فهرست مطالب روح الله صیادی نژاد

The emotional system is one of the discourses that is examined in the frameworkof the sign semantic model. in this system, the flow of means production is linked to perceptual sensory conditions of the passoniate and the signs- meanings are transformed into dynamic and muitydimensional forms. In this regard, the purpose of the present study is to explain the role of the mentioned process in the style of the passoniateˈs presence  and the evoluation of discours conditions, based on the method of the sign- semantic discourse ,while explaining the emotional process of the story “Al-less va  Al-kelb “. Findings show, in the story of Al-less and Al-kelab, the emotional system is based on passions. The emotions and passions in the novel, of which anger and despair are the most prominent, have created the emotional system of discourse based on a meaningful and logical flow. The occurrence of two events in a passionate life, betrayal of loved ones and failure to avenge betrayers, has played an important role in transforming the discourse by influencing emotions, as well as, fundamentally changing the text. In the initial partes of the text, the emotion of anger while causing a continuous and dynamic presence of passion, cause the value of revenge in the discourse. In the final partes, the feeling of despaire leads to isolation and passionate absence from the scene of events and the value funection of the text has changed from revenge to surrender.

The context can be considered as the most reliable and important tool of the commentator to enter the analysis of texts, especially the surahs of the Qur'an. Expressions such as: context, situational context, and terms such as position in the tradition of Qur'anic interpretation and the dignity of revelation, or the cause of revelation, are items that fall under the meaning of context. Jorjani is one of the people who presented theories in the field of text histology more than a thousand years ago;, achieved, and by purposefully presenting the same issues, reintroduced it into linguistics in the form of scientific theory. This article tries to introduce some of the textural components to Jorjani in a descriptive-analytical manner and reflects his histological approach to the text by comparing it with Surah Al-Kahf. The use of words and its semantic connections with other sentence components and syntactic and semantic text-making combinations are among the textual cases that have been presented in Surah Al-Kahf in line with the main purpose of this surah, which is to express the discourse of monotheism and resurrection. "The necessity of the present and the position" - which in contemporary histological theory is known as the context of the position of the text - can be equivalent to the discussion of deletion, presentation and connection that Jorjani has dealt with, and we can boldly say that these cases are objective manifestations. The context of the situation is considered by Jorjani.

The aim of this article is to explore the concept of verbal violence in the novel "Zeineh" and to understand how literary texts relate to the power that dominates any society. And with the method of critical analysis of discourse beyond verbal forms, the power and ideology governing the social and cultural conditions of the society in the novel "Zeineh" have been studied and by introducing the components of verbal violence in Janet Malkin's approach, This novel has been studied to show the role of speech and its power in shaping and destroying human identities. Accordingly, the research findings show that "verbal violence" is the main discourse in this novel, through which the word finds a magical power for injury and destruction, and the devotees of this word are only those who are targeted by the word. Not put; But those who talk to it are also exposed to it. And the word is not just a means of expressing thoughts; Rather, the word itself forms thoughts, and is the program and guide of one's intellectual activity. The word has an independent pwer and force that determines the framework of the speaker's action and thinking. The word does not only determine the limits of thought; Rather, gaining the speaker's independence and forcing him to speak also sacrifices him

In the linguistics and semantics of the words of a text, it is important to analyze a set of words with the same meaning that are in a "semantic field" of that text. This linguistic approach, in better identification of a purposeful text such as the Holy Quran, is effective as the best example of rhetorical text and the most expensive literary text; Because the Qur'an has a frequency of words that are semantically convergent and related to each other and are in the same field of meaning. Undoubtedly, with different methods and approaches, including semantics, it is possible to understand some of the symbolic aspects of these words and the rhetoric of the Qur'an. Based on this, in the following research, with analytical-descriptive method, the words included in the field of meaning (mediational field) of extraction and the semantic relations between them have been examined and explained, and it has been found that: words that despite the difference in words in the field of meaning, describe the resurrection, are compatible with the name of this surah and its opening verses. Also, different words that are based on the relation of opposition (contradiction) in the same field of meaning, have a common meaning in describing the event of Qiyamah.

analyzing religious texts based on new theories causes the dynamism of those texts and their deeper. One of the new theories that came up in the 20th is van Dijk's ideological square theory in the field of critical speech analysis. van Dijk, who is one of the prominent theorists of speech analysis, presents his ideological square theory for speech analysis; His ideological squad has four sides, which emphasizes on signalization the positive features of oneself, the negative characteristics of the other, and paling out the negative characteristics of the self, the positive characteristics of the other. Considering the high potential of this theory, the present research intends to examine the 108th sermon of Nahj al-Balagha, which is considered as one of the war sermons, with a qualitative approach and critical speech analysis method based on van Dijk’s ideological squad and tries to find out the imam's hidden ideology through it. Imam Ali could be found in the lower layers of the mentioned text. It is inferred that all the efforts of the speaker about signalization and marginalization are along with the realization of this hidden ideology that he and the Prophet are the truth and their government is also a symbol of righteousness and the rule, while Bani Umayyah is false, and their leadership is also a symbol of injustice and falsehood. In the meantime, the Kufians have also joined the false group by weakness, which should be informed and saved from joining into the false front and absolute blackness.

Critical analyze of speech is a new approach in speech analyze which study and discover the relations of hidden power and ideology beyond texts. Founders of speech believe that language as a social action has an important role in creating the identities, relations and social world and also has a close relation with power and ideology. The main apprehension of critical speech analyze is beyond it’s merely language expressing and studying how social inequality produce in language in other word critical speech analyze want to show the relation among language, power and ideology. For reaching this goal it tries to find the structures of speech which use for showing power in language.

In this study researches want to study social actors in Al- Tolyani novel work of “Shokri Al-Mabkhoot” who is Tunisian criticizer, literary man and writer by using qualitative studies and by using critical analyze of speech based on semantic model of Van Lioven.
The main question of this research is that how did Shokri Al- Mabkhoot use social actions for making clear the ideology and view points of themselves?
The researches which have been done based on Van Lioven model is as below:Lotfollah Yar Mohammadi and Vida seif (1378), in an article by name social actions in Palestinian and Israel quarrels by using speech structures of sociology – semantic which analyzed two groups of newspapers.
Abdolbaset Arab Yousef Abadi, Elyas bar Abadi and Tahere Mirzade (1396) in an article by name studying speech structures of Ghesas Surah based on Van Lioven models which analyzis this Surah.
Maryam Bakri (2016) in her thesis by name ‘Bagha Ol-Ehdas va Al-Shakhsiat fi ravayat ol-Tolyani Lashkari Al-Mabkhoot’ studying the novel characters and accidents.

Discussion and Resuts: 

The main apprehension of critical speech analyze is beyond it’s merely language expressing and studying how social inequality produce in language in other word critical speech analyze want to show the relation among language, power and ideology. For reaching this goal it tries to find the structures of speech which use for showing power in language. In this study researches want to study social actors in Al- Tolyani novel work of “Shokri Al-Mabkhoot” who is Tunisian criticizer, literary man and writer by using qualitative studies and by using critical analyze of speech based on semantic model of Van Lioven. Findings of this research shows that in his validity The view of Van Lioven is one of the approaches of speech analyze approach that tries to find the secret relations and searching among secrets layers of language by using sociology- meaning part of speeches and also by emphasizing the social speech actors Representation of novel actors are in direction of ideology and social thinking orientation of writer. He has shown the social actors with different methods like sociology points such as omission and declaration, disguise, activating, chagrin, naming, personification, grafting, inversion, valuing, symbolize, compressing, implying and abstracting. Findings of this research shows that in his validity The view of Van Lioven is one of the approaches of speech analyze approach that tries to find the secret relations and searching among secrets layers of language by using sociology- meaning part of speeches and also by emphasizing the social speech actors

Conciusion:

Findings of this research shows that in his validity, political and social text, caused challenge in power positions, political, religious and ideological powers and have revealed disparity, despotism, palpitation, aggressions and social abnormality of his contemporary society. in the text two damaged character of women and man show the sexual abnormality in western and eastern world – which are the bases of novel-, this problem was always denied and this denying policy is clear in this phrase . The novel wants to show two characters by name Abdul- Nasser and Zinat, they are active actors at first but at the end they leave of their aims and desires though ashamed and oppressed actors appear. Writer of this novel speaking about two speech of Tunes and Alnehza movement. Leaders of speech have different identification. Tunisian leaders have shown by clearest basics like mentioning but leaders of al-Nehza movement have shown in reticence and by using negative approach against fans of Islam try to prominent their negative acts and this is a way to take legitimacy of this actors. Writer show the actor character in sarcastic way to give Negative value, aversion of actors and emboss his acts and also being far from punishment. Many of different and oppositions like wealth and poverty, village and city, faith and betrayal, government and society, tradition and modernity, male and female, freedom and despotism, hope and hopeless, love and hate shows the position of society in case political, cultural, social, reaction and feasibility. Ideology and thoughts which effect on writer mind that are critical and objection language reflected ion text to emboss or marinate soft in the form of language with language and sociology. In this case structures based n speech have the most basic rule in giving and introducing the aim.

Prague linguistics has presented the theory of connection between normal and literal languages based on Jacobsen theories and distinguished the poetic role of language from its connective role. Followers of this school believed that the connective role of language included those of normal, routine, automatic, and normative. In this way, language acted just as a referent; however, the poetic role of language tends towards signs, symbols, and their significance. Writers of this research try to study the connective language of poems by Mohammad Ibne Ibrahim Al-Mousavi, known as Alavi Broujerdi (1272- 1362); he is one of the poets of fourteen centuries. This study has used an analytic- descriptive method. The findings showed that this poet explained his thoughts and senses truthfully and his emotions were displayed so much in his poems. A hidden pronoun in imperative verbs in this poem has no special address, but it can be used to address anyone reading this poem. The poet has used elements perceived by external and inward senses to help him transfer his message; this method can make an inseparable connection between the inside and the outside of global readers. By focusing on the literary role, Alavi Boroujerdi has actually neglected the connection between the linguistic and literary aspects and since the emphasis on the literary role is on the message, by using these literary works he wants to convince and delight the addresser.

Using various language strategies and tools to present an effective discourse is a great advantage that eloquent should be aware of to achieve the main goal which is communication, and in turn its impact on the audience. The pragmatic competence of the speaker in determining the special mechanisms and tools of any strategy guarantees the achievement action of the receiver. This article aims to investigate the guidance strategy in the letter of Imam Ali (peace be upon him) to Uthman bin Hunayf, his agent in Basra, by using the pragmatic method. The result of the research shows that Amir al-Mu'minin Ali, peace be upon him, as a unique orator in the social political history of Islam, using various discourse strategies, including the guidance strategy, made the thoughts of the audience dynamic in their real world or in the world of the mind. The diversity of guidance mechanisms such as indirect dynamic verbs, reprimanding and warning sentences and interrogative consecutive sentences, moreover the harmony caused by words and rhythm play a big role in the process of persuading the audience. The use of speech act with more frequency shows the dominance of the respect strategy, followed by the questioning mechanism means challenging the audience's mind to find a logical answer and persuading him through inference. The first part of the letter is reprimanding, but after that, it takes on the color of guidance until the end of the letter.

According to the determinant role of the images in transferring the curricular concepts, the present study analyzed the Arabic textbooks images based on social semiotics approach of Kress and Van Leeuwen. Statistical population was the Arabic textbooks of 7th to 9th grade of year 1400 SH. The statistical sample was 15 main images, randomly selected from every three grades. The images analyzed according to representational, interactive, and compound metafunctions. On the level of representational meaning, the analysis showed that visual patterns used for images are both narrative and conceptual. These patterns are assistive for students in achieving different information from events, measurement, and instruction of people; therefore, using these two patterns are the positive points of the images of these textbooks. Analysis of the images in the level of interactive metafunction indicated that most of the images are in the provider and exhibitive mood and stands as information source and thought topic for the viewer. Also, the visual angle of most of the images is from the front view and on the eye level which is consistent with curricular aims of the images in textbooks. Analysis of the images at the level of compound metafunction demonstrate that in the most images there is no complete coherence and proportion between texts and images, so it is suggested to revise the images by the writers.

In the research related to religious texts, the semantic approach is of special importance. Among the schools of linguistics, the London school pays great attention to the category of meaning and considers the causes of meaning change based on the situational context and revealing the hidden angles of the text. This research tries to introduce Firth's (the founder of the London School) opinions about the combination of texture with the discourse of the text to reach the meaning with a descriptive-analytical method, and by matching it with Surah Yusuf, it reflects its histological approach to reach the meaning. Among the results of this research is that by using semantic connections in text combinations, i.e., phonetic, morphological strains, and other signifiers that are visible in the intra-linguistic context of the text of Surah Yusuf, it is possible to determine the role of the situation as an extra-linguistic context in the process of meaning formation based on the situation of the speaker and audience and the conversations of the main and secondary actors of this surah in the social environment. From this passage, it should be said that the social environment and situational context determine the appropriate semantic discourse in the text of this surah.

Language is a translation of imagination and mental concepts, so the connection between language and translation is an irrefutable fact. Applicability as a subbranch of morphology studies examines some of the speeches inside context. Speech act is one of the most important applicability concepts, which is somehow related to discourse analysis since discourse is a series of speech acts. Because of the importance of this topic, writers want to compare the translation of speech acts in Maryam Surah based on translations of 5 different translators, Ghomshei, Khorramshahi, Fouladvand, Saffarzadeh and Makarem Shirazi by a descriptive-analytic method. One of the results of this research is that translators did well in translating direct speech act like direct and true imperative action and promissory act, but in the translation of declarative, emotional, persuasive, and especially interrogative actions, which sometimes deviate from their original meaning due to rhetorical reasons, they performed poorly and in some cases did not even convey the meaning to the reader and just paid attention to the syntactic structure of the verse. The other result is that these translations didn’t pay attention to the context and important elements in speech like speaker, audience and message and time, and place and also didn’t use important ways of transmitting speech act, especially indirect speech acts such as punctuation marks and some syntactical and musical norms of the Qur'an.

In role-oriented linguistics, the textual meaning of the texts is the product of the connection between the text and the situation in which it is produced. The essential function of this type of view in the Holy Quran is to reveal the hidden angles of meaning in it. This type of view is necessary to prove the hypothesis that the context of the situation presented in the role-oriented system, through the precise determination of the meaning as a basic assumption in understanding, can directly affect the purpose of the verses of the Holy Quran. For example, the position of submission and hope in God in Surah Al-Kahf reveals the different aspects of recommendation from the individual, social and religious aspects. In this research, by taking the descriptive-analytical method by examining the verses of Surah Al-Kahf that mention request and hope in God, it has been tried to explain the relationship between the discourse, the position of these categories and the text, and the relationship between the three layers of the text. A situation (scope, nature, and style of speech) should be processed with the semantic layers of language (ideological, interpersonal, and textual). Among the obtained approaches is that. Compound starters (textual-structural) have the highest frequency in the subjunctive position, which shows the connection of conjunctions with the situation. Repetition in the situational context of submission and hope is manifested in several forms. Also, he observed the use of "rab" with the pronoun "na" and "y" in all three events, i.e. (the story of young men, the event of a challenge, and the story of the owners of the garden). The semantic element of this additional combination is the hope for God's mercy, in which the context of the situation plays an essential role in shaping.

In every era, political discourse needs new words and techniques to adopt an appropriate strategy in dealing with different political groups. Discourse analysis reveals that any text is related to truth and to a source of power and determines the relationship between the author and the reader of the text. The present article uses the method of critical discourse analysis to examine the sermons and letters of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) with regard to the components of political language and tries to answer the questions of how he chose an appropriate strategy to interact with others through discourse making and politics. The result of the research indicates By looking at the discourse that considers the speaker and receiver elements of the text, the time and place conditions and the message of the text, we will find that the Prophet used the words and expressions of his time in discourse making. He tries to lead the discourse according to his own knowledge and according to his personality as the leader of the Muslim community, his themes and meanings sound religious and are directly related to his ideology and thoughts. In order for the Prophet to have the greatest impact on the soul of the recipient of his message and his audience, he uses the subject in the plural. Due to the context of situation, he uses the dialect and accent of the audience to reduce her emotional distance with them. The high frequency of present verbs in international political discourses indicates the Prophet's expectation of his present and future realities with his addressees. In this way, he has been able to give a special dynamism to his discourse.

In the ideas of linguists, there is jointly an element of meaning, and what distinguishes these thoughts is the quality of discovery and extraction of those meanings.Another group, with the belief in the coherence and closely link between literal and meaning, consider the majority of the reproduction of these meanings within itself.According to the article's limitation, in this research work, it has been attempted to discuss the scope of the short elephant surah and in descriptive-correlation method to obtain accurate results of the research.According to the article's limitation, in this research work, it has been attempted to discuss the scope of the short elephant surah and in descriptive-correlation method to obtain accurate results of the research.The components of this surah at different levels of symptoms, including consonants and influences, vocabulary and compounds, are closely related to each other, and all in the form of an interconnected collection make a general goal, and it draws two groups of right and falsehood of the power duct

Creativity is one of the techniques of accessing discoveries, inventions, and different development in various backgrounds of life and nowadays is considered by many of experts of training domain. The results of many scientific research and achievements demonstrate that creativity is not a characteristic of some special people but many people have this hidden ability which can be trained in suitable circumstances at home, school and other life situations (Alodeh, 2006, p 1). Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of textbooks content on creativity development of students. The present study is to analyze the Arabic textbooks of the first grade of high school according to creativity pattern of Plesk.

The present study is performed by the aim of accessing Arabic textbooks of the first grade of high school to the components of Plesk creativity. The research method is descriptive and content analysis type. Society is consistent to the statistical sample and includes all Arabic textbooks contents (exercises, pictures, and texts) of this grade of Iran schools in in educational years of 2019-2020 (1398-1399 AHS). The numbers of Arabic textbooks are 3.

Research tools:

The tool is a content analysis form according to creativity pattern of Plesk. The form consists of 13 components which are divided into three elements (attention, escape, mental motion) and four phases (preparation, imagination, development, and action) additionally, Shannon Entropy method has been used for determining importance coefficient of the components of the studied textbooks.

Validity and reliability of the research tools:

For Validity, first, elements, phases, and components of the Plesk creativity rotation (1997) were achieved from the related references and then the pattern is confirmed by academic experts (one expert in Shannon Entropy and two in Arabic language training), after that, 20% of the content of every three textbooks was selected and coding process was completed according to the Plesk creativity model indices and the procedural definitions by researchers separately. Finally, the percentage of the agreement among encoders was calculated by Pearson correlation coefficient and SPSS software. Correlation coefficient among encoders was 0.84.Data analysis was done by descriptive analytic method. At the first stage, active and inactive units specified separately for every three textbooks. Then, frequency of indices of Plesk creativity rotation according to the designed check list of content analysis was calculated among the active units in texts, exercises, and the pictures of the textbooks. In order to analyze the quantitative content in addition to frequency of the studied indices and also significance coefficient of indices, Shannon entropy method was applied for finding more powerful and reliable findings.

The results of analysis demonstrated that the content of Arabic textbooks in this grade is inactive about 70%. In the analysis of the textbooks according to Plesk creativity pattern, it is identified that the element of “attention” is more considered and the element of “mental motion” is only on the textbook of 9th grade, therefore, the content of the aforesaid textbooks is not consistent with creativity principles of Plesk theory and is less effective in creation and raising creativity in learners.

Iconicity which represents the aroused link between a significance and a signifier, considers the language structure influenced by human's emotional perception from the outside world as a metalanguage factor. This principle is considering the sign of a cognition from the most important beautification elements and the most main tools of transmission of meaning in Nizar Qabbani's poem. In this regard, the present research is accomplished aiming to be characterized different levels of phonetic arousal in the poet's poems on an appendix from the highest to the lowest degree of clarity in the framework of phonetic symbolism theory by Hinton & et, al.The analysis of Qabbani poems based on the continuum proposed by Hinton and his colleagues is important because by relying on this method in an objective and coherent way and based on modern scientific principles, we can examine the phonetic significance of signs and determine their degrees of arusal. Explained the linguistic forms with their examples in real world; therefore, in the present stydy, we try to examine different types of arusal from the highest to the lowest degree of clarity in Qabbani poems according to Hintonˈs phonetic symbolism pattern and answer these qustions. Be: what are the types of principal signs in Nizar Qabbaniˈs poem? Can signs be placed on a continuum from the ultimate arusal to the ultimate symbolism? Dose the imagery of Qabbaniˈs signs and poetry contradict the principle of optional words? The research results represent that different kinds of phonetic symbolism in Qabbani's poem are: objective, imitative, combinational and conventional. The objective signs in the poet's poems include emotional sounds and expressions of interjection, surprise and ... contain the most level of iconicity. Then, sequentially, imitative symbols in the form of words, onomatopoeia,  combinational signs which are observed in the form of vowel repetition or special correspondency, and conventional symbols which are formed with sequence of certain phonemes, are ranked in second, third and fourth position of the continuum.

Deviation Is One Aspect of “Words Revival” Based On Linguistics That Causes Literary Pleasure Through Breaking the Surface Structures Of Words Not Deep Structure. From One Side Ultra Logic Rational and Mystical Nature of Mystical Facts And Meaning And Limitation Of Language Efficiency From Other Side Have Led Gnostics Like Mowlavi’s And Ibnfarez Use Deviated Language And Words. This study criticizes and analyzes deviation metaphors in mowlavi’s and ibnfarez complete works analytically. The Study Shows That Mutual Sensuous Metaphor has not Any Place in Ibnfarez Poems. Moreover, It’s Frequency In His Amatory Mysticism Is More Than His Devout Mysticism. Rational Sensuous Metaphor Has Same Frequency in These Two Mystic Poet’s Poems. Which Follows Their Abstract and Social Realistic Thoughts That Shows Their Interest In Mystical And Internal Deliberation. Same Times The Relation Between Two Sides Of The Metaphor In Their Poems Is So Far That There Is More Deviation In It. They Select Much Metaphor and Cause Finding That Meaning Lately And More Literal Pleasure Through Making Prominent Their Own Words. The Percent of Recognition Frequency Is Same in Two Works. It Means Moving Toward Recognition Every Thing and Using Recognition Are of Two Poet’s Mystical Language Properties.

One of the most important aspects of Quran felicity is the rhythm of verses. Beautiful rhythm and sounds have effect on evolutionary and changing the spirit of mankind, the God has mixed the verses of his book with wonderful rhythm. In fact the rhythm of Quran is the first level of attracting audience. This discipline has inseparable connection with meaning structure. So that a small change in rhythm of verses can change the meaning dimension in this study. We want to study the role of tone in illustrating the verses by using descriptive- analytic. The study shows that the smallest vocalic unit in this verses have meaning messages and vocals of verses depend on meaning and speech and change according to mode of verses. Presence of weak features in verses represent the silence which happen after blowing in horn and the death that finish the lives of who lives in sky and earth and just God will be remain. Presence of weak features in verses represent the silence which happen after blowing in horn and the death that finish the lives of who lives in sky and earth and just God will be remain.

TThe musical performance of the voices in works of art such as poetry and prose helps the creator of the work to succeed in inducing its intended meaning. In fact, the more successful the audio service is, the greater the artistic excellence. Western scholars such as German scholars, Arabs, and Indians abducted European scholars in phonetic studies, claiming that the sounds contained certain semantic formulas of text along with visualization, given the particular variables in their intensity and softness. It gives the audience a sense of the personality of the poet. This research aims to study the most important phonetic-semantic formulas in Abu Fatib al-Matibi's Fateki poem by analytical-descriptive method. By examining this poem, we come to realize that the poet uses words that are associated with a certain degree of intensity and fluency in the word, and employs sensory words that imply sensory meaning, as well as similar words that all A semantic realm is somehow implicitly demanding that Fatek's worms and worms and their innermost beings be embodied. The poet seeks to convey to the audience the use of fluent characters such as Lam, Mim, Rahe and Nun, which are among the most obvious Arabic letters.

The cohesion comes from "Sajama" stem. We read about the meaning of "Sajama" stem in Lesan Ol- Arab as:  "Sajamt ol-eino al-Damo va sajamto al- sahabato tasjema sajman, sojooman, (ebn manzoor, 2005:1762). Means that: tears falls from eye and rain from cloud. Falling rain or tears or rain continuing are like putting the meaning s in a special frame which is text, because the continuity of water drops will make river or sea and the result of meaning gathering will make text or poem or literal piece. So, the word coherence represents a kind of adhesion in parts of a complex together to make a unit. From Holiday and Roghayye Hassan point of view, the concept of coherence is a semantic concept. In order to makes it clearer it can be said that: the semantic concept emphasizes that the coherence makes semantic connection among the components of a text by cohesion signals (Holiday and Hassan, 1976:4). "Sa'd Maslouh" also informs that the coherence is a semantic connection among a complex of concepts in a text (1991:154)."Mohammad Khatabi" says that the concept of coherence is higher than its implying concept and it relates to other levels like syntax, word, sound and writing. From this point of view" the concept of coherence can be analyzed from 3 levels: 1- semantic 2- verbal 3- vocal and writing"(1992: 15). So Mohammad Khatabi not also emphasizes on implying and semantically concept of coherence but also he pays attention to vocalic part of it. The vocalic coherence also contains all the elements which cause the language is presented with intonation, harmony and balance in rhythm and rhyme (Nazari, 1389:18). According to most of linguists, vocals are the reasons of text cohesion which have the important role in making a consistent text. In this article we want to answer the questions as said in below by studying and analyzing the declarative beauties and vocal structures of "Feragh" poem, questions like:  what are the most important vocal bases in Baeye poem of Motenabbi? Why does the text in Al-Faraq's poem benefit more from clear sounds? How much balance is between the concept and meaning with the syntactic structures in Motenabbi poem?

In this study the writers studied the vocalic coherence in Motenabbi "Feragh" poem by descriptive- analytic method and also by discovering the vocalic bases of the poem, have determined the concord of syntactic structure with concept and meaning of verses in Motenabbi poem.

Motenabbi is an Arab poet who is one of the best poets of his period and now because of choosing  words and sound, and has a utilizes from all the capacities of sentences like words, letters, sounds and vocals in other to raise the semantic and aesthetic level in poem. He had engaged in his poem to arrange vocals so that with repeating vocals, sounds and short vowels which represent their semantic and hidden imply he tried to make more internal and external lyric in text. In Motenabbi poem aesthetic repetition has creative appearances. The poet has paid attention to these specification and also artistic repetitions in rhythmic realm of his poem and also has used sounds and writings to create words harmony. In addition he made balance in horizontal level of the poem by" Hampa Ghazi" or "Raddo Ajz Alal Sadr". The poet also has used the connected syntactic bases by dominating he has in writing poem. The balance is somehow kind of hidden repetition and has an important role in making textual coherence. Motenabbi has made glorious rhythm in verses number 16, 31, 33 by utilizing syntactic balance. Syntactic balance in these verses can be seen in 2 ways of verbal and synthetic, because the movements of the words in first hemistich are like the second hemistich also the words of two hemistiches have harmony together in the case of association. In addition when the sounds are together a spectrum of sound appear which the y descend or ascend or sometimes have horizontal line according to the meaning and concept they want to present.  From some of the language compounds of the poem we can feel reproach of Seif Al-Dovle and the inner anger of the poet. In these combinations Motenabbi has used long vowels and the sound's curve line has ascendant excursion. Look at this verse: " Fala lam takon fi mesra la serto nahvaha / feeghalbel mashvegh el-mosstaham el- matim"(Motenabbi, 1983: 461).Motenabbi mentioned that Kafur has physical existence in Egypt and showed that he is so interested to see Kafur just by the imperfect verb " Takon" so that there is a heart other than his, therefore forms which are used to explain heart are past participle (al-Mashvegh, al-Mostaham, al-Motayyam) not gerund. Close junctures like (Lav, Lam, and Takon) - which denoted to hopelessness from life and Motenabbi's reluctance to see Kafur- are representing descendant in this verse. Also Motenabbi keeps the vocal curve line in horizontal by using particles like" Lav" and for accepting the excuse of Seif al-Dovle. He has used particles like "Lav" which represent refusing conditional answer and says: Falav kana ma bi men habiben maghnaen / Azarto VA laken men habiben moamamen"(same: 459)

 The result of this study is that Motenabbi by using the grammar of Arabic language for sounds, words has made coherence in text. One of these grammars is using sounds which have the same pronunciations. Another indicator which can be seen in this text is sounds distribution based on easiness in speech. For balance in the poem we should say that all Tafeile are not safe and also have Zehaf Ghabz which shows the sorrows of the poet because of steering from Seif Al-Dovle court and his anger from poet's associates which cause this separation. The other point is that safe Tafeile in comparison with Maghboz Tafeile have captured the poem with a very low difference, this shows the spiritual and internal fluctuations of Motenabbi. Other skills of Motenabbi in creating this literary work is using extended sounds and short vowels beside each other which make descendant and ascendant intonation when the pronounce and this helps poets in meaning transferring. Single sounds and tones in this poem are more regular and appeared in letters like"R","L","M" and "N" and all of them have their own characteristics when they combine together therefore make coherence and absorb the attention of the reads. Motenabbi has so much skill in language and for creating ornamentation in his speech he has used syntactic bases. It's adorable to have such a language and literature with meaning and concept. His language domination caused him to have deep view into phenomenon's and connections among them and use facilities for expressing thoughts and emotions in creating more poems.

Sociological criticism by study of literature in historical and social context, is always seeking to hear artist's clamor. As literary work is a part of superstructural forms of society, the critic beside the text should pay attention to the environment of text. In "Description of Wolf" poem which is a conjoint whole, "Behtari" the artful and adroit poet who was very influential in the society has depicted dialectic relations of Abbasi society in those days. Therefore authors in this essay are going to sociologically criticize this poem by using descriptive-analytic method according to "Hippolyt Ten". Results of this study suggest that in this poem, Behtary has used topical equivalent to illustrate his own fillings and emotions. He has artfully and magically described historical and social concepts. This composed has totemistic layers and gray wolf is a symbol of Torks who played most important role in Abbasi society at those days. Using this kind of criticism hidden issues behind the text can be expressed and silent parts of that can be forced to speak to achieve the worldview of folk which is poverty, destitution, war and struggle of existence.

The present study, using the "descriptive-analytical" method, aims at identifying the methods of communicating the sense of proverbs through linguistic comparisons in order to provide more practical methods in translation of proverbs. Utilizing the Arabic and Persian translations of two Shakespeare’s plays "Hamlet" and "The Taming of the Shrew", the authors of this study seek to know how and in what ways and to what extent, the translators have been able to communicate the sense of English proverbs and when and in what ways they have employed literal, free or other types of translation. The study of Shakespeare's use of proverbs showed that this author used many proverbial similes to illustrate the characters in the play and to have a greater influence on the audience. In case of anti-proverbs, it was found that Shakespeare's conversion of a proverb into an anti-proverb presents a major challenge to translators. Translation of anti-proverb, however, is far more challenging than the proverbial one because of the addition of the humorous dimension to the proverbial features. Regarding the methods and techniques and viewing the translation of the proverbs in a formalist way, it can be seen that translators have chosen one of the three techniques to meet the challenges of translation, including omission, footnote, and cultural (proverbial) equivalence. About omission, only 6 of the 140 proverbs found in the surveyed data were abandoned untranslated by some translators. This inaccuracy, which may have been intentional or inadvertent, was found in the works only 4 of the 12 translations. Next, footnotes are the methods that some translators have used to explain proverbs and the cultural traits in them. Totally, the number of footnotes in Arabic translations exceeds the Persian ones. Most footnotes have deciphered the mystery in the proverbs. As a result, these proverbs have become more explicit than the proverbial ones. On cultural (proverbial) equivalence, it should be noted that this expression refers to a method whereby one proverb from the culture of the target language is found to be used as a proverbial equivalence for the source language. Of all the translations, there are only three cases that have used this technique. Furthermore, translators' approaches to proverbs were found to be divided into four categories: literal translation, defamiliarization, lexical enhancement, and Arabicism. The dominant approach in Arabic and Persian translations of the proverbs in these two works is the literalist approach and the translation unit is the word. In translating the literary devices (similes, metaphors, and kenning or metonymy) in the proverbs, translators have replaced the literal word from the target language with the word from the source language rather than trying to replace the structure or concept from the target language with that of the source language. Although there have been cases where translators have replaced structure or concept, the number is far below the literal replacement. In defamiliarization approach, the translators have relied on the appeal of the audience rather than emphasizing expressiveness of the concept and have considered the audience's knowledge of rhetoric as a must. It is as if in an unwritten contract, an agreement was reached between the translator and the reader in which the translator merely puts the word's identity in the footnote and transfers them to the target language with the same clothing they were wearing in the source language. It is up to the reader to take on the hassle of communicating with them and removing the feeling of strangeness from their faces. About elongation, although in the Arabic language most of the semantic burden rests on the vocabulary (and a word can be a translation of several English words), there is also a great deal of lexical increase in Arabic translations. What is important in this approach is that female translators have used more words in their translations in comparison to the male ones in both languages (viz. Arabic and Persian). On Arabicism (writing Arabic), it can be said that through viewing one of the Persian proverb dictionaries, it is easy to see that, with the exception of Qur'anic and hadith proverbs, the number of Arabic words used in proverbs is very low. But in the present study, the approach of the Persian translators' [except (Adib, 2006)] to translating English proverbs is in contrast to the approach of the makers of Persian proverbs. These translators have used many Arabic vocabularies and its features, such as the nunation (tanwin), and consequently a greater lexical diversity is found in Persian translations.  In conclusion, the comparison of the methods and approaches used in translations of English proverbs by Arabic translators with those of Persian ones showed that first of all due to their cultural affinity, Arabic and Farsi have a relatively similar proverbial competency in translation. Second, in translating proverbs, translators have inevitably an author-oriented translation to preserve the consistency of text and more adequately mirror the Shakespeare's ideas and expression. Third, they have translated the proverbs with the least cultural change, which has resulted in the domination of the culture of the superior (source) language over the inferior (target) language, that is the superior language imposes its features to the inferior language. However, in some cases the literary richness of the target language has also increased through the creation of new images. Next, in translating the proverbs, the translators were more committed to the text than to the spirit of the work. This, in some cases, led to the removal of the spirit of humor from the literal body and an adverse impact on the dynamics of the text. In fact, most translators have translated the external language and have regarded the inner language (humor) of the text untranslatable. Finally, the conceptual flaw in the translations is mostly related to the cases where the author has used one or two words of the proverb as the whole one or made changes to the proverb. Therefore, the translator makes no sense due to the lack of knowledge about the whole proverb and inevitably either erase it, or translate it literally.  This transfers the ambiguity into the target language. Therefore, in translating the proverbs, dictionary information is not enough and the translator needs encyclopedic knowledge to know the whole proverb.

Critical discourse analysis, as a modern interdisciplinary approach, attempts to read the text beyond words, sentences, and the text itself. It deems the context necessary to understand the semantics of a text from a critical point of view. Its aim is to clarify the structures of power, domination, and political, social, and cultural inequalities. These structures are criticized through rhetoric, syntax, pragmatics, and intertextuality. This paper adopts a descriptive-analytical method to examine the tenth letter of Nahj al-Balagha,which is addressed to Muawiyah, based on Norman Fairclough’s critical discourse pattern. This model, theorized in the book Language and Power, redefines asymmetrical social relations. It considers three layers for discourse analysis: description, interpretation, and explanation. In Fairclough’s opinion, the social action is shaped by the interaction of these layers. This essay, on the layer of description, studies the text from a formalistic point of view. On the layer of interpretation, it deals with the interaction of text and its context, and explores the elements of power and ideology. It is noteworthy that these elements are reflected in the use of pronouns. The pronoun I, for instance, indicates professional and social responsibility while the pronoun you indicates the differences between Imam Ali’s personality and that of his counterparts, namely the Umayyads. The letter mentions the same motives that troubled the Islamic society from the first battle to the Battle of Siffin. Critical discourse analysis reveals the ideological differences between Imam Ali and the Umayyads reflected in its use of elements such as metaphors and pronouns. Furthermore, the article tries to demonstrate that in this letter, the purpose of Imam Ali as the religious and legitimate ruler of the Islamic world was to disrupt the domination and inequality in the structure of tribalism of the Umayyad Caliphate, for otherwise Muslims would face grave difficulties.