فهرست مطالب رضا فولادی فرد

The most important first step in promoting environmental performance is identifying and evaluating environmental behavior. In this regard the measuring tool is considered an environmental behavior questionnaire. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire before its application is essential. Thus this research was conducted with the aim of assessing the validity and reliability of questionnaires.

The environmental behavior questionnaire containing 36 questions was designed using the literature review and expert panel opinions. Then, the validity of the questionnaire was assessed by content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) and its reliability was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient by 14 experts and 40 target groups. Finally, data were analyzed by SPSS 20 software.

The results showed that the questionnaire with 36 items had CVI and CVR of 0.896 and 0.726, respectively, and 4 items should be excluded from the questionnaire due to non-compliance with content validity indices. The questionnaire exhibited high internal consistency and hence was acceptable owing to the Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.85.

The questionnaire was designed to evaluate environmental performance of citizens and can be cited in future studies.

Antibiotics are extensively used for human and veterinary treatments as well as agricultural growth improvements. In spite of such positive effects, in the present century the antibiotic resistance has become one of the most important environmental challenges. It has involved all environmental sections and putting pressure on microbial groups led to antibiotic resistance followed by ecological changes in environmental sources. Antibiotic resistance in the environment can be transferred from pathogenic bacteria to non-pathogenic and native bacteria. These agents persist in raw inflow and final effluent of wastewater treatment plants and infected the soil and water compartments. Water treatment can not completely eliminate bacteria and their resistance genes. These agents therefore enter the water distribution systems and create health risks for final consumers. This paper evaluated the antibiotic resistance in environmental resources and main factors in antibiotic resistance dissemination. The paper emphasizes on the role of authorities and organizations as well as researchers in the basic pathology of antibiotic resistance in environmental sources and its relationship with clinical places and use of proper control methods.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) as a common disease in many tropical and subtropical countries has adverse economic consequences for patients and health care system. Some rural areas of Qom are considered as active foci of disease. This study was performed in order to evaluation of economic burden associated with CL in Qom, central Iran using Activity Based Costing.

In a cross-sectional study, data of 207 patients with CL based on laboratory diagnosis in the year 2018 were used to estimate the economic burden of the disease. Charts, frequency tables, and the financial softwares (Azarakhsh and Roozamad) in Excel were used to costs analysis.

The incidence of CL in Qom province was 16.02 per 100,000 people (207/1,292,000). Economic burden of the disease was estimated at 4,265,246,799 rials (85,387$). The average direct cost paid for each person with CL was 10,631,250 rials (212$) and indirect costs (overhead) for each person was about 9,653,807 rials (193$), the governmental cost per patient 20,285,057 rials (405$), direct out of pocket payments for each patient was around 320,000 rials (7$) and the total costs was estimated at 20,605,057 rials (412$) per patient.

Direct and indirect costs associated with diagnosis and treatment of CL disease may have a great impact on patients and health care system. So, it seems more cost effective to take preventive measures.

The main consumption of natural gas in Iran is in domestic heating mostly by domestic gas heaters. Domestic gas heaters may have considerable effect on pollutant and greenhouse gas production due to their high number. The aim of this research was to investigate stack exhaust pollutants of domestic gas heaters and its relation with ýair temperature and total gas consumption in the country.
LANCOM III, as a portable stack gas analyzer, was used for the measurement of gas pollutants produced by a domestic gas heater during the 5 cold months in 2012-2013. Meteorological and total gas consumption data were gathered from the Meteorological Office and National Iranian Gas Organization (NIGC), respectively.
Findings: The average amount of carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, nitric oxide, and hydrocarbons emission were 10939.64, 0.091, 1.01, 6.99, and 172.996 ppm, respectively. A significant relation was observed between daily reduction of air temperature with increase in sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons (P The increase in sulfur dioxide and hydrocarbons and decrease in carbon dioxide and nitrogen dioxide on cold days may be due to variation in gas characteristics. On cold days, the total gas consumption in the country is increased which results in changes in gas flow rate, velocity, and pressure in gas pipelines and gas quality (due to the transfer of sulfur sediments from pipelines to gas).

Heavy metals pollution is very important in Environment. Toxicity and accumulation characteristics of these metals are more noticeable for health aspects. Today, using bio-sorbent is more noticeable because these ways are ecofriendly and economic. In this survey, in addition to achieving Ni and Cd bio-sorption by bio-solid, the results of other relative surveys used for comparing the results and bio-sorption affinity discussion. Bio-solid powder produced from municipal excess sludge by drying, grinding and grainsizing. Ni and Cd solutions in 0.25 and 0.75 mille molar have been contacted which 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 grams of biosolid in pH 4, 200 rpm stirring, 24-260C temperature and two hours (continuous 5-420 min in kinetic study) time and samples have been analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer to kinetic and isotherm modeling study and comparing the results. The maximum equilibrium adsorption of metals observed at two hours contact time and increasing of pH up to 4 increased the adsorption rate. The equilibrium data of both metals could be fitted by Langmuir isotherm equation and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for cadmium and nickel are 0.38 and 0.195 mmol/gr dry bio-solid, respectively. The same as other biomasses studied for bio-sorption of heavy metals bio-sorption affinity of bio-solid for Cd is more than Ni. Generally, the bio-sorption affinity of algae and fungi for heavy metals bio-sorption is more than sludge and bacteria that is the result of cellular wall characteristics.

Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components to environment. Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs) are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBMs in operation time and so WBMs environmental advantage. Direct discharge to sea, transport to onshore to treatment and repump to well are the disposal methods for this muds. Barium and hydrocarbons are the basic components of drilling muds. Studies show that several year after the end of drilling cutting discharge, the level of sediment pollution by Barium and hydrocarbons around 250m of discharge point is high and after that hydrocarbons decrease quickly but Barium decreasing is slowly. Environmental evaluations show the bad effect of this waste on benthic foraminifera specifically around 250m of discharge point and increase the opportunistic species. The results show that the some of benthic foraminifera species can be successfully employed as bio-indicators of environmental change. The suggestions for environmental effect of these waste discharge includes: waste management for reach the zero- discharge, use of low environmental effect mud, environmental assessment and analyses before and after of drilling operation.

Groundwater resources in arid and semi arid regions are very important. Groundwater is contaminated by agricultural, industrial and municipal activity which as a result reduces its quality. Investigating of the chemical quality of the groundwater is emphasized to identify pollutant environmental impacts associated with incorrect waste disposal practice. This research investigated the effects of wastewater from Steel Mill and channel drainage on the quality of water wells around them, by measuring the water quality and comparing it to the standards. In this analytical, observance, cross-sectional study, the samples were collected from 6 different wells during a three months period and then were transferred to the chemical laboratory of the health faculty while kept in vicinity of ice. Chemical parameters of pH, EC, TDS, COD and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cr and Ni) were measurement according to the book of water and wastewater standards. The heavy metals concentration was measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (A.A.S). The Excel software was used to plot the curves and statistical method t-test to analysis the data. The pH parameter in the studied water wells was around 6.6- 8.3. The amount of EC and TDS were in the range of 3668-6388 μs/cm, 2619 mg/Li and the mean concentration (mg/Li) for COD and heavy metals were found at COD = 30.22, Cd = 0.045, Pb = 0.062, Cr = 0.049, Ni = 0.143. Excluding the Cr, even the mean concentration of mention parameters exceeded the drinking water standard levels. The high concentration of the parameters compared to the recommended standards indicates that the water wells are polluted due to high discharge rate of agricultural and industrial wastewater, therefore it is essential to control and treat the wastewater appropriately and also to monitor the ground water to prevent the aquifer pollution.

Nickel (II) and cadmium (II) are important in environmental pollutant. Biosorption of heavy metals can be an effective process for the removal and recovery of heavy metal ions from aqueous solutions because of the decrease in sludge problems, economical issues, high efficiency and compatibility with the environment. power of wasted activated sludge have been contact with nickel (II) and cadmium (II) solutions in 0.25 and 0.75 milli molar invarious pHs and mixing pace, at 24-26 0C temperature on batch reactor system. After two hours (continuously 5-420 min in kinetic study) samples were analyzed with atomic absorption spectrophotometer.The kinetic study results show that equilibrium adsorption time for nickel (II) and cadmium (II) reached within 2 hr, but the profile curve of cadmium (II) biosorption was smoother than nickel (II) biosorption. Both metals adsorption followed the Langmuir model and the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) for nickel (II) and cadmium (II) was 0.195 and 0.37 milli mole per gram respectively. The increase in pH resulted in adsorption increase for both metals. For cadmium (II) at 0.25 and 0.75 mMinitial concentration there was no adsorption at pH 2 where as nickel (0.25 mM) adsorption was observed at the same pH. The optimum mixing rate for both metals was 200 rpm and this effect was more obviously in greater concentration. Like othe biosorbents, wasted activated sludge showed greater capacity for cadmium(II) biosorption than nickel (II). Cadmium (II) in modeling and biosorption characteristics study had more conformity than nickel (II).

Offshore oil and gas drilling operation activity can release many chemical components to environment. Water based muds (WBMs), oil based muds(OBMs) and synthetic based muds(SBMs) are the kinds of drilling muds. SBMs have the good characteristic of OBMs in operation time and so WBMs environmental advantage. Direct discharge to sea, transport to onshore to treatment and repump to well are the disposal methods for this muds. Barium and hydrocarbons are the basic components of drilling muds. Studies show that several year after the end of drilling cutting discharge, the level of sediment pollution by Barium and hydrocarbons around 250m of discharge point is high and after that hydrocarbons decrease quickly but Barium decreasing is slowly. Environmental evaluations show the bad effect of this waste on benthic foraminifera specifically around 250m of discharge point and increase the opportunistic species. The results show that the some of benthic foraminifera species can be successfully employed as bioindicators of environmental change. The suggestions for environmental impact of these waste discharge includes: waste management for reach the zerodischarge, use of low environmental effect mud, environmental assessment and analyses before and after of drilling operation.

Recently, the use of biological absorbent in removal of hazardous pollutants such as heavy metals has increased because of the decrease in sludge problems, economical issues, high efficiency and compatibility with the environment. This study was done over the Biosorption of Nickel by Biosolids obtained from the municipal wastewater treatment in a batch reactor. The pretreatment of the Biosolids includes dewatering, grinding and grain sizing with meshes between 50 to 120. Nickel adsorption kinetics follows the pseudo second model and maximum equilibrium adsorption observed at two hours. The optimum stirring rate in this system is 150 to 250rpm. The increase in pH results in adsorption increase and there is a significant adsorption increase between 3 and 4. The results from adsorption modeling shows that the Nickel adsorption follows the Langmuir model and the maximum Nickel adsorption (qmax) by biosolids is 0.195 milimole per gram of dry biosolids (11.442 mg/g) and the Langmuir constant (kd) is 0.238 milimole per liter (13.96 mg/lit).