as contact time (10 to 120 min), pH (3-9), adsorbent dosage (0.25-1.5 g/L) and initial concentration of fluoride (2-8 mg/L) on efficiency of process was investigated. The structure of nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nano tube was determined by XRD and SEM techniques. Moreover, Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models were used to calculate equilibrium constant. It was found that by increasing contact time and adsorbent dosage the rate of fluoride removal increased. However, by increasing pH and initial concentration the efficiency of fluoride removal decreased. High value for R2 (0.94) shows that removal of arsenic(V) can be described by this model. The Freundlich isotherm was the best fitted graph for experimental data with R2 more than 0.997. In this study, it was observed that efficiency of arsenic(V) and fluoride removal was greatly increased by using nano-scale alumina on multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).

Air Quality Index (AQI) quantifies the relationship between air quality and the level of health. The value of AQI may be predicted using neural network model for a day in advance, based on the meteorological variables and autocorrelation behavior of the index in Kermanshah, a city in western Iran. Data for air pollution and meteorological variables, collected during three years, were lagged for two proceeding days. The AQI for a next day was considered as dependent variable and other were used as predictors. The performance of model was assessed with correlation coefficient (r). The most important variables to predict the AQI were identified using sensitivity analysis. The r coefficient for the training, validation and testing the model was 0.75. Among the meteorological variables, the horizontal view and precipitation had a greater impact on the AQI. One day proceeding precipitation can significantly reduce the amount of AQI for the next day. An inverse relationship was found between AQI and horizontal view. The proposed model can be used to predict the Kermanshah’s AQI index. Regarding to the issue of air pollution in this city, especially fine particulate pollutions if such a model is used dynamically to predict the AQI, it can be useful tools for the declaration of an air pollution alert. The preparation of an online model-based system for the prediction of AQI index for Kermanshah city is suggested to be conducted in future studies.

Ag nanoparticles is an effective option for water and wastewater disinfection due to their high antimicrobial properties. Application of AgNPs was limited because of difficulties associated with their separation from aqueous environments. In this study، AgNPs were coated on Fe3O4 nano particles to achieve magnetic separation of AgNPs from solution after disinfection process. In this study composites of magnetic silver nanocomposites and the one modified with carbon layer have been synthesized and their disinfection potentials on FC were tested through direct fermentation tube method. Efficiencies of two disinfectants were compared using nonparametric Wilcoxon test. Effects of disinfectants concentrations (0-60 mg/L)، initial MPN of bacteria (101-105 MPN/100mL)، and contact times (0-60 min)، as well as the reusability of disinfectant (1-7 rounds) were studied. Efficiency of Fe3O4@C@Ag nanoparticles significantly differed from Fe3O4@Ag (p<0. 05) based on Wilcoxon test result. The standard discharge conditions were achieved at 40 mg/L of Fe3O4@C@Ag after 30 minutes contact time. Reuse of Fe3O4@C@Ag showed that this disinfectant can be reused 7 rounds without significant decrease in their efficiency. The effluent analysis revealed that at different pH levels silver ion concentrations in effluent were lower than the standard level; even after 24 hours. Nanocomposite of Fe3O4@C@Ag has greate potential to be used in urban wastewater treatment due to high disinfection efficiency، reusability، production of no hazardious byproduct.

The aim of the study was to compare the effect of vapor and nanosil on microbial contamination of traditional ice cream equipments. In this study, microbial load of equipments has been measured at first. Then, vapor and nanosil has been contacted with internal surfaces of the equipments for 5, 15 and 30 minutes. After each disinfection action, samples has been taken and cultured in controlled condition. The results have been entered into SPSS software and using two-way annova and Tukey statistical analysis. Finally, the effects of two disinfectants on microbial contamination removal have been compared. In this study, vapor resulted in the highest removal rate of total microbial load including: Coliforms and E.coli at lowest contact time (5 minutes). Also, the results showed that the removal rate of microbial load increase with the increase of contact time with nanosil (2 and 6%). Statistical analysis showed that there are significant differences between removal rate at 5 and 15 minutes (P≤0.01) and at 5 and 30 minutes (P≤0.006). There are no significant difference between 15 and 30 minutes (P≤0.21) with nanosil 2 and 6%. Both disinfectants have have excellent ability to remove total microbial load microbial load, moreover vapor needs lesser time for removal than nanosil (2 and 6%).

In recent years, consumption of bottled water has increased in many countries, including Iran. Bottled waters sometimes can be contaminated by chemical agents such as nitrate which cause healthy effects on consumers. So, quality monitoring of such waters has great importance. The aim of this study was evaluation of nitrate concentration in existing bottled waters in Iran.
This descriptive cross- sectional study was performed to determine nitrate in Iranian bottled water in 2014. 71 water sample brands were collected from different geographical regions and were examined by Ion chromatography (IC).
Obtained results showed that nitrate concentration in all examined water samples ranged from 0.15 to 50.1 mg/L and average of nitrate concentration was 10.55±9.9 mg/L. Also, in most brands, results of examination concentration were higher than concentration of nitrate on labels.
In all exanimated brands, nitrate concentrations were incompliance with WHOand Iranian standards. 70 brands were lower than USEPA, FDA, and IBWA standards.

consumption of mineral waters in the world has increased in recent years, and also concerns of consumers about its contamination are growing. Thereby, implementation of such a protective system as HACCP can prevent contamination of waters by different agents. This research aimed to develop an HACCP-Plan standard for mineral waters manufacturing factories in Iran.
In current study, like production lines, polyethylene terephthalate (PET) containers packaging, warehouses and laboratories sections of factories were observed from view of production and quality control. To monitor, control and restrict the hazards, seven principles of HACCP were considered. In continue applicable solutions were presented inclusive and practically for all factories. Required information were verified and presented through investigation of national and international standards.
The results shown that lack of sanitizing mineral water supplies and factories environment, incomplete water treatment, non-standard production of PET bottles, improper storage of raw materials and final product, and lack of inspection of equipment led to the increasing health hazards of the product and endanger the consumers health.
In order to produce safe mineral water, it is necessary to sanitize the water supplies and factory environment. In addition, the process of water treatment and the production of PET bottles must be according to national and international standards. As the implementation of the HACCP system in various mineral water producing factories is not same, application of developed system in this research will be effective to standardize the implementation of this system in plants.

Water resources are affected by different pollutants because of population growth، increasing water demand، and development of industries. A group of these pollutants are petroleum compounds which contain hazardous compounds such as BTEX. These compounds may cause undesirable health effects. In this study، activated carbon along with ozonation process was used for petroleum hydrocarbon removal from water samples. Samples were taken from groundwater resources located around Tehran Petroleum Refinery Plant. Activated carbon dosages were equal to 0. 5، 3، and 5. 5 g/l، and ozone flow was 2. 5 l/min. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken was used to assess the effect of independent variables on the response function and prediction of the best response value. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was applied for statistical analysis of the responses. High value for R2 (0. 98) shows that removal of COD can be described by this model. Although the value of R2 adjusted (0. 96) was less than R2، however، it can be concluded that the model has fit the experimental data favorably. Use of an oxidant together with activated carbon can increases removal efficiency for organic compounds. In this study it was observed that efficiency of petroleum compounds'' removal was greatly increased by addition of activated carbon as a catalyst with ozonation process.

Irrigation of agricultural crops using wastewater will increase، in some cases، their growth by 40 to 60 percent. However، this has a high risks for human health because of the presence of higher number of pathogenic organisms. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility use of Fenton and modified Fenton with copper for the disinfection of raw wastewater.

After primarily laboratory physicochemical and biological analysis، the disinfection process was performed in three different phases in each process. First، the disinfectants were injected separately، then we performed disinfection using Fe++ and cu++ ions combined with hydrogen peroxide in order to determine synergistic effect of each catalyst. Direct method was used for fecal coliforms counting.

Hydrogen peroxide maximum efficiency for inactivation of fecal coliforms was only 0. 66log inactivation. Fenton and modified Fenton with copper ions showed a remarkable effect on the bacterial inactivation so that Fenton and modified Fenton with 1 and 2 mg/l of Cu++ inactivated coliforms by 4. 73، 3. 28، and 4. 88 log respectively.

Application of HP alone for the disinfection of raw wastewater is not practicable due to low observed efficiency. However، its combination with ions such as Fe++ and Cu++ increases HP performance in disinfection and has a notable synergistic effect on HP disinfection power، where، in the presence of each catalyst، hydrogen peroxide can reduce the fecal coliforms of raw wastewater to meet the Iranian Environmental Protection Agency Standards.

Nosocomial infection is the cause of deaths، morbidity، higher costs and increased length of stay in hospitals. Correct and appropriate use of antiseptic and disinfectants play an important role in reducing infections. In this study the efficacy of antiseptics on bacteria causing hospital infections has been studied. This study was conducted in the laboratory of Imam Khomeini Hospital of Uremia. In this study the Antimicrobial activity of Descocid، Korsolex basic، Mikrobac forte and persidin 1% was studied against bacteria causing hospital infections such as Enterobacter aeruginosa 1221 (NCTC 10006)، Staphylococcus epidermidis (PTCC: 1435 (Cip81. 55) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strain PAO1. Sensitivities of bacteria were determined by Minimum inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal Concentration (MBC) antiseptics. In the second stage، the concentration of antiseptics was prepared according to the manufacturer''s suggested protocol and the effect of antimicrobial agents were studied at the certain concentration and contact time. All disinfectants (Descocid، Korsolex basic، Mikrobac forte) concentration and contact time، Accordance with the manufacturer''s brochure، had inhibitory effect on all bacteria. That this is consistent with the manufacturer''s brochure. Persidin one percent in concentration of from 2 and 4 V/V % and exposure time 5 minutes could not inhibit the growth of bacterial. But at concentrations of 10 and 20% respectively 15 and 30 minutes exposure time، all three types of bacteria can be inhibited، which is consistent with the manufacturer''s claims. In this study، the efficacy of antiseptics was determined with the Micro-dilution method recommended by the NCCLS. Korsolex basic، weakest antiseptics (the highest MIC) for the inhibition of three bacteria was determined. But Between all four antiseptics (according to manufacturer concentration)، Only one percent Percidine 2 and 4 V/V % in consumer dilution and 5 minutes exposure time failed to inhibit the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa، Staphylococcus epidermidis and Enterobacter aeruginosa.

Backgrounds and Surfactants are one of the largest pollutants which exist in urban and industrial wastewaters. Large quantities of surfactants have entered to the environment since last decade due to increased use of synthetic detergent in industrial and home consumptions.In this study, the efficiency of UV/H2O2 process in removal of linear alkylbenzane sulfonate (LAS) from aqueous solutions was investigated. In this study methylene blue active substane(MBAS)method and spectrometery were used to determine anion and residual surfactant respectively. In this study important variables were H2O2 concentration, initial concentration of surfactant, pH and duration of UV radiation. The effect of UV/H2O2 process on the degradation of LAS was analyzed statistically by using Multiple Linear Regression test. The resulted showed that after 20 minute, ultraviolet radiation solely removed 38.44 percent of Anionic detergent, Hydrogen peroxide showed no significant removal of detergent solution in the time course study. The efficiency of UV/H2O2 process in 10, 20 and 30 minute were to 86.2, 90 and 96.5 %, respectively. The results showed that the efficiency of ultraviolet radiation and hydrogen peroxide process in anionic detergent was not significant thoogh it was considerable in combination process (UV/H2O2)

This study was conducted to determine the efficiency of the up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) process in treating the leachate from the municipal solid waste (MSW) in the city of Ahvaz, Iran, under tropical conditions. A pilot scale UASB reactor with a total volume of 30 L was seeded with anaerobic sludge from the sugarcane plant to which diluted municipal leachate was introduced as influent feed. The organic loading rate (OLR) of the reactor was increased from 0.58 to 15 g COD/L.d over a period of 230 days. A maximum COD removal efficiency of 87% was obtained for an organic loading rate of 12 g COD/L.d. The temperature of the reactor was maintained in the range 34-39 ºC during the study period. The maximum reactor temperature (39 ºC) highest reactor temperature (37-39 ºC). The results reveal that the UASB reactor is a feasible one for treating reached was due to the effect of ambient temperature. The highest COD removal efficiency was obtained at the MSW leachates as witnessed by its successful operation in the hot climate of Ahvaz (with an average temperature of 40 ºC over about 7-8 months of the year) and by its potential for receiving and treating high organic loading rates with a high COD removal efficiency (87%). However, an aerobic system must be used after the UASB reactor for the effluent to meet the standards defined for the proposed disposal method.

Backgrounds and in recent years, mobile bed biological reactors have been used progressively for municipal and industrial wastewaters treatment. Dissented experiment is a trial that significant changes will accrue for influent variables in the process, and generally used for identification of the effective factors and optimization of the process. The scope of this study was determination of the optimized conditions for the MBBR process by using of Taguchi method. Reactor start up was done by using of the recycled activated sludge from Ahwaz wastewater treatment plant. After that and passing the acclimation period, with hydraulic residence time equal to 9 hours matched for 1000, 2000 and 3000 mg/l based on COD respectively, for optimization determination of the acclimated microbial growth, the variables change (pH, nitrogen source, chemical oxygen demand and salinity) were determined in 9 steps, and all of the results were analyzed by Qualitek -4 (w32b).In this study, organic load removal based on COD was 97% and best optimized condition for MBBR were (inf. COD=1000 mg/l, pH= 8, salinity = 5% and the Nitrogen source= NH4CL) Based on our finding, we may conclude that Taguchi method is on of the appropriate procedure in determination the optimized condition for increasing removal efficiency of MBBR.

The Razi Petrochemical Complex is one of the greatest factories producing nitrogen and phosphate fertilizers and various other chemicals. The site, comprising 17 production units with a total surface area of around 100 hectares, is located on the outskirts of Imam Khomeini port. The ammonia (1) section of the plant, with its production capacity of 1000 tons/year, was selected as the setting for this research on the feasibility of waste minimization programs. This study was conducted form October 2003 to May 2005, and it involved more than 20 visits to the site to gather data. We covered areas such as quality and quantity of liquid waste, reasons for waste generation and the production period. We also studied the current system of waste management. The materials were subsequently classified according to method proposed by the United Nations. Finally, strategies were proposed to minimize waste production. Results showed that the unit produced 305509.38 cubic meters of liquid waste annually, and water used for cooling accounted for 62.35% of the total volume. The main reasons for the production of liquid waste were problems with the production. Over 95% of the waste was produced on a permanent basis. After classification, it emerged that 18.02% of the material was dangerous. Currently, 85.65% of the liquid waste in this factory is disposed of in the surrounding environment, and 14.35% is recycled. The proposed strategies for minimizing the liquid waste production materials in the factory are: recycling and re-use (95%), production process modifications (4.79%), and volume reduction (0.01%). With the use of waste minimization methods, we can avoid the dumping of huge amounts of waste into the environment, reduce the loss of raw material, and make out a strong case for the efficiency of waste minimization efforts.