فهرست مطالب رضاضرغامی

In terms of harvested land area, potato ranks fourth in the world after wheat, corn and rice. In addition to providing energy and good quality protein, it is also considered as a source of vitamin C and minerals. Despite the fact that iron is the fourth most abundant element in the earth's crust, only a small amount of iron can be used by plants in well-ventilated soils. Therefore, iron deficiency is one of the factors limiting the growth and development of plants.
 

This experiment was carried out in a factorial trial in the base of a completely randomized design in three replications in a greenhouse conditions of Agricultural Research Institute of Hamedan (Jorqan) during the crop years of 2017-2018 and 2018-2029. The experimental factors include the weight levels of microtuber at three levels of 3-1, 3-5 and 5-10 grams and different iron fertilizers at seven levels, control, iron chelate in the form of soil consumption at the rate of 20 micromolar, nano iron oxide in the form of soil consumption to The amount of 20 micromolar was 1 and 2% foliar spraying of iron chelate and 1 and 2% nano iron oxide foliar spraying. The internal temperature of the greenhouse was provided by adjusting the air conditioning system and central heating in the range of 18 to 20 °C  at night and 26 to 28 degrees during the day. The humidity of the greenhouse was also 60-65%. At the end of the experiment, after processing the crop, the plants were harvested and the yield and yield components were determined. Leaf greenness index in this experiment using SPAD device (Minolta 502 model) using three fully developed terminal leaves from ten plants in the budding stage in the middle part of the leaf on one side of the main vein, at 9:30 to 10:00 in the morning. It was measured in order to minimize daily changes. To measure the percentage of dry matter, 200 grams of tubers were randomly selected from each treatment, then the tubers were chopped and placed in an oven at a temperature of 75 degrees Celsius, and after their weight was fixed, they were weighed again. Then, based on the ratio of fresh and dry weight of the tubers, the percentage of dry matter of the tubers was determined (Hagman and Martenssen, 2009). 

The results showed that the height of the plant, the number of stems per plant, the number of tubers per plant, the weight of tubers, the weight of tubers per plant, the percentage of dry matter and the greenness index increased with the increase in the weight of microtubers, and the most improvement in the morphological and qualitative characteristics of potato in microtubers. 5-10 grams were observed. With the application of iron chelate and nano iron oxide fertilizers, potato yield and yield components increased. The maximum tuber weight in the plant was shown in the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide and 2% nano iron oxide. The highest tuber weight in the plant in the 1-3 gram microtuber is 405.23 grams related to the consumption of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, in the 3-5 gram microtuber is 444.61 grams related to the application of 2% iron chelate solution and in the microtuber 5-10 grams in the amount of 556.92, 544.52, 482.6 and 465.82 grams corresponding to the treatments of 20 micromolar nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 2% nano iron oxide, foliar spraying of 1% nano iron oxide and solution The application was 2% iron chelate 

Microtuber 5-10 grams was able to acquire the best size of microtuber due to having suitable nutrients and accelerating the greening of plants and increasing photosynthesis and providing nutrients. The application of nano iron oxide fertilizer was more effective in improving the quantitative and qualitative yield of potatoes compared to iron chelate.

The current research is conducted to investigate the effect of application of mycorrhiza treated soil under water deficit stress on some morphophysiological and biochemical traits of stevia plants obtained from tissue culture. The experiment was done in a greenhouse condition with treatments of two mycorrhiza species at four levels (M1: without mycorrhiza, M2: Glomus mosseae, M3: Glomus intraradices, M4: mixed of both species) and application of water deficit. The irrigation was applied at four levels as follows: I1: maintaining soil moisture at 100% of field capacity, I2: irrigation after reaching 75% of field capacity, I3: irrigation after reaching 50% of field capacity, I4: irrigation after reaching 25% of field capacity. The statistical model was factorial experiment using completely randomized design with 6 replications. Application of mycorrhiza species in water deficit stress conditions dued to 1.70, 4.11, 1.73 and 4.32 fold increase in leaf greenness index, total plant dry weight, main stem height and leaf area parameters, respectively. In addition, these treatments caused to 1.66, 6.13, 29.6 and 1.30 fold increase of potassium, glucose, fructose and total soluble sugars in stevia plants. Under moderate and severe water deficit stress, the use of a mixture of mycorrhiza species in treatments M4I4 and M4I3 compared to treatments M1I4 and M1I3 (without mycorrhiza fungus) increased more than threefold the leaf area of stevia tissue culture plants that positive root symbiosis stevia plants were well clarified by mixing two species of mycorrhizal fungi under water deficit stress and irrigation restrictions.

Fluidized beds are widely used in various processes such as mixing, catalytic and non-catalytic reactions, etc. In this article, the hydrodynamic characteristics of a gas-solid semi-cylindrical fluidized bed, which are affected by bubble properties including shape, size and rising velocity, are investigated for glass beads of 420 μm. For this purpose, a digital image analysis technique was employed to study the bubble behavior. The experiments were carried out in a semi-cylindrical fluidized bed with a diameter of 14 cm at ambient pressure and temperature. The static bed height was 21 cm (L/D=1.5) in all cases and the superficial gas velocity was varied in the range of 0.2 to 0.8 m/s. All properties of bubbles were investigated by increasing the superficial gas velocity and against the height of the bed. The results showed that aspect ratio, size and rising velocity of bubbles increase with increasing the superficial gas velocity. The size and rising velocity of bubbles, which were obtained experimentally, were found to be in good agreement with the values calculated by existing correlations with relative errors of 3.5% and 7 %, respectively. Moreover, all above mentioned properties of bubbles increase by increasing the height of the bed. The advantage of a semi-cylindrical bed over a cylindrical one is that through its flat surface, the phenomena inside the bed can be observed by a non-intrusive method. The results of these experiments can help to understand the complicated hydrodynamic behavior of fluidized beds.

Nanotechnology, as a promising method for addressing sustainable agricultural issues, can increase propagation efficiency in palm tissue culture. The aim of this study was to prepare carbon nanoparticles and use the resulting nanocomposites to evaluate their efficiency in improving and increasing date callus formation.

Three separate experiments were performed to propagate calluses consisting of meristematic microsamples of dates. In the first experiment, calli prepared in MS culture medium were transferred to four culture media with different hormonal treatments from NAA and 2iP, and in the second experiment, calli composed of meristematic date microsamples in MS culture medium were transferred to four culture media with separate treatments from NAA and BAP. Different hormones were transferred from NAA and BAP. In the third experiment, after determining the best hormonal treatments from the first and second experiments, carbon nanoparticles were synthesized from graphite and calli composed of meristematic date microsomal samples were recreated in superior culture media with different concentrations of nanoparticles (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg/L).

Based on the results of the first experiment, treatments of 10 mg / l NAA + 30 mg / l 2ip and 0.1 mg/l NAA + 0.05 mg/l 2ip were selected as the best callus propagation treatments. In the second experiment, it was found that there was no statistically significant difference between the applied treatments of 10 mg/l NAA + 30 mg/l BAP and 10 mg/l NAA + 10 mg/l BAP with other treatments with different concentrations of BAP. The results of the third experiment showed that the use of 10 mg/l NAA + 30 mg/l BAP + 30 mg/l CNP can produce the most calluses.

Due to the positive effect of carbon nanoparticles on increasing the weight of commodities, treatment of 10 mg / l NAA + 30 mg / l BAP + 30 mg / l CNP becomes the most suitable option for calorific cultivar propagation.

Today, new technologies produce diverse data sets in the engineering sciences. Data science has provided the necessary tools for storing, analyzing, and managing these data set. In the near future, in almost all areas, traditional jobs will soon be replaced by data-driven jobs. Lack of efficient and trained human resources is a serious obstacle in managing large amounts of data in organizations, firms, and executive bodies. As a result, teaching and applying data science at the undergraduate and graduate levels in engineering disciplines, including chemical engineering, are inevitable. In this study, the importance of creating new courses on data science for evaluating big data and the role of these trainings in the development of chemical engineering in academia and industry are examined. For this purpose, data science courses in the top universities are reviewed and finally suggestions are presented. Titles are also suggested for how to present these courses. Providing these trainings to chemical engineers can help them to gain job opportunities and deal with large data in the chemical industry.

The purpose of the present work is to synthesize and characterize of the nanostructure of the metal organic framework of UiO-66. Synthesis was performed using zirconium tetrachloride, terephthalic acid, N, N-dimethylformamide and chloroform. The synthesized UiO-66 was characterized by XRD, FT-IR, FESEM and BET analysis. In the XRD curve, characteristic peaks were observed at 2θ angles of 7.4°, 8.5° and 25.8°, which confirm the successful synthesis of UiO-66 crystalline nanoparticles. The FT-IR analysis showed the formation of functional groups of OH at 3428 cm-1, O-C-O asymmetric stretch at 1566 cm-1, O-C-O symmetric stretch at 1399 cm-1 and Zr-O bond stretching vibration of the framework at 1082 cm-1 in UiO-66 structure. The results of FESEM analysis showed the formation of single cubic crystals of UiO-66 with octagonal morphology and nanoparticles were observed in the range of 30 to 60 nm. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption curve of UiO-66 was from type I and the specific surface area of ​​BET, total pore volume and average pore diameter were 1130.9 m2/g, 1.1429 cm3/g and 4.425 nm, respectively, which confirm the large surface area and high pore volume of UiO-66.

Reducing the minituber dormancy has economic importance . The current study was aimed to find the best dormancy breaking treatment to reduce minituber dormancy of two commercial varieties (Sante and Agria). Since minituber dormancy period depends on different factors, the individual effects of treatments i.e. GA3 (0.05 and 0.07gl-1), thiourea (10 and 20gl-1) and CS2 (25 and 50mlm-3), genotype background (different dormancy periods), and minituber size (1.5, 2.5 and 3.5cm), were evaluated on minituber dormancy period. In addition to dormancy period, the effect of mentioned factors were investigated on sprout numbers and sprout length. Results showed that although CS2 and thiourea had good effects on the reduction of minituber dormancy, the detailed consideration of derived sprouts showed that it cannot be introduced as an appropriate dormancy breaking treatment. According to the results, GA3 (0.05gl-1) was found to be the best treatment for reducing dormancy period in both cultivars. GA3 (0.05gl-1), in addition to break the dormancy of different minituber sizes of both cultivars, had good effect on sprouting related parameters of treated minitubers.

IntroductionPlants are affected by many unfavorable environmental factors and therefore crop growth and development is retarded. Cold and water stress impose a considerable damage to the economy and country’s agricultural production every year. Salicylic acid is of phenolic compounds which is found in many plants, and considered as quasi hormonal substance that plays an important role in the growth and development of plants. Salicylic acid plays an important role in resistance to environmental stresses. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects salicylic acid spraying on alleviating the chilling and drought stresses on yield and agronomic traits of maize single cross 400.
Materials and methodsThis experiment was performed as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications during 1394 in the greenhouse and the Research Farm of Faculty of Agricultural Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The main plot of cold stress at two levels (non-stress and cold stress at 5ºC for 12 hours at 4th leaf stage), sub factors were three levels of irrigation (100, 75 and 50% of water requirement) and sub-sub plot was spraying with salicylic acid (non- (control) , 200 and 400 µM spraying
After cold stress, seedlings of Single cross 400 were planted in the field. The plots were prapared with four meters length and three meters widths and row spacing of 75 cm with 75000 plants per hectare. At the end of the growing season to determine yield components, five plants were randomly taken from each plot from one square meter and biomass and kernel yield was recorded. MSTATC software implemented for statistical analysis and the means were compared using LSD test.
Results and discussionThe effect of drought stress and salicylic acid on the seed number per plant was significant. So that 100% irrigation %cause to improve 34.2% %in seed number per plant compared to 50% %of water requirement. Spraying plants with 200 and 400 µM improved the trait at a rate of 13.6 % compared to non-spraying (control). Effects of drought stress, salicylic acid and interaction of salicylic acid with drought on seed yield were significant. The treatment of 100% water requirement with 400 µM spraying with an increase of 54.3% showed the highest seed yield compared to 50% water requirements with spraying. In another study also corn foliar spaying with salicylic acid in flowering stage increased seed yield (Bayat et al., 2010). Effects of drought stress and salicylic acid and their interaction on biological yield were significant. The highest biological yield was obtained in 100% water treatment with 400 µM salicylic acid spraying with 55.2% higher biomass compared to 50% water treatment with similar salicylic acid spraying.
Harvest Index in treatment of 400 µM salicylic acid spraying in irrigation conditions of 100% water requirement was 11.1% more than in irrigation conditions of 50% water requirement with the same salicylic acid spraying. Setter et al (Setter et al., 2001) similarly reported that corn grain yield reduced under drought stress.
ConclusionsThe results of this study showed that cold stress did not have negative impact on SC400 corn hybrid on tested traits. But the drought stress reduced corn yield components (such as the number of seeds and rows in corn), seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index. 400 µM salicylic acid applications can be significantly increased biological yield and seed yield SC400 corn.

Chlorophyll, RWC, electrolyte leakage and seed performance of three maize hybrid varieties under draught and chilling stress conditions were examined. The experiment was carried out in split-split plots using random completely blocks design with three replications in 2013-2014 in research farm and greenhouse Mashhad University of Ferdowsi, Agronomy Faculty. The main plot was chilling stress at two levels (present and absence of chilling stress); the subplot were drought stress at three levels (100% irritation, 75% irritation, and 50% irritation); sub-subplot was maize hybrid variety (single cross 704, single cross 400, and single cross 260). Results showed that stress conditions affected SPAD so that draught stress declined RWC and stability of cytoplasm membrane. The highest RWC and stability of cytoplasmic membrane were seen in single cross 260 and 400. Mutual effects of the treatments showed that the chilling and 100% irritation single cross 704 treatments had the highest SPAD. In addition, SPAD, RWC, and electrolyte leakage at the end of season decreased relative to the emergence time of male inflorescence. In presence of chilling and draught stresses, single cross 400 had higher performance comparing with the two other hybrids. This, in turn, indicates better performance of such treatment comparing with the other hybrids.

Cold and drought stresses are considered as the most important factors limiting crop production. To evaluate the effect of these tow stresses on yield and yield components of corn hybrids, a field experiment was implemented in split plots based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replicates during 2014 at the Research Greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. In this research, chilling stress in two levels (i.e. non-stress, and cold stress) is considered as the main factor and three levels of drought stress (i.e. irrigation equivalent to 100% of plants water requirement, non-stress as control, irrigation equivalent to 75% of plants water requirement, and irrigation equivalent to 50% of plants water requirement) as sub factor and three hybrid corn (i.e. single-cross 704, single-cross 400, single-cross 260). The results showed that the effects of drought and hybrids on traits under study were significant. Cold and drought stresses interaction of different corn varieties on the traits under study (seed number per ear, 100-seed weight, yield, biological yield and harvest index) was also significant. The highest seed yields of hybrid 704 and hybrid 400 under 100% water requirement were 7887 and 6862 kg.ha-1 respectively. Single-cross 400 variety had the highest water productivity in line with the 704 variety with the highest grain yield and water consumption efficiency, water consumption efficiency for biomass production in water-limited conditions increased. Finally, it shows that cold and drought stress interaction resulted in highest water consumption efficiency in the treatments of non-chilling stress and 100% water requirement.

Chilling stress usually can be seen in tropical and subtropical crops or in crops which are grown in afore mentioned areas. Generally, the crops are very sensitive to chilling stress during their active growth and early stages of their development. In this research, a study on the effects of chilling stress and salicylic acid on physiological and biochemical traits of corn hybrid single-cross 400 in factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad has been investigated. To this, chilling stress in two levels (i.e. non-stress control, and chilling stress at 5⁰C in four-leaf satge using thermogradient freezer for 12 hours) as the main factor and three levels of spraying salicylic acid solution (non-spraying control, 200 and 400 micro molar spraying) as subsidiary factor was applied. The results showed that the concentrations of malondialdehyde, Di-tyrosine and proline increased and the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and catalase enzymes decreased significantly in chilling stress. Spraying of 200 and 400 micro molar salicylic acid solution ameriolated the negative effect of chilling stress. Electrolyte leakage increased, while, water content and dry matter accumulation and leaf area has been decreased in the presence of chilling stress. Spraying of salicylic acid solution caused an increase in chlorophyll content. Indeed, a significant correlation between the cold damage, salicylic acid treatment, and investigated traits were appeared that represent the corn seedling’s positive reaction to salicylic acid in chilling stress condition. 400 mM salicylic acid proline sprayed most of the 39.5 micromoles per gram of fresh weight, respectively.

Storing in unlined rock caverns is regarded as one of the major ways of underground oil storage where cavern stability and oil leakage are the most crucial parameters to be concerned. The stability assurance of the cavern can lead to safety of the underground structure during and after construction as well as preventing the oil leakage phenomenon. Therefore, stability assessment of the structure is considered as one of the most important parts of design, construction and operation. Thus, the important parameters affecting the stability of the cavern were recognized and discussed in this paper. It was determined that a suitable algorithm, independent of numerical methods, is required in order to conduct a reliable and applicable stability analysis. Accordingly, in addition to recognition of affecting parameters, an algorithm was introduced for stability assessment of unlined rock caverns. A case of a stability analysis for unlined rock caverns in Asmari formation via numerical methods is discussed. Geotechnical, geology and engineering geology information was employed for numerical modeling purposes. Prediction of deformation and displacement magnitude during excavation, and subsequently designing a support system consisting of rock bolt and shotcrete based on these predictions were the objectives of modeling. Finally, the sensitivity analysis of the important parameters on cavern stability and the designing support system was carried out.

In order to investigate the effect of nip and drought tension on chlorophyll index, relative water content, electrolyte leakage and grain yield of maize single cross 400 under different levels of salicylic acid, a field experiment carried out in split split plots in randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse and Agricultural Research Station of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad during the cropping year of 2014. In the present experiment the main factor, cold tension at two levels (non- nip tension and nip tension), sub-factor included three levels of drought tension (irrigation equivalent to 100 percent plant water requirement (non-tension, control)), irrigation equivalent to 75 percent of plant water requirement and irrigation equivalent to 50 percent plant water requirement) and sub sub factor foliar application salicylic acid (non-foliar application (control), foliar application 200 micro molar and 400 micro molar foliar application) was considered. The obtained results indicate chlorophyll meter index, relative water content and electrolyte leakage are influenced under drought tension conditions; as water deficiency tension, chlorophyll index decreased relative water content and electrolyte leakage, increased grain yield. Also, salicylic acid foliar application improved the chlorophyll index, leaf relative water content, increasing electrolyte leakage and grain yield. Nip treatment interaction on drought tension using 200 micro molar foliar application of salicylic acid improved the chlorophyll index. According to the results, using the appropriate concentration of salicylic acid are recommended for improving environmental tensions such as drought and nip to achieve the optimal performance.

This research was performed to study the effects of chilling stress on physiological and biochemical traits (both chilling stress and non-stress control levels) of three-hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) seedlings (single-cross 704, 400, 260) in factorial in a completely randomized design in the research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran. To apply chilling stress, the four-leaf seedlings have been treated in a room at five degrees Celsius for 12 hours. The chilling stress in two levels of single-cross 260 and single-cross 704 led in malondialdehyde increase, while it decreases in single-cross 400 in the same situation. The concentration of Di-tyrosine was shown 40% higher in single-cross 704 compered to single-cross 260 and 400. In addition, the concentration of superoxide dismutase enzyme in single-cross 260 was significantly higher than two single-cross 700 and 400 hybrids. Glutathione peroxidase represented asignificant effect in different corn hybrids in the presence of chilling stress, which in single-cross 260 chilling stress caused a 39% reduction in glutathione peroxidase while other two hybrids have shown no significant change. Chilling stress caused significantly 20% reduction of catalase enzyme compared to non-chilling condition. The highest amount of catalase enzymes were measured in single-cross 260 which is significantly higher than two other hybrids. Although, chilling stress has no significant morphological effect on corn plants, but the plants exposed to the chilling stress has shown biochemical changes in their antioxidant system and plant cell membrane stability.

Monitoring of fluidized bed hydrodynamics is an essential issue. In this work, a new method, based on comparison of attractors of reference and evaluation time series, was applied to investigate the fluidized bed hydrodynamics by analyzing the bed vibration signatures. The experiments were carried out gas-solid fluidized of 15 cm inner diameter and 2 m height for three particle sizes, different velocities, and three probe heights. The measured signals of different sand and aspect ratio were compared based on the null hypothesis. The attractor of a system has been reconstructed by applying time delay embedding theory on measured values. The results indicate that the S-statistics method can detect small Changes in gas velocities, the particle size and aspect ratio of the sand. The importance of this method is its ability on the detecting of changes in the hydrodynamic of fluidized bed and provide of changes for controlling these variations.

This study was conducted to evaluate the herb thyme traits under water shortage conditions in the four irrigation regimes and apply for four levels of putrescine split plot in a randomized complete block design with three Recur spring 1393 was conducted in Varamin city. The main cause of stress 140,110,80,50) mm evaporation from evaporation pan class A and subplots consisted of four treatments putrescine (2,1,0.5,0) m.mol per liter respectively. The results showed that drought stress on leaf dry weight, fresh weight, thymol essential oils, essential oils, proline was significant at the one percent level. Putrescine hormone acts on the dry weight and fresh weight at the level of five percent vegetative thyme and other traits was significant at the one percent level. The interaction between stress hormones and putrescine on any of the evaluated traits was not significant. Most dry weight (8.45 grams) and weight (74.77 g), the growth in non-drought conditions were observed. The highest amount of thymol (558.05 microgram per gram of fresh leaf weight) and essential oils (4.57%) for 110 ml evaporation (high tension) and the most proline 54.55 micromoles per gram of fresh leaf) also treated to 140 mm evaporation stress (severe) were observed. The highest amount of thymol (58.72 microgram per gram of fresh leaf), essential oils (4.63%) and proline (42.95 micromoles per gram of fresh leaf) in terms of putrescine sprayed at 2 m.M, respectively. The greatest amount of weight (7.55 g) and dry (62.69 mg) also in vegetative organs sprayed at a m.M, respectively. The dry weight (6.02 g) and weight (44.72 g) the treatment of 140 mm evaporation (severe stress) and the least amount of thymol (45.20 microgram per gram of fresh leaf weight) and proline (24.52 microgram per gram of fresh leaf weight) and essential oil content (4.08%) for the treatment of 50 mm evaporation (control) was observed. The dry weight (6.88 g) and weight (56.22 g) and the least amount of thymol (46.45 microgram per gram of fresh leaf weight) and proline (37.02 microgram per gram of fresh leaf weight) and essential oil content (18.4 percent) was observed in the absence of putrescine sprayed. Due to the severe crisis of water scarcity and climate change in Korea of land, the use of hormone putrescine can be in terms of economic, ecological agriculture and for increased resistance to drought Thyme is justified. In general, putrescine role in plant defense against stress is to prevent aging and stress.

Sucrose fatty acid ester is a nonionic surfactant, which is nonaggressive with skin, biocampatible and biodegradable. Thus this surfactant has extensive applications in several industries including the food, cosmetics, pharmacy, anti-microbial detergents, insecticides and pesticides in agriculture. It has been also applied in the production and stabilization of nanostructured particles. Sucrose esters are produced from sugar and fatty acids, which are cheap, accessible and renewable sources of material. Due to the eight positions of esterification in sucrose, a wide range of physical, chemical and biological properties could be created. These differences are mainly possible through changing the degree of substitution and chain length of fatty acids.

To study the effect of humic acid and nitrogen fertilizer on the morphological and biological characteristics of experimental plant during 1393 at the Agricultural Research Station of Islamic Azad University of Varamin (leader) in a randomized complete block design with 12 treatments, including different levels N (nitrogen) at three different levels of humic acid level in four levels in three replications. The essential oil is extracted by distillation and measured. Essential oil compounds were identified using the GC/MS device.The main components of essential oils and essential oil yield and statistical analysis was performed. The results showed that the three different levels of nitrogen fertilization on yield significant at 1% chlorophyll content, fresh weight, dry weight, the amount of thymol, the nitrogen shoots, net assimilation rate, leaf area index, speed product growth, relative growth rate showed the four different levels on the characteristics of chlorophyll and net assimilation rate was significant at 5% level, the interaction of nitrogen and foliar application of humic acid as well as the amount of thymol, the nitrogen shoot, index leaf, did not show significant differences.

A split plot experiment in form of fully random blocks with three repetitions was carried out to survey effect of water deficit and defoliation on qualitative and quantitative traits of soy cultivar (Williams). Main factors were three water deficit tension (1a: 60mm evaporation from evaporation basin, a: before reproductive growth of irrigation similar to first experiment at the initiation of reproductive stage until harvest based on 150mm evaporation from the basin, 3a: irrigation up to V3 growth stage followed by irrigation with rate of 150mm evaporation from evaporation basin) and sub-factors of variation in resource and reserve (b1: control group, b2: 33% defoliating, b3: 66% defoliating) were also investigated. The traits under consideration in the experiment were yield, weight of 1000 seeds, number of seeds in calyx, proline and super oxide enzyme of dismutase. Variance analysis of the traits under study found to be significantly affected by water deficit and defoliation tension. Under water deficit tension, the plant showed antioxidant enzyme activity increase due to oxidative tension effects, such as dismutase super oxide. In addition defoliation resulted in reduction of dismutase super oxide enzyme activities. Seed yield under water deficit tension (4309kg/104m) showed considerable decrease. Under defoliation V3 it was found that water deficit tension decreased after defoliation increase to 66% of yield.

This research that is a part of comprehensive study of tissue culture of potato to achieve appropriate hormone treatment for direct regeneration of Sante potato cultivar and to determine the best type of explant for direct regeneration has been conducted in 1389-90 for a year. at Islamic Azad University, Varamin Pishva Branch, faculty of agricultural. In this study thermotherapyed plant that emerged from meristem culture Sante cultivar, conveyed to mono bud planting for micropropagation. Then from these plants supplied leaf and internodal explant. Also healthy minitubers from this cultivar has been used to supply explant, that after sterilized conveyed to solid MS medium which supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D, Zeatin and one level of GA3 hormones. These concentrations of hormones included three levels of 2,4-D and Zeatin, hormones, and one level of GA3 Hormone. These plants was placed in light and 20-22 °C temperature to induce direct regeneration. Then after 28-3 days plantlet emerged on explants. Producing and colony of plantlets for use in agronomy was the ultimate purpose of this reaserch.

Seed dormancy is one of the important problems among potato minitubers. It decreases the germination percentage by rotting the tubers. To overcome this problem an experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Institute of Hamedan in 2012-2013. The experiments were carried out in factorial randomized complete design with two different treatments, the weight of minituber in three levels (1-3 g, 3-5 g and 5-10 g) and chemical treatments in seven levels (no treatment, 150 ppm gibberellic acid in 1 h, 300 ppm gibberellic acid in 1 h, 1% thiourea in 1 h, 0.5% thiourea in 1 h, 45 ml.m-3 carbon disulfide in 24 h, 45 ml.m-3 carbon disulfide in 48 h) with three replications per treatment. The Sante variety was tested for minituber size. After seed dormancy breakage, the days to germination, number of sprouts per minitubers and the sprout diameter were studied and then the mini-tubers were grown in pots. After tuber collection (harvesting), the number of tuber per plant, tuber weight and the total weight of all tubers were measured. We observed the highest stem diameter in 5 – 10 g tubers and the lowest sprout length in 1-3 g tubers. Also, among different breaking seed dormancy treatments, the 45 ml carbon disulfide in 48 h showed the significant increase in sprout length compare to the 45 ml carbon disulfide in 24 h which resulted the highest tuber size and weight. The gibberellic acid (300 ppm) treatment showed the highest number of tubers. The interaction study among treatments showed that, the 45 ml carbon disulfide in 48 h produced tubers with different size and they were high in weight compare to the others.

An experiment was conducted in order to evaluate the effects of Mo spraying on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of wheat grain yield under water stress condition, in varamin agricultural research center in 2010-11. A split plot layout within randomized complete block design with three replications were used. Main plots were three irrigation treatments (normal irrigation, non-irrigation at start of grain filling stage and non-irrigation at start of flowering stage) and sub plots were Mo spraying with three levels including spraying with pure water, Mo spraying with 0.5% concentration and Mo spraying with 1% concentration. The result showed that, grain yield and many of yield components affected by drought stress, significantly, on reproductive growth stage. Grain yield had significantly decreased by light and severe stress by 14.6% and 26.7% respectively. The most effect of stress at filling stage treatment were on thousand kernel weight leaf area duration and day to maturity, where as, number grain per spike and number of fertile ear affected with stress at flowering stage treatment. Severe stress treatment had a signifinant effect on maximum amount of LAI and CGR. Leaf area duration decreased for both two stress treatments and leaf defoliation started so earlier than normal treatment. Mo spraying has significant effects on grain yield and many yield components and also caused a significant decrease of water stress damages. 1% concentration of Mo spraying caused significant increase in total kernel weight, pedancle length, number of fertile spike and number of kernel per spike by 6.7%, 13.9%, 5.7%, 6.5% and 17.4% respectively. Day to maturity increased for 4 days in this treatment. Mo sprying with 1% concentration increased the grain yield from 5699 kg/hac to 6065 kg/hac significantly. There was no significant difference between to spraying concentrations (0.5% and 1%) for number of kernel per spike, total kernel weight, pedancle length, grain yield, biological yoeld, harvest index, protein yield and protein percentage. Also, the effect of Mo spraying was not significant for biological yield and harvest index. The manner of LAI and CGR changes during wheat growth period had significantly affected by Mo spraying. Protein percentage of wheat grain increased in both two irrigation and Mo soraying treatments.

The physiological impact of source restriction on corn (hybrid SC704) yield formation due to water deficit stress was studied in Varamin during 2007-2008 and 2008-2009 growing seasons. The experiment was carried out in a complete randomized block design with split plot arrangement. In under stress plots, two short periods of water-holding were applied at V8 and tasseling growth stages. Defoliation treatments consisted of: control, cutting 1/3 of leaves at V8, cutting 2/3 of leaves at V8, and cutting 1/3 of leaves at tasseling and cutting 2/3 of leaves at teaseling. The grain yield of 8.9 t .ha-1 was attained by moderate irrigation which was a results of 16.4% and 27.3% greater biomass and harvest index compared to the water stress conditions. The water stress reduced the available assimilates during grain filling which resulted in reduction of grains per ear from 598 to 455, while increased the 1000-grains weight from 105 to 168 g. Positive and significant correlation between the grain yield and number of grains per ear indicated that this yield component is more important than individual grain weight for yield formation. The results showed that cutting 1/3 of leaves at tasseling not only did not decrease the dry matter accumulation but also increased the grain yield by more dry matter partitioning to grain filling process. Under water stress, late but scanty defoliation increased the water content of remaining leaves and their photosynthesis which resulted in higher grain yield.

To find the best plant density and study the compatibility of soybean cultivars in water stress condition, a field experiment was performed in randomized complete block design with split-factorial arrangement with 4 replication during 2009. the main plots were to two irrigation regimes (T1=normal irrigation, T2=100mm evaporation from the surface of evaporation basin); sub plots were jointly three levels of plant densities (60, 80 &100 plant per m2) and two soybean cultivars (Williams & mutant clarck).The studied traits were seed yield, harvest index, seed oil percentage and oleic and palmitic acids Contents. The results showed significant differences among different level of irrigation, plant densities and cultivars. The highest values of measured traits were achieved in normal irrigation and the lowest in water stress condition. Increase of plant density from 60 to 100 plant per m2 decreased all the traits. The seed yield and harvest index of cv. Williams was more than cv. Mutant clarck, while seed oil percentage of cv. Mutant clarck was higher than that of Williams. However, palmitic and oleic acids contents were not significantly different in two cultivars. Maximum and the minimum seed yield were obtained in the highest and lowest plant densities respectively. Increased of plant density from 60 to 100 plants per m2, decreased seed oil percentage in both irrigation regimes and both cultivars. Increase of plant density also decreased palmitic and oleic acids contents in both irrigation regimes and both cultivars.