رضا عارفی

The structuralism approach gained acceptance as an intellectual-philosophical method after World War II and influenced many scientific fields. The golden age of structuralism is the 60s and 70s of the 20th century, and one of its examples is the works of Fernando Braudel. This article, with analytical-descriptive method and based on data extracted from Ariana magazine (the most important publication of the Kabul History Association) and the most important historical works of prominent figures of this association, tries to explain the influence of structuralist thought in the historiography of the said association between 1321- 1357 Sh. which it was active and left a wide legacy with this approach. The findings of the research show that the structures of nationalism with the components of archaism, descent, language and geography have had an impact on their historiography. This influence, along with creating opportunities such as analytical history, paying attention to historical geography, giving importance to cultural elements such as linguistics, ancient works, customs, legends and stories; It also created extensive challenges in the history writing tradition of Afghanistan. The diverse and contradictory presuppositions of the mentioned association in the historiography of Afghanistan created a deep transformation in the historiography tradition of this country. The aforementioned association tried to explain the historical past of this country with the presuppositions governing contemporary Afghanistan as an independent political unit with its current borders; Therefore, the mental presuppositions of the historians of the History Association have imposed themselves on the historical facts of the past

Among four joints of human foot in the ankle area, the tibiotalar and subtalar joints play the most important role in making it possible for the foot to perform rotational movements such that kinematic behavior of foot is almost completely affected by orientation of their rotation axes. Deviation of the axis of rotation from the normal position can impair the function of the ankle and even the lower extremity. In this study, a new non-invasive method has been proposed, through which, using a gyroscopic mechanism, the orientation of the rotation axes of the tibiotalar and subtalar joints can be determined. This method is based on indirect data acquisition from the kinematic behavior of the foot. Using the calculated matrices and through the optimization method, the orientation and position of the rotation axes were respectively calculated at relatively high precision. These results were also assessed in practice by building an ankle mechanical model and a robotic gyroscopic mechanism which is used as a robotic rehabilitation device for ankle rehabilitation. Obtained results show that the maximum error in determining the orientation of the rotation axes is about 2 degrees.

The traditional historiography of Afghanistan is often politics-oriented and focused on the upper classes of the society; However, with the emergence of left-wing historiography in Afghanistan, the dominant trend of historiography in this country changed, and the lower social classes such as peasants were considered as history-making groups. The mentioned movement paid special attention to the peasant class; Because more than half of the population of Afghanistan lived in villages and led an agricultural life. From this point of view, they looked for the solution of the socialist revolution among the rural population, especially the peasants.The main problem of the current research is how to reflect the position of the peasants in the thought of the left movement of Afghanistan. This research seeks to answer the above problem with the analytical-descriptive method and with the class analysis approach. The findings of the research show that the People's Democratic Party affiliated with the Moscow line of thought put the land reform program at the top of their social and economic reform programs. The Shola Javid movement also wanted to open a place in the villages according to its Maoist appeal. Like Mao, they wanted to achieve the socialist revolution through the villages and with peasant power. But the peasants' illiteracy, custom and religious beliefs were the most important challenges to the promotion of left-wing thought in the villages. Rather, the villages of Afghanistan practically became the most important stronghold of the opponents of the left movement.

Any chemical that enters the environment has destructive effects on it. Herbicides and pesticides are no exceptions as they are made of chemical materials. Environmental Impact Quotient (EIQ) is a method to assess the impact of pesticides on the environment, evaluate the pesticides and chemicals involved in nature and their impact on the farm worker, consumers, and beneficial living organisms. Moien Aldin et al. (2014) assessed the environmental hazards resulted by the use of insecticides recorded in Iran and reported that the environmental hazards caused by insecticides per hectare of cultivated land are higher in the provinces of Kerman, Mazandaran, and Golestan compared to those of other provinces.
Bazrgar et al. (2013) reported that the environmental stresses (such as the application of pesticides) affect three main components including farm workers, consumers, and ecological components in farming, with its most negative effect related to the application of pesticides on the ecological component. In addition, the results of this study showed that increasing the use of pesticides in the field had no relation with yield in terms of the diversity of pesticides and the quantitative amount of active ingredient. Bues et al. (2004) in the study of the environmental effects of tomato production using EIQ showed that insecticides had the highest environmental impact. Considering the increasing trend in the use of pesticides in agriculture, it is necessary to study their environmental impacts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental impacts of pesticides on cotton fields in Golestan province. A total of 100 cotton fields were selected around the cities of Ali-Abad and Aghghala in Golestan province over two agricultural years of 2015-2016. These farms were selected such that to include a variety of farmers. Information on various pesticides was collected from these fields based on pest type (insect, mites, and pathogenic fungi) and herbicides type of poison, the number of poisoning times, and the concentration of effective material. EIQ has been used to assess the environmental impacts of pesticides. There are two types of environmental impact indicators. The first one is the basic environmental impact indicator that is calculated for each molecule of the effective materials of herbicides as well as their toxic effects on workers, consumers, birds, fishes, birds, bees, and beneficial arthropods. The second one, called as EIQ-field use rate (EIQ-FUR), is derived from the basic environmental index and the amount of pesticide use in the field. These coefficients were calculated for the components of effect on the spray-workers, pickers, consumers, applicators, groundwater, aquatic animals, birds, bees, beneficial organisms as well as the mentioned three components. Among these components (farm workers, ecological, and consumer's components), the ecological component showed the maximum impact (71%), with the effect on farm workers (22%) and consumer component (7%) being in the next orders. the highest EIQ-FUR is related to the pesticides with a value of 93.33 and 87% of the total, and the herbicides are in the next rank. The highest EIQ is related to the impact of the pesticides on three main components of farm workers, consumers, and ecological factors, as well as the total EIQ,  was associated with the pesticides of Profenofos and Thiodicarb. The ecological component consists of four subsets including the impact on the beneficial organisms, bees, birds, and aquatic animals; with the used toxins having the most impact on beneficial organisms with 38% of total toxic effects on the main component of ecologic. The highest impact on the main component of farm workers is related to spray-workers while the most impact on the consumer component is related to the consumer organisms. The use of pest resistant cultivars, the modification of the chemical composition of pesticides, and the elimination of hazardous toxins from the list of pesticides, the implementation of winter crop aggression, the destruction of weeds, deep plowing, winter water, and appropriate drainage are other ways to reduce the use of pesticide and reduce the environmental costs of agricultural production.

Energy is of particular important in agricultural inputs due to the increasing rate of consumption, fossil fuels adverse impacts on the environment and limited sources. Due to the growing demand of energy, increasing world population, increasing food consumption per capita and improvement of life quality, the energy, the way it consumes and increasing its efficiency and optimization are very important. Moayedi et al (1388) indicated that the highest energy consumption of the first year of saffron cultivation was related to manure application with a 16.91% of the total energy consumption and in the second to fifth to urea fertilizer with a 67/37% of the total energy consumption. Similarly, energy production to consumption ratio over a period of five years of saffron cultivation was estimated to be 41/0. Ahamadi & Aghaalikhani, (2013) reviewed the energy consumption of cotton in the Golestan province. They considered the share of energy use in cotton in Golestan province, the share of energy consumption in tractor fuel inputs and fuel pump to be 24%, 30% respectively, and 54% of the energy was related to diesel fuel. Fertilizers had 24% and chemicals had 13% of energy consumption, and the total energy input for the production of cotton in Alborz Province was announced to be 31 GJ per hectare. Considering the energy crisis in the world, exploring the demand and consumption rate of energy and finding solutions to reduce the consumption is of researcher’s priority globally. Considering the privileged position of cotton production in the world and Golestan province of Iran, estimation of energy input and, efficiency are among the main research areas leading to fruitful solutions of optimizing energy consumption of the product. A hundred of cotton fields around the Aliabad and AqQala cities in Golestan province were selected during two sowing years of 2014 and 2015. These farms were selected in such a way a number of farmers can be included. Important dates of different operations and events were observed during the growing seasons in selected fields. The data of typical production methods and cultivation practices were collected in last year including the use of equipment and fuel, application of fertilizers and pesticides and so on. Accordingly, all agricultural practices were divided into eight categories, including land preparation, planting, fertilizer application , plant protection, weed control, irrigation, harvesting and transportation to factory or crop delivery, primarily. Then, the different amounts of input use and more comprehensive information were collected and recorded at every single stage from planting to harvesting. The results showed that the highest energy consumption was related to irrigation with 41% of the total energy and fertilizer application and land preparation were in the next positions. Labor force energy was calculated to be 2262 MJ.ha-1 related to harvesting, irrigation, cultivation, and crust-breaking. 61% of the total energy (10217 MJ.Ha-1) was used indirectly for the manufacturing, repair and maintenance of equipment and machinery, and production of seed, nitrogen fertilizer, phosphate fertilizer, potassium fertilizer, organic fertilizer, t insecticides, herbicides and industrial fungicides. Nitrogen fertilizer production consumed 30 percent of indirect energy sources, the highest share, while 39 percent of the total energy consumption was related to direct energy through the use of human resources and fuel consumption. Average power ratio of total farms was equal to 92.5. The results of levels of total energy input to fields showed that the minimum and maximum energy inputs were 15614 and 43321 MJ per hectare, respectively. The results of this study showed that most of the direct energy (labor and fuel) consumption for cotton production is related to fuel with 86 % of the total energy mostly used in irrigation practices. Several factors such as soil texture, farm leveling, plant's feeding and protection, equipment and types of pumps, irrigation equipment maintenance in a timely manner, weather conditions, the amount of water available and most importantly short-term and long-term management are among areas which can reduce fuel and energy consumption of irrigation practices in the cotton production farms of Golestan province.

  Nowadays, due to population growth, decreased the arable lands and improved living standards, energy consumption in the agricultural sectors has been increased. Therefore, intensive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, agricultural machinery, energy and natural resources are required in order to supply the nutritional demands of the increasing population. Ahamadi & Aghaalikhani (2013) investigated the energy consumption in cotton production in Golestan province and showed that energy consumption for tractor and engine pump fuel was 24% and 30%, respectively, or totally 54% for diesel fuel. Also, fertilizers and chemical materials with 13% energy consumption had the second and third rank, respectively and total energy input for cotton production in Alborz province was 31 GJ/ha. Dastan et al., (2014) carried out a study on the rate of energy consumption in rice planting systems and the rate of carbon dioxide emission and concluded that the highest values of energy input in the production systems was related to the electric power to pump water for irrigation that had the highest value in terms of carbon dioxide emission and global warming potential and Nitrogen fertilizer and fuel also had the second and third rank in terms of carbon dioxide emission. One hundred cotton fields around the cities of Aliabad and Aq Qala in Golestan province were selected during two sowing years 2014 and 2015. All operations and events were observed during the growing season in these fields and detailed data of typical production methods and cultivation practices was collected in past years, this data included the use of equipment, fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides and so on. To this end, at first, all agricultural practices were divided into eight categories, including preparing the land, planting, fertilizing, plant protection, weed control, irrigation, harvesting and transport to the factory to crop delivery, then, different amounts of input use and more comprehensive information were collected and recorded at every stage from planting to harvesting and they were processed by Excel software, data analysis in three parts of energy input (consumption), energy output (production) and Global warming potential (GWP) of GHG emissions. In this study, input and output energy of GHGs emission and the GWP of agricultural activities in the cotton fields of Golestan province were investigated. The results revealed that the average energy input per hectare is 26 GJ/ha and the ratio of output energy to input energy was 154 GJ/ha and energy output was six times more than the input energy. There was a direct relationship between input energy and energy output, in other words, an increase in energy input, increases the crop performance, thereby increasing the output energy and GHG emission (Table 5). Figure 11 shows a significant direct relationship between performance and GHG emitted from the cotton production. The average of the GHG emission for cotton production was estimated 2181kg/ha that the maximum rate was 33% of total GHGs of chemical fertilizer inputs. Fuel and manure inputs had lower rates. Maximum energy was consumed for irrigation, nutrition and preparation that increased the GHGs. The comparison between energy output and a GWP of manure input showed a significant direct relationship difference between the output energy in cotton farms and its GWP. The results of this study indicated that by reducing the fuel consumption and chemical fertilizers, energy consumption and GHG emissions can be reduced. A number of management solutions for reducing the fossil fuel consumption and chemical fertilizers that result in GHG emission in agriculture include: conservation tillage that reduces the farm traffic, and consequently, reduces the fuel; use of legumes in agriculture that reduces nitrogen use, use of new methods of irrigation and increase in water efficiency, use of crop rotation and biological methods to control pests and weeds, application of nitrogen fertilizers based on soil test, adaptation of the fertilizing time to the plants' needs, improvement of fertilization methods such as placement in the soil rather than manual distribution and centrifuge, the use of inhibitors combinations of Nitrification or coated fertilizers, use of green manure

Lipocalin -2 is an adipokine which is closely related to obesity, type-2 diabetes and insulin resistance. The present study investigated the effect of aerobic training on plasma levels of Lipocalin-2, insulin and insulin resistance in diabetic male rats. 30 male Wistar rats (12 weeks old, weight: 180-240 gr) were randomly divided into 3 groups of diabetic training, diabetic control and healthy control. The rats of diabetic training group performed endurance training for 6 weeks, 5 days per week, 40 min. per session, speed of 20 m/min. with a slope of 5 degrees. All rats were anesthetized 48 hours after the last training session and after 12 hours of fasting and their blood samples were collected. Plasma levels of Lipocalin-2 and insulin were measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance and Tukey post hoc test. The results of one-way ANOVA showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training significantly increased Lipocalin-2 plasma levels (P=0.003) and significantly decreased insulin resistance index (P=0.007) in diabetic training group while there were no significant changes in insulin levels in diabetic training group compared to the diabetic control group (P=0.587). This study showed that 6 weeks of aerobic training may play a role in improving metabolic abnormalities in diabetes through an increase in Lipocalin-2 level and a decrease in insulin resistance.

The objective of this research was to design and develop an automatic device for displacing and placing the spherical-shaped fruits in the trays, with minimum damage to flesh. A planar two-degree-of-freedom tray mechanism was designed which placed the tray in the exact position when the gripper released a fruit. Two platforms with two independent linear motions, along perpendicular directions, were used. Finally, an electronic control system was developed to control the motion of the whole system and perform the motions in the pre-defined time sequences. Many tests on gripper, arm and tray performances were performed. In the tests, a spherical-shaped fruit such as apple with three different shapes, namely, oblong, conic and oblate were used. The results showed that the device had the ability to pick and release the oblong apples more effectively.

The objective of this research was to design and develope a Pick and Position system to displace spherical-shaped fruits, with minimum damage to flesh, from one specific place to another. A mechanical gripper (end-effector) suitable for grasping spherical-shaped fruits with 5-9 cm in diameter was designed and developed. The primary goal of the gripper design was to take and release the fruit without bruising it in a specified time sequence. A slider-crank mechanism was used to drive the gripper. To achieve suitable timing in gripping and releasing of the fruit, the slider was driven by a cam. The kinematic and dynamic analysis of the gripping unit was done and its motion was simulated using Working Modwl software. In the next step, a four-bar mechanism (arm) was designed and developed to displace gripper between two specified locations. After kinematic analysis, equation of motion of the arm mechanism was derived and its dynamic analysis was performed. The gripper was assembled on the arm mechanism and the performance of the gripper and arm mechanism was investigated. It was observed that the system had the ability to pick and release the oblong fruits, such as apple, between two specified locations. The performance of the system for larger size fruits could be improved by some modifications on the gripper fingers.