فهرست مطالب رضا مهدیان

Franchising is an innovative business method in which people behave according to quality and improvement (Guo, 2023). Franchise is a new entrepreneurial method in the market (Rosado, 2023). Franchise is a system and business relationship between franchisor and franchisee under a brand name. In exchange for money, the owner of the brand and business model gives the franchisee the right to use the said brand and business model, including all related trademarks, goods, systems, etc. (Abdul Ghani, 2022). To provide ongoing service and support, franchisors must generate revenue and profit. Franchise franchise guarantees require the franchisor to invest in the success of the franchisee and guarantee the flourishing of the brand. However, fundamentally, franchising is about the franchisor's relationship with its franchisees (Rye, 2021).Compared to other types of business, franchising will be less risky than starting an independent business, because franchisees benefit from the brand recognition and knowledge of their franchisor. This also makes young franchisees successful because they follow exactly the franchisor's instructions (Le Bot, 2022). In contrast, franchisees provide financial capital for the franchise system, knowledge of geographic areas and labor markets, and management of their workforce (Cook, 2021). Although franchising allows franchisees to own, manage, and operate their own businesses without assuming all of the associated risks, franchise growth is becoming more widespread in response to the changing competitive environment because franchise products are more stable and Their quality is known, which leads to national and local trust in the products and services provided (Sun, 2021).

According to the obtained results, it is clear that 10 factors are related to the first level. Creating commercial leverage, increasing production in sports, franchise preliminary training, platform modifiability, platform and legal support, participant attraction structure, workforce participation, sustainable business, strategic policies, and support policies. Also, two factors are on the second level. These two factors include creating financial concentration and creating government policies. The only factor related to the third level is the semiotics of employee experience. The factor of national pride remains in the model, which is related to the fourth level of the model

According to the obtained results, it is clear that 10 factors are related to the first level. Creating commercial leverage, increasing production in sports, franchise preliminary training, platform modifiability, platform and legal support, participant attraction structure, workforce participation, sustainable business, strategic policies, and support policies. Also, two factors are on the second level. These two factors include creating financial concentration and creating government policies. The only factor related to the third level is the semiotics of employee experience. The factor of national pride remains in the model, which is related to the fourth level of the model

Franchise as a market entry strategy can be an advantage for the state sports of our country and many countries benefit from this system. Therefore, considering that the strategy of expert human resources is an important thing in improving the business of sports products, it is suggested that they pay attention to this matter and help by taking measures to develop better and more marketing strategies. For this purpose, they can get help from management consulting companies in the field of formulation and implementation of various franchise strategies. It is also appropriate for sports businesses to increase the recognition of the abilities, weaknesses and strengths of human resources by formulating appropriate strategies, which will allow sports product businesses to gain a competitive advantage. It is suggested to institutionalize the sale of sports products by adopting policies and determining appropriate structures, as well as providing favorable environments and platforms. It is suggested that by holding educational workshops for sports businesses, they provide business development with a franchise approach. Also, among the limitations of the present research, it can be stated that the data collection coincided with the spread of the corona virus, which caused problems in physical access to the research samples. Also, this research has been done cross-sectionally. Because of this, it makes it difficult to draw conclusions about causality. And the issues related to coordination with the respondents were among the other issues that faced problems and delays in the research implementation process.

Considering the limitations of the common diagnostic test for prostate cancer prostate cancer, the introduction of higher-specific biomarkers for a more accurate and timely diagnosis of prostate cancer is desired. In this study, we aimed to investigate the miR-200 family (miR-200a, miR-200b, miR-200c, miR-141, and miR-429) and their target genes using bioinformatics prediction tools in order to propose potential diagnostic biomarkers for prostate cancer. In this theoretical study, based on bioinformatics study of micro RNA, the DIANA TOLLS-mirPath v.3 database was used to search the target genes of the miR-200 family in the signaling pathways known in prostate cancer pathogenesis. Then, we confirmed the suggested genes by the online predictive tools such as MiRWalk, Targetscan and RNAhybrid. Finally, the functional role of target genes was investigated on the DAIVID bioinformatics database. According to the results of this study, the E2F3 gene is the target of all family members of miR-200, BCL2 is the common target of miR-200b / miR-200c / miR-429 and CCNE2 is the common target of miR-200a / miR-141 subsets. Also, miR-200c and miR-429 can modulate the pathogenesis of prostate cancer by targeting CDKN1B and KRAS genes, respectively. The results of this study showed that members of the miR-200 family targeting the genes involved in important biological processes and molecular pathways of prostate cancer pathogenesis are likely to be effective diagnostic biomarkers in future experimental studies.

Aim and Cytokeratins (CKs) constitute the largest intermediate filamentous protein that during the development of malignancy, the original CK profile of the cell is frequently variable. Cytokeratin 19 (CK19) is known as an epithelial cell marker and CK19 expression was seen in more than 90% of breast cancers. In this study, CK19 mRNA expression by the real-time PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) in luminal A cell lines was assessed.
MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines were purchased and cultured according to the recommended protocols. The cells were collected, counted and RNA was extracted from cell lines. The mRNA of CK19 as the target gene and GAPDH (Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate Dehydrogenase) as a reference gene by real-time PCR was amplified. Quantitative CK19 expression was calculated using the ∆∆Ct method. The average ∆Ct of CK19 and GAPDH was calculated in each cell line as well as the ∆Ct of GAPDH as a calibrator in different cell lines was quantitatively reported.
This method can be used for detection of CK19 tumor marker expression, in the cells. On the other hand, the same expression in the MCF7 and T47D breast cancer cell lines was shown.
Expression of CK19 is the same, in the luminal A breast cancer cell lines. Molecular markers could be used for cell Lines classification which is significant in breast cancer research and it is helpful in detection and treatment of the disease.

Prostate cancer is one of the major health problems and the second cause of cancer mortality in men over 40 years age in developed countries. Due to the incomplete screening methods for sensivity and spesificity detection prostate cancer, alternative methods with more specificity than are desired. With recent advances in molecular technology, numerous biomarkers have been suggested for the screening of prostate cancer with greater accuracy. MicroRNAs are oligonucleotides with 18-24 length that have key roles in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression as well as other cellular process (apoptosis, cell proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis). Many studies have demonstrated changing of the expression levels of microRNAs in prostate cancer patients. Therefore, they can be implemented for the development of prognostic or diagnostic biomarkers. Owing to microRNAs can target molecular signaling pathways and genes involved in prostate cancer, they may also be applicable for therapeutic purposes. In this review article, we explain the roles of microRNAs in different cancer pathways and specifically the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer.

The aim of this study was to assess The effects of aerobic training on Nf-kB, Lin28B and let-7a microRNA expressions and levels of tumor tissue IL-6 in mice with breast cancer. Twenty BALB/c c mice (4-5 weeks,17g mass) were cancerous by injection of estrogen-dependent receptor breast cancer cells MC4-L2 and divided into two groups: tumor-training(TT) and tumor-control(TC) group. Then TT group completed aerobic training for 6 weeks, 5 days per week (14-18 m/min). 48 hours after the last exercise subjects were sacrificed. Tissue sampling were collected and stored in -70ᵒ. Nf-kB, Lin28B and let-7a microRNA expressions were accounted with Real time-PCR and IL-6 levels was accounted with ELISA Kit. Repeated measures and independent t tests were used to assess tumor size and IL-6, respectively. Statistical analysis of Nf-kB, Lin28B and let-7a were conducted by REST software. Tumor size, Nf-kB, Lin28B and IL-6 levels were significantly decreased in TT group compare with TC group (p<0.05). microRNA let-7a was significantly increased in TT against control group respectively (p=0.000). In breast cancer, a positive feedback loop consisting of Nf-kB, Lin28B, microRNA let-7a and IL-6 is activated. It seems that regarding to the depressing effects of aerobic training on this regulatory circuit in mice with breast cancer, This type of training can be used as adjuvant therapy in conjunction with other therapies for estrogen receptor dependent breast cancer.

Sulfatase 1 (SULF1) function is to remove the 6-O-sulphate group from heparan sulfate. This action changes the binding sites of extracellular growth factors. SULF1 expression has been reported to be changed in angiogenesis. We hypothesized that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SULF1 would impact clinicopathologic characteristics.

Study of SULF1 gene polymorphism with fetus failure in in vitro fertilization (IVF) technique.

We studied one common (minor allele frequency >0.05) regulatory SNP, rs6990375, with polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method, in 53 infertile women with fetus failure in IVF technique and 53 women with at least one healthy child as controls.

We found that rs6990375 is significantly associated with an early failure in IVF and frequency of G allele is high in women with fetus failure in IVF technique (p<0.001).

These findings suggest that SULF1genetic variations may play a role in IVF technique fetus failure. Further studies with large sample sizes on SULF1 SNPs may be useful in support of this claim.

Prostate cancer is the fifth most common cancer. In 2012, it was the second leading cause of cancer death for men worldwide. The PI3K/AKT pathway plays an essential role in pathogenesis of prostate cancer; the key role of this pathway in cancer progression makes it an attractive target for prostate cancer therapy. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate gene expression have a special ability to simultaneously control multiple genes and pathways which make them candidates for therapeutics. This study aims to determine miRNAs which target the PI3K/AKT pathway and evaluate them in prostate cancer cell lines.

In order to determine an effective miRNA for the PI3K/AKT pathway, we assessed six genes from this pathway which have been proposed as drug targets in ten different prediction algorithms. Next, the candidate miRNAs were analyzed in expression profile and pathway analysis databases. Expression of candidate miRNAs in control and prostate cancer cell lines were subsequently evaluated.

According to bioinformatics, the miR-29 family could target the most genes from this list. Other bioinformatic estimates confirmed these results. The miR-29 family showed significant downregulation in prostate cancer cell lines LNCAP, PC3 and DU-145 compared to control samples.

These results propose the possibility of using the miR-29 family to inhibit the PI3K/AKT pathway in prostate cancer.

One of the common epigenetic pathways in all types of human haematopoeitic neoplasms is the hypermethylation promoter of tumor suppressor genes. It is usually associated with inactivation of the involved genes, and can be reversed using demethylating agents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of P15 promoter methylation in Iranian acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients. Furthermore, this study examined the correlation between P15 promoter methylation and P15 expression. P15 promoter methylation has been investigated in 59 acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients by melting curve analysis. P15 mRNA expression has been analyzed using real-time PCR technique (∆∆CT computational) to investigate the correlation between P15 expression and P15 promoter methylation. The aberrant methylation of the P15 promoter was detected in 40.7% of all patients. Regardless of the methylation pattern, 92.9% of all patients showed a decrease in expression of P15. Out of the total number of patients, 90.9% who showed methylation of P15 gene (22 of 24) and 88.5% (31 of 35) who did not, both illustrated reduction in P15 expression level. Despite the methylation of P15 at a low expression level in most of the patients, no significant difference between methylated and unmethylated groups was observed.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are water channels present in the cell wall، allowing water – and occasionally other molecules – to pass the cell membrane. Their function is to maintain the internal milieu cells by regulating water and ion equilibrium. The endometrium undergoes structural changes during the menstrual cycle. If implantation does not occur at the end of each menstrual cycle، amplified endometrium is shed in absence of hormones and leads to bleeding. Excessive uterine bleeding over 80 cc in each menstrual cycle called menorrhagia، is a common gynecological disorder which causes large menstrual bleedings and reduced quality of life for those affected. The study included 37 patients with menorrhagia and 20 healthy individuals. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and Genotypes were determined by ARMS-PCR and PCR-RFLP. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program. Regarding rs1049305، the C minor allele showed more frequency in patients'' group (0. 47 vs. 0. 37). The results revealed that GG genotype presents less probable risk for menorrhagia. rs10244884 also shows the same frequency. It can be concluded that both variants are important in pathogenesis of menorrhagia and the results confirm the important role of Aquqporin–1 channel in menstruation as well as endometrium physiology.

Taking its toll as 250000 deaths of men around the world، prostate cancer has been one of the main causes of cancer-related death world-wide. Although prostate-specific antigen)PSA (has long been used as a biomarker for the management of prostate cancer، attempts have recently been shifted to try to find some other markers، largely as a result of PSA limitations as a reliable marker. Two remarkable examples of these biomarkers are NKX3. 1 and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) genes. Here، in line with earlier studies that have drawn an analogy between the concurrent expression of PTEN and NKX3. 1 genes، we decided to evaluate and make a relation between the expression levels of these genes on mRNA level، using quantitative Real-Time PCR. Based on our results، the expression rate of NKX3. 1 and PTEN decreased to 0. 155 and 0. 003، respectively (P = 0. 000). We concluded that the association between the down regulation of PTEN and NKX3. 1 genes is correlated with tumor progression. This result might highlight the interaction between the proteins encoded by these genes. Furthermore، this finding might be exploited as a prospective biomarker for the development of innovative diagnostic and therapeutic techniques.

Breast cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in women. Cisplatin is a traditional cancer drug commonly used in chemotherapy for killing cancer cells. Modulation at the mRNA levels of apoptotic related genes often correlate with the sensitivity of various types of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems are being developed to effectively deliver smaller doses of chemotherapeutic agents and control drug distribution in the body. In this study, we evaluate the expressions of BCL2 and BAX genes in T47D treated with cisplatin and cisplatin nanoparticles, which can result in a new approach to breast cancer therapy. In this study, we treated T47D cells with different concentrations of cisplatin and cisplatin nanoparticles at 48 h. The IC50 was determined. We extracted RNA by using RNX solution, after which cDNA was synthesized. The precise primers for the BCL2, BAX and TBP genes were designed by specific software. The quantity of BCL2 and BAX gene expression compared to TBP gene (reference gene) was analyzed using real-time PCR. BCL2 and BAX gene expression levels in T47D cells treated by cisplatin were 0.7 (BCL2) and 1.48 (BAX); in T47D cells treated with cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles, the gene expressions were 0.03 (BCL2) and 2.41 (BAX). In this study, the results have shown that cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles are effective anticancer agents. Cisplatin nanoparticles induce apoptosis in human breast cancer cell lines. We have shown that cisplatin nanoparticles strongly increased cytotoxicity in comparison to the free drug in the T47D cell line.

Aims and Mycoplasma contamination in cell culture is considered as a serious problem in the manufacturing of biological products. Our goal in this research is to find the best standard and a rapid method with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures of National Cell Bank of Iran. In this study, 40 cell lines suspected of mycoplasma contamination were evaluated by three different methods (microbial cultivation, enzymatic and molecular). Enzymatic evaluation was performed using Mycoalert® kit and in molecular technique, a universal primer designed based on common and fixed 16SrRNA ribosomal sequences was used. Mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures with molecular, enzymatic and microbial cultivation methods were analyzed as 57.5%, 52.5% and 40% respectively. These results confirmed the higher rate of sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for molecular method in comparison with enzymatic and microbial methods. PCR assay based on fixed and common sequences in the 16SrRNA is a useful, valuable and reliable technique with high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of mycoplasma contamination in cell cultures and other biological products. The enzymatic Mycoalert ® method with respect to its sensitivity, specificity and very high speed detection of mycoplasma contamination (less than 20 minutes) after PCR can be used instead of conventional microbial culture and DNA staining fluorochrome methods.

von Willebrand Disease (vWD) is the most common inherited haemorrhagic abnormality. The disease is caused by deficiency of von Willebrand Factor (vWF). vWF is encoded by vWF gene and vWD type3 is the severest form of the disease inherited in autosomal recessive pattern. In the present study، the impact of various vWF gene mutations on mRNA expression was investigated in vWD patients. Blood samples were obtained from vWD patients with known mutations to determine the vWF gene expression level. Peripheral blood platletes were isolated and the total RNA was extracted. To evaluate the vWD gene expression of patients and carriers، the quantitative real-time PCR of the platelet cDNAs was performed. Patients in families with the nonsense mutation in exon 35 showed significantly lower levels of vWF mRNA compared to the hetrozygote carriers of the mutation and normal controls (p=0. 005). However، there was no significant difference between vWF mRNA levels in patients and carriers in the other families who had splice site mutation in exon 10 (p=0. 288). The impact of the mutation on the protein synthesis and function has yet to be investigated. Conclusions Each mutation in vWF gene has its particular impact on the gene expression. It has been shown that even mutations of the same type may have different effects on mRNA expression. Evaluation of cDNA is not applicable in the cases in which the mRNA is affected by NMD pathway.

Gap junctions composed of connexins (Cx) are functional in cell defense by propagation of toxic/death molecules to neighboring cells. Hippocampus, one of the brain regions with particular vulnerability to damage, has a wide network of gap junctions. Functional response of astrocytic Cx30 and neuronal Cx32 to hippocampal damage is unknown. We infused lipopolysaccharide (LPS) intracerebroventricularly (2.5 µg/rat) once daily for two weeks to create neuroinflammation. The mRNA and protein levels of the Cx were measured in the hippocampus after 1st, 7th and 14th injection by real-time PCR and Western-blot techniques. A significant increase in Cx32 and Cx30 gene expression was observed after 7th and 14th injection of LPS with no significant change in their protein abundance. Transcriptional overexpression of hippocampal Cx30 and Cx32 could be an adaptive response to production of intracellular toxic molecules but it is not accompanied with post- transcriptional overexpression and might have no functional impact.

Von Willebrand Disease (vWD) type 3 is an inherited disease characterized by severe clinical manifestations due to haemostatic abnormalities. Because of the autosomal recessive pattern of its inheritance, the disease is more frequent in regions with the high rate of consanguine marriages. We have previously demonstrated that despite various mutations of the gene, the Q793X mutation in exon 18 is more frequent in Iranian vWD patients. We have developed two assays to further investigate this mutation among Iranian patients. The Q793X mutation status was studied in 15 vWD type 3 patients and 30 normal individuals by ARMS-PCR and real-time PCR assays. Melting curve analysis was performed after each real-time PCR experiment. To confirm the results of assays, all amplified gene fragments were sequenced. Three out of 15 patients were previously diagnosed as having Q793X mutation in homozygote status. This was further confirmed by the ARMS-PCR and real-time PCR assays. Interestingly, the mutation was also found in 2 other unrelated patients with unknown mutations. Heterozygote status for the mutation was not detected in normal controls.Q793X mutation in vWF gene is common in Iranian population. However, a particular demographic distribution of the mutation was not observed in this study. Both assays successfully detected the mutation, although each assay has its own advantages and drawbacks. It is up to each laboratory to choose either assay based on their facilities and expertise.

Hippocampal damages, which are accompanied by inflammation, are among the main causes of epilepsy acquisition. We previously reported that chronic intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) modulates epileptogenesis in rats. There is a network of gap junction channels in the hippocampus that contribute to epileptogenesis. Gap junction channels are formed by oligomeric protein subunits called connexins (Cx). Astrocytic Cx43 and neuronal Cx36 are expressed in the hippocampus. In order to find out the possible role of gap junctions in seizure-modulating effect of LPS and neuroinflammation, we studied the effect of central administration of LPS on expression of Cx36 and Cx43 in rat hippocampus. LPS, 2.5 µg/rat/day, was injected i.c.v. to male Wistar rats for 14 days. mRNA and protein abundance of Cx36, Cx43 and IL1-β were measured in rat hippocampus by real time-PCR, Western blot and ELISA techniques, at the beginning, in the middle, and at the end of the treatment period. IL1-β protein level was significantly increased 6 h after first injection of LPS. Cx36 and Cx43 mRNA expression did not alter during chronic administration of LPS. A selective decrease in Cx43 protein expression was observed after 7 injections of LPS. It is suggested that Cx43 containing gap junctions in the hippocampus is down-regulated in response to chronic injection of LPS. This event can inhibit propagation of toxic and noxious molecules to neighboring cells and modulate hippocampal excitability and epileptogenesis.

Angiogenesis or new blood vessels generation is the most important factor affecting cell growth and proliferation in physiologic and pathologic conditions. Placenta Growth Factor (PLGF) is one of the important proteins for angiogenesis induction. In this study, placenta-derived PLGF-1 cDNA was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli expression system.

In this experimental study, the human placenta-derived PLGF-1 gene was amplified using specific primers and was cloned into pET32a and pET28a expression vectors. In order to express target protein, pET32a-PLGF-1 and pET28a-PLGF-1 constructs were transformed into E.coli Rosetta. PLGF-1 expression was induced by IPTG, and then the yield of expressed protein and its solubility was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting assay.

The pET32a-PLGF-1 and pET28a-PLGF-1 constructs were confirmed by sequencing. The bacterial lysates derived from IPTG-induced samples showed exact proteinand confirmed by western bloting. The majority of the expressed protein was insoluble.

The PLGF-1 is well expressed in Rosetta E.coli system and it could be used in different project.

Background and ObjectivesVon Willebrand Disease (vWD) is the most common inherited coagulation disorder in human beings. Quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of von Willebrand Factor (vWF) are the main causes of the disease. Various genetic factors can influence the plasma level of this protein in either the vWD patients or healthy people. In the present study, the RsaI polymorphism of the vWF gene coding region was analyzed. This polymorphism may be associated with the plasma level variations of the vWF.Materials and MethodsIn this descriptive study, the allele frequency of vWF RsaI polymorphism was assessed in 19 vWD patients and 50 controls through 2010. A fragment containing the RsaI polymorphism was amplified by using specific primers. Then, each PCR product was subjected to RFLP analysis using RsaI restriction enzyme digestion. The genotype of each sample was indicated as either homozygot (AA, GG) or heterozygote (AG) ResultsThe frequency of RsaI polymorphism “G” allele was 29% compared to the frequency of 71% for the allele “A” among 100 alleles of Iranian population. These frequencies were 23.6% and 76.3% for the “G” and “A” alleles, respectively, in vWD patients. On the other hand, “GG” homozygot genotype was more frequent among vWD patients compared to the healthy individuals (21% in vWD patients Vs 8% in healthy individuals). ConclusionsThe frequency of RsaI “G” allele in healthy Iranian population was in agreement with its predicted geographical distribution. Our results revealed that the homozygot GG genotype is detectable even in healthy individuals.

Rapid diagnosis of Trisomy 21 Syndrome (Down Syndrome) patients using Real-Time quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (Real-Time qPCR) in order to establish a novel method for prenatal diagnosis in the future. A total of 5 ml of peripheral blood was obtained from each patient and normal controls (NR). Then, genomic DNA from lymphocytes was extracted using the salting out procedure. Gene dosage levels of DSCAM and (PMP22, DSCAM) in Down Syndrome and NR were analyzed using real-time quantitative PCR. The DSCAM/PMP22 ratio was calculated according to the 2-ΔΔCt formula for all samples. Real-time PCR showed a DSCAM/PMP22 ratio of 1.48 ± 0.18 and 1.01 ± 0.10 (p<0.001) in Down Syndrome and normal samples, respectively, demonstrating three copies of the target (DSCAM) gene in Trisomy 21 Syndrome. DSCAM/PMP22 ratio is increased significantly in Down Syndrome patients than NR (1.5 times). Therefore, the real-time quantitative PCR technique can be used as a sensitive, accurate and reliable technique for rapid and prenatal diagnosis of Trisomy 21 Syndrome.

Background and ObjectivesWeibel-Palade bodies (WPBs) are specific storage granules of vascular endothelial cells to which they are unique and for whose physiology they might play an important role. Materials and MethodsWe have reviewed the most recent literature published regarding the function of WPBs and their related proteins. ResultsDiscrimination of WPBs from lysosomes drew scientist's attention to their biological importance. Furthermore, localization of the important proteins such as von Willebrand factor (vWF), P-selectin, and Osteoprotegerin has confirmed the critical role played by these organelles. The content of WPBs can be very quickly available in case of vascular injuries suggesting that they could act as regulators of rapid vascular responses. Since the biogenesis of these granules depends on the presence of vWF, it would be interesting to know how the absence of vWF and WPBs would affect the function of other stored proteins. This situation which is present in von Willebrand Disease needs to be evaluated. ConclusionsThis review contributes to a better knowledge of WPBs biology and function. At the same time, further investigations have yet to be done to reveal the roles these organelles can play.

Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid peptide, is broadly distributed in the peripheral and central nervous systems of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The purpose of the present study was to investigation the effects of Concurrent (Resistance and Endurance) and Resistance Training on the content of CGRP in Slow and Fast Muscles of Adult Wistar Rats. Twenty -three male Wistar rats (10 mo of age, 220 ± 15 gr, Iran Pasteur Institute) were randomly divided in to three groups (control (n=7), concurrent training (n=8), and resistance training (n=8)). They completed 12 weeks of training according to protocols. Animals of the resistance group were placed in metal cage with a wire-mesh tower, with two water bottles set at the top. Concurrent group completed a combination of both resistance and endurance trainings (5 days a week, 60 min/day, 30 m/min speed). Forty-eight hours after the last session of protocols, animals were anaesthetized. The right Soleus (as slow muscle) and Anterior Tibialis (as fast muscle) were removed under sterile condition via an incision on dorsolateral of the hindlimb. The tissues were removed quickly and freezed in liquid Nitrogen and were kept at -70 ° C for later usage. For CGRP assay, ELISA kit was used. One-way ANOVA was used to analyze the data. There was a significant difference between the control and concurrent training groups in slow muscle CGRP content. Moreover, the content of CGRP in both fast and slow muscles was significantly different when resistance training group was compared with the control group. Both resistance and concurrent training increased the content of CGRP in the fast and slow muscles. Therefore, CGRP increase depends on the nature of activity and probably its duration and intensity, more than muscle type.The results should be considered, in the role of CGRP in NMJ remodeling.

In this study, the possibility of prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome with Real-Time PCR method was evaluated. In this context, optimization of a suitable method for purification of high quality DNA from amniotic fluid samples was also considered. Pregnant women who had the high risk of having babies with Down syndrome were selected according to the biochemical and sonographic data and referred to the amniocentesis center. The DNA of total 59 amniotic fluid samples were extracted with different methods including boiling method, salting out method, Procedures of DNA extraction from Blood and Cell Culture by DNPTM Kit (CinnaGen), Procedure of DNA extraction from cells by DNA Isolation Kit for cells and tissues (Roche), Procedure of DNA extraction from Tissue by MagNa Pure DNA Isolation kit (Roche), and QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen). Then, the quality and quantity of the extracted DNA were evaluated by the NanoDrop® ND- 1000 spectrophotometer device. Real-Time PCR reaction using fluorescent dye SYBR Green I (Applied Biosystems, UK) was performed to specifically amplify DSCAM and DYRK1A2 genes and the reference gene (PMP22). Data analysis was performed using comparative cycle threshold method for the determination of the gene dosage and determining the number of copies of chromosome 21. This study showed that DNA extracted from amniotic fluid samples using QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen) has the desirable quantity and quality for Real-Time PCR. Specific proliferation of targets and reference genes was achieved and difference between normal and affected groups based on differences between their gene dosages was determined. Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome is feasible by the Real-Time PCR method using DNA samples from amniotic fluid cells extracted by QIAamp DNA Micro Kit (Qiagen). The results are comparable to the corresponding results from conventional cytogenetic methods.