رضا افشاری

The purpose of this research was the investigation of sanding sequence and coating thickness effect on adhesion strength of coating in two species: beech and elm. For this purpose, beech and elm veneers with 0.6 mm thickness were laminated on MDF with 16 mm thickness by UF and hot press. The surface of the laminated panels was sanded by two different sequences; the soft (180-280 grits) and rough (150-180 grits) one. Before the coating application, the surface was sanded with 400 grits. Then they were coated with polyurethane in two forms of one and two-layered coating. After that, the adhesion strength test was done on specimens according to ASTM D4541. To have a more precise investigation of the interphase region of coating-veneer, photomicrographs were captured by fluorescent microscopy to analyze and calculate the effective penetration parameter of the coating into the wood texture. The results showed that two species respond to sanding sequences differently and a thicker coating layer increased the adhesion strength. Beech as a diffuse-porous wood had the finer texture and higher density compared with elm. Therefore, the adhesion strength of the beech veneer was declined by 13.8 % and reaches 2.59 MPa due to the use of a rough sanding sequence. However, these sequences caused the opposite result in elm veneer and led to a 25.7 % adhesion improvement (3.23 MPa). The study on microphotographs and the effective penetration parameter stated that an even thickness of the coating layer and effective penetration reduction has been possible when the rough sequence and soft one are applied on elm and beech, respectively.

Considering to drought stress importance as most important limiting factor in rice production in world, identification of tolerant genotypes to drought can be a valuable approach to deal with the drought stress. In the present experiment plant materials contains 53 rice genotypes including 31 aerobic and 22 lowland (landrace) rice that were grown in two conditions under drought stress and normal as randomized complete block design with three replications in Sangar Rasht, Iran. The 18 plant characteristics including morphological traits, yield and yield components were measured. The results of ANOVA revealed for all traits differences among genotypes were significant at 0.01 probability level that showing high level diversity and different reaction of varieties among genotypes under two conditions. The cluster analysis assigned all genotypes in three groups in each condition. In normal condition second group with 21 memberships including 14 aerobic genotypes and 7 lowland genotypes gained average of yield traits such as grain yield, weight of total plant panicle, weight of main stem panicle, number of total grain, number of filled grains higher than other genotypes. Under drought stress condition the most desirable genotypes belonged to the second group. This group contains 19 aerobic genotypes and 4 lowland genotypes in term of traits related to yield including weight of total plant panicle, weight of main stem panicle, grain yield, dry weight of plant, 1000 grain weight, number of total grain and number of filled were better than other genotypes. Totally 11 aerobic genotypes and 2 lowland genotypes (Dorfak and Gohar) were in better group in term of grain yield and yield components.

In the present experiment in order to identify tolerant rice genotypes to drought stress using tolerance indices, 53 rice genotypes including 31 aerobic rice and 22 lowland rice evaluated under normal and drought stress conditions by withholding water since 30 days after transplanting of the maximum tillering stage of rice until the end of growth period on cropping seasons of 2014 in the Sangar section of Rasht. The results revealed four indices; mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), stress tolerance index (STI) and yield index (YI) have the highest correlation with grain yield under normal (YP) and drought (YS) stress conditions. Grouping of genotypes using cluster analysis divided all of genotypes to three groups including tolerant, semi tolerant and sensitive. The seven genotypes contain genotypes IR81024-B-254-1-B, IR82590-B-B-32-2, IR82635-B-B-82-2, IR82639-B-B-140-1 and Panda and two lowland varieties Dorfak and Sadri assigned to tolerant group. Out of these seven genotypes, the minimum of yield loss were for IR82590-B-B-32-2, Panda and IR81024-B-254-1-B with 1.28, 4.28 and 4.86 percent yield loss.The principle component analysis on the indices showed two first components explained 58 and 40 percent (totally 98 percent) of all variation. The biplot derived from graphical analysis in addition to confirmation of cluster analysis results showed the GMP, MP, YI and STI are the best indices in detecting of tolerant genotypes. Also the best genotypes under normal condition were included Dorfak, IR82639-B-B-140-1, IR82635-B-B-82-2 and IR82590-B-B-32-2 and under drought stress genotypes of IR82590-B-B-32-2, Panda, IR81024-B-254-1-B and Dorfak identified as the best genotypes.

Most physicians sacrifice their lives to save distressed patients, and on the other hand, people tell doctors their most confidential affairs. Today, despite the efforts of doctors to provide patients with services, unfortunately, the number of plaintiffs is increasing on a daily basis. Complaints against the medical community regarding violations or claims are filed by patients, the Food and Drug Administration, the university, the court, or the Medical Council itself in the Disciplinary Court of the Medical Council. The present study aims to investigate the number of complaints referred to the Primary Board of Disciplinary Court of Mashhad Medical Council during 2011 to 2015 in various medical disciplines and affiliated professions as well as the votes issued by this board.
This retrospective analytical-descriptive study was conducted in 2017 and on complaints filed against medical services referred to the Primary Board of Disciplinary Court of Mashhad Medical Council from the beginning of 2011 to the end of 2015. The data included the number of complaints in various medical disciplines and related professions as well as the votes issued in the Primary Board of Disciplinary Court of Mashhad Medical Council. The statistics related to the number of employees in each discipline (general medicine, dentistry, surgery, orthopedics and obstetrics and gynecology) were also extracted from the statistics department of Mashhad Medical Council by year (2011-2015). This list was based on records of the individuals who were referred to Mashhad Medical Council for issue or renewal of the case. The data collected in the Microsoft Excel 2010 software were analyzed.
During 2011 to 2015, 1294 cases were referred to the Primary Board of Disciplinary Court of Mashhad Medical Council. The highest number of complaints was from general medicine (176 cases), obstetrics and gynecology (175 cases), dentistry (124 cases), surgery (122 complaints) and orthopedics (120 cases). Also, the lowest number of complaints related to pharmaceutical disciplines (8 complaints), psychiatry (9 cases), pathology (9 complaints) and radiology (10 cases). In all studied years, the highest ratio of complaints to the number of practitioners was in orthopedics and the lowest proportion was in general medicine.
Physician's knowledge of medical rules and observance of governmental systems, observance of medical ethics, physician’s necessary skills and adequate experience as well as lack of use of methods that have not been taken in training courses can be effective in decreasing the malpractice rate.

Suicide is one of the public health challenges. It involves the individual, family, and even society. Epidemiological study of suicide is one of the most important measures in primary prevention and integration program for suicide in primary health care system. This study evaluated cases who attempted suicide in Khorasan Razavi Province in 2014-2015.
This cross-sectional study was performed on individuals who were visited at health care centers of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences from August 2014 to July 2015. Seventeen trained interviewers from 14 countries and three major referral centers collected demographic data, time, reason, and method of suicide. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney test. P-value Totally, 893 individuals were evaluated which was equals to an annual incidence rate of 21.2 per 100000. Seventy-six percent (675) were female and 57% (496) were in the age group 15-24 years. In both genders, married individuals (61%, 543), high school degree (63%, 548) and a monthly income below 160$ were dominant (80%, 438). The most frequent reason and method for committing suicide was family dispute (47%, 380) and drug poisoning (81%, 632), respectively.
Suicide is mostly being dealt with caution. However, the very first step is to know the current situation completely, so epidemiological studies can elucidate different dimensions of this public health problem.

Continuing education is an effective learning method, and continuing education of the medical community is a key element in increasing the knowledge, skills, quality and effectiveness of the healthcare system and promoting professional competence. The learning resources at each level of education are reduced and forgotten over time. As technology progresses, a new volume of information is also added to different sciences each day. Therefore, given the challenges faced by participants in attendance education, non-attendance education is unavoidable. Regarding the importance of re-education of medical community groups and the importance of non-attendance courses, the aim of this study was to review the three-year non-attendance re-education program presented by the Medical Re-Education Council of Mashhad (2014-2016).
This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out on non-attendance re-education programs presented by Mashhad Medical Council during 2014-2016. The collected data included the proposed programs, year of holding, target groups and participants. In this study, the number of participants in each program was reviewed in different years. The current study data were analyzed in Excel 2013 software.
Most of the re-education programs developed and presented in 2016 were six non-attendance re-education programs, and the lowest of these programs were two non-attendance re-education programs in 2014. A total of 13218 people participated in non-attendance re-education programs during the years 2014-2016. The highest number of participants was in 2016 (9247 people) and the lowest was in 2014 (194 people). Most participants in non-attendance re-education programs were in general medical education (34.5%), pharmacy (25.8%) and general dentistry (21%), and fewer participants were in radiotherapy (0.04%), endocrine glands and metabolism (0.04%), emergency medicine (0.05%) and nuclear medicine (0.07%). Applicants of re-education programs participated mostly in biotechnology programs (45.4%), biological products (40.3%), and familiarity with diabetes and treatment (8.5%).
Organizational support in order to increase access to information and communication is a necessity—continuous education is one of such factors. Other topics such as health management, drug interactions and their side effects, ethics and addiction should be included in re-education programs. In addition to conventional methods, the use of new technologies and social media is essential in order to improve re-education methods—such as e-learning and the use of smart devices.

In this article, the effects of helicopter main rotor blade tip geometric shapes on the aerodynamic of hover flight are analyzed. Aerodynamic coefficients, vortical flows and vortex wakes are discussed. Fluent software with implicit finite volume method has been used for numerical simulation process. The grids are structured. Experimental results of the Caradonna and Tung have been used for aerodynamic validations. In this investigation, the flow has been considered turbulent, compressible, and viscous. The results of several RANS models for a specific rotor have been compared together and finally the standard k-ε turbulent model has been selected. The Roe method with second order scheme was selected. Thirteen different geometrical shapes on the tip of the blades have been presented and the results of the models have been compared together. These studies show that the blades of BERP IV, Blue edge, Actual, Bell-214 and BERP III produce maximum thrust and MIL-17, Sikorsky RH-53D, Tapered, Bell-412, Sikorsky SH-3D and Comanche RAH-66 produce minimum torque and also the blades of BERP III and IV, Ogee and Bell-214 produce maximum torque.

Pharmaceutical and chemical poisoning, is a medical emergency and an important cause of mortality. So, we decided to evaluate the epidemiology and geographical distribution of poisoned patients hospitalized in the emergency ward of Imam Reza Hospital in Mashhad.
In this cross sectional study, in 1392 the data of 5064 patients hospitalized in the emergency ward of Mashhad Imam Reza Hospital Mashhad had their permanent resident of Mashhad on the basis of information contained in their records was used. Descriptive statistics were performed through spss16 software and the maps were prepared using the software Arc GIS10.2.
A total of 5064 were, 2635 patients (52%) males and the rest females. The mean ageof those who were hospitalized was 14.6 ± 27.3 years, most of the cases were in the age groups 20 to 29 years (41.4%). The most common causes of poisoning were drugs (64.6%) and narcotics(22.9%). The highest frequency of poisoning was in areas covered by health centers 1 and 3 with 31.5% and 34.1%, respectively and in areas covered by the Samen health center had the lowest prevalence (4%).
The highest relative abundance of poisoning relative to the general population (prevalence) was observed in the Samen region.

Iranian healthcare reform plan was devised to improve and expand health care services to Iranian nation and has been implemented since May 2014.
This qualitative-descriptive study was conducted during May to September 2015 by performing a survey among medical and administrative staff in two governmental-university hospitals in city of Mashhad. In addition to demographic features and employment status of the participants, the survey questionnaire contained two open-questions asking respondents to express their opinion about the advantages and disadvantages of the reform plan. Respondents could provide only 3 entries in answer to each question.
One-hundred and nine respondents participated in this survey. Mean age of the respondents was 31.7±8.3 years, and most of them were men (61.5%). In terms of working position, the majority of participants were physicians (50.4%). The most frequent advantages expressed by the participants were: "maintaining social justice, increase in insurance coverage and reduction of health costs for patients" (59.6%), "increase in patients’ satisfaction of health care services" (27.5%), "increase in revenue received by employed physicians and hospital staff" (24.8%). The most common disadvantages in respondents’ viewpoint were: "increase in the number of patients / crowded hospitals" (59.6%), "great gap between the number of patients and the number of medical personnel, thus increasing the workload of medical staff" (49.5%) and "inadequate infrastructure prior to the implementation of the plan and thus disproportionate facilities for patients after starting the plan"(31.2%).
It is indeed evident that the Iranian healthcare reform plan has lead to great achievements; nonetheless, resolving the problems expressed by the staff of governmental hospitals will increase the utility and efficiency of the plan and will result in bilateral satisfaction between staff and patients.

Extensive oral and dental problem in narcotic drug abusers can lead to isolation and unsuccessful addiction treatment. The aim of this study was to assess dental needs in narcotic drug abuse population in the addiction treatment centers or Drug damages reduction centers. This ecological، descriptive and cross-sectional study has been done in 4 addiction treatment centers located in different parts of ….. andselected by random cluster sampling method. A total of 200 samples were examined in this study. Statistical analyses were performed using the SPSS 11. 5 software package and Pearson test. The subjects were 197 men and 3 women. The longest elapsed time from the onset of addiction until referring to addiction treatment center، were between 21 and 25 years and the most common were between 6 to 10 years. Xerostomia was diagnosed in 75% of patients and 98. 5% of patients required restorative treatment. The most common range of DMFT was 16-20 (relative frequency: 34. 5%). There was a statistically significant correlation between DMFT and the duration of addiction (P<0. 001). Oral and dental health indicators of addicted persons were significantly low and wide، therefore there is a need to plan dental treatment for individuals participating in drug abuse treatment.

The rich Persian literature is the reflection of thoughts, customs, traditions, culture, anthropology and natural science in Iran. Poets and writers of this country, respected as intellectuals and philosophers, had the knowledge of different aspects of science such as astronomy, medicine, botany, etc. which has been portrayed in their writings and masterpieces. The available medical texts mainly include classic medical sources that are developed during the rapid expansion of science in the past three centuries in the West. Recently, interest in scientific resources of traditional medicine has dramatically increased in Iran. In addition to the traditional books in medicine, Persian literature also contain a treasure trove of medical sciences, which at the specialized level may represent the unexplored parts of traditional Persian medicine; and moreover, the panoramic mirror of medical and “health literacy” of their own time. In this paper, the artistic use of literature for public health educationby Khaghani–Shervani, who was the greatest Iranian poet familiar with medicine, was investigated. Because of application of his deep medical knowledge in the poems, Khaghani’s poetry was difficult to understand by lay people. It is hoped that by the attention of Iranian experts and physicians, the icons of Persian medical history become more introduced to the next generation of medical community, so that it will be possible to strengthen the philosophy of being a physician and expand the link between medical sciences and general public to augment health literacy.

Physicians working in governmental institutions play an important role in providing affordable and efficient healthcare in the health system of Iran. In this study, knowledge, attitude and practice of government-related physician toward their respective organizations is evaluated. In this cross - sectional study in 2014, a categorized questionnaire containing questions in three areas of (1) "knowledge" about the rules and regulations of the organization, (2) "attitude" toward the working atmosphere of the organization, colleagues and higher rate managers and (3) level of "practice" in defined duties was given to physicians working in organizations and government related hospitals in the city of Mashhad. In this study that was performed on 120 physicians working in subsets of 3 government organizations, 74 subjects responded to the questionnaire (response rate: 61.6%) which 45 of them were men (60.8%). The mean age of respondents was 45.4 ± 6.1 years and their mean working history was 15.9 ± 5.7 years. The highest level of knowledge was found in the "five main objectives of the organization" (54.2%). The highest positive attitude of respondents was to a question about "being effective in their respective institution" (75.6%). The respondents mentioned their best practice in dealing with superiors, colleagues and clients (94.6%). Comparing the responses of men and women, more men than women were informed about the rules of promotion in the organization (P = 0.04). On the other hand, more women than men believed that the organization has responded positively to their efforts and creativity (P = 0.001). Physicians who had administrative history were significantly more aware of the details of promotion rules in their organization (P = 0.026) and know the 5 main objectives of the organization (P = 0.019) compared to those who did not have such history. It seems necessary that at the beginning of the employment of physicians in the government related organizations, their positive attitude toward the organization should also be considered and their knowledge about their duties and objectives of the organization should be increased by group brainstorming sessions and training classes.

Iran has one of the highest rates of narcotic consumption in the world. This study aimed to evaluate demographical and epidemiological factors related to addiction in Sarakhs County. In particular, this study seeks the potential differences with the overall pattern in Iran. A retrospective study based on documents of patients in rehabilitation clinic in Sarakhs County was designed. Data have been extracted as a regular systematic sampling of 219 cases in 2010. Mean Age (SD) of patients was 34(9) years; onset age was 23(8) with a mode of 17 years. Most last consumed substances were diamorphine (heroin), raw opium and sap respectively. 13% of patients were female. While just 26% of men disclosed a positive family history of addiction; this rate was 55% for female subjects. we found that in this population, females were considerably more prone to addiction in regard to the other of country. Familial history and divorce rate were also more common in female.

Maintenance treatments have been used extensively for opioid addicts in Iran. Generally all health related processes should be assessed and monitored for possible defects and to provide recommendations for improving the implementation of the executive-scientific process. In this regard, in this study the executive problems of methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) clinics in Mashhad were investigated. In this descriptive study, 35 out of 500 MMT clinics in Mashhad have been selected by easy random sampling. Interview with technical officers and supervisors of the clinics was done in winter 2014. Problems raised by the technical officers and supervisors were classified and analyzed. The problems posed by technical officers were classified to 5 general categories. Most important and frequent problems included supply of methadone in the illegal market (31.4%), change of type and quality of methadone (25.7%), lack of patients’ adherence to MMT (25.7%), lack of compliance to psychologic therapy (17.1%) and increasing number of clinics and maldistribution of them in the city (17.1%). In addition, supervisory authorities stressed on problems including absence of technical officers in some MMT centers and some clinics run by unqualified persons. The association between the presence of methadone in the illegal market, economic problems and lack of motivation with lack of compliance to and discontinuation of MMT was obvious in this study. Two problems including the presence of methadone in the illegal market and the need for rigorous supervision on MMT clinics with regards to remarkable increase in their number were raised by both technical and supervisory authorities.

In this experiment، fermentation parameters of a TMR ration determined with different levels of phosalone as an organophosphate pesticide (0، 100، 250، 500، 750 and 1000 ppm) and bentonite (0، 1 and 2 %DM of TMR) using in vitro batch culture and gas production techniques. The results from gas production showed that cumulative gas production for 96h after incubation significantly decreased with increasing the levels of phosalone and lowest gas production for this time was observed at 1000 ppm of phosalone. Increasing phosalone in the culture was accompanied with deceasing DM degradability and NH3-N and differences between treatments were statistically significant، so that phosalone at 1000 ppm and control groups had lowest and highest NH3-N respectively. With increasing of phosalone at different levels to the medium، pH remained constant during the 24h incubation، but with increasing the levels of bentonite (specially the 2 percent level)، the pH relatively increased. The results of this experiment showed that some of fermentation parameters (such as cumulative gas production at different incubation times، NH3-N and DM degradability) decreased by increasing phosalone in culture media (0 to 1000 ppm). Supplementation of bentonite rather than the control group with no pesticide resulted to decreasing of the gas production at 96 h incubation. In coordination with these results، generally supplementation of bentonite (especially at 2% of DM) to different level of phosalone also resulted to decreasing of the cumulative gas production in different times of incubation. There was no significant effect for DM degradability by adding the bentonite to culture media between treatments، although only by adding the bentonite at 1000 ppm phosalone، DM degradability increased.

Medial education's models should train physicians with competencies and commitment to meet health needs in the community. This social accountability in medical education is not a new concept but provides equity, quality, relevance and cost-effectiveness in health care system. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge of faculty members towards the situation and activities in this topic. 133 university faculty members participated in this research from seven schools (Medical, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Nursing, Paramedical, Health and Complementary Traditional Schools) at Medical Sciences of Mashhad University (MUMS) in Iran during 2012-2013. A questionnaire was distributed to faculties that asked about their knowledge about social accountability in medical education and its position at this university. The mean knowledge about social accountability was 3.80 ± 0.423 in clinical and 3.81 ± 0.368 in basic science faculty members (p>0.05). The mean knowledge in Professors, associates and assistant professors were 3.79 ± 0.11, 3.79 ± 0.08 and 3.90 ± 0.09, respectively (p>0.05). The faculties at Pharmaceutics School got the lowest level in this research. The level of knowledge among faculties at MUMS on educational accountability is limited, and is lowest at Pharmaceutics School. There is a need for informing the necessity, development of position and concepts about this method among faculties, especially at Pharmaceutics School, to improve health services.