فهرست مطالب رویا تقی زاده

The cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is one of the most important pests of crops. Like other insects, this insect has an immune system against external threats such as various diseases, parasitoids, and chemical compounds. Phenoloxidase is a key factor in the immunity of insects and other arthropods. The present study investigated the lethal effects of four insecticides, indoxacarb, profenofos, chlorfluazuron, and hexaflumuron, and their effects on phenolic oxidase activity in cotton bollworm. Among the studied insecticides, in two bioassays (mixture of insecticide with artificial food and immersion of sugar beet leaves), Chlorfluazuron had the highest toxicity (LC50 = 1.71 and 3.11 mg ai/liter, respectively). Also, the highest phenol-oxidase activity at 24 h was for larvae treated with chlorfluazuron and hexaflumuron. Also, when treated with chlorfluazuron and hexaflumuron, the larvae fed on an artificial diet had higher phenoloxidase activity than those fed on sugar beet cultivars.

Spinal cord injury is an acute, debilitating event, which leads to significant and permanent changes in the life of the patients. The present study aimed to determine the predictive power of the dimensions of the Pender health promotion model in relation to the daily activities of patients with spinal cord injury in Shahrekord, Iran in 2019.

This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 70 patients with spinal cord injury in the teaching hospitals of Shahrekord in 2019. The patients were selected via census sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire based on the constructs of the Pender model and a standard questionnaire of daily activity measurement. Data analysis was performed in SPSS version 21 using descriptive and analytical statistics.

The mean scores of daily activity and health promotion were 10.03±4.50 and 127.46±24.19, respectively. The results of the Pearson correlation-coefficient test indicated significant associations between daily activities and the constructs of the Pender health promotion model, including spiritual growth, health responsibility, physical activity, nutritional status, interpersonal relations, and stress management (P<0.05). In addition, the results of the regression analysis indicated the predictive power of the Pender pattern items to be 0.542, while the predictive power of the spiritual growth dimension was higher than the other dimensions.

According to the results, the level of health promotion behaviors in the patients with spinal cord injury was moderate, and the spiritual growth and stress management dimensions were the strongest predictors of daily activities. Therefore, it is recommended that interventions based on health promotion lifestyle be implemented in order to enhance the daily activities of these patients, with the main focus on planning on these two dimensions through the six constructs of the Pender health promotion model.

Abstract Population density and spatial distribution pattern of Tetraneura ulmi (L.) (Hemiptera: Pemphigidae) galls on elm, Ulmus densa Litv. were determinedin Miandoab, West Azerbaijan during 2015-2016. 20 samples from every four cardinal directions in lower one third part of crown were randomly selected from each tree per sampling dates. One leaf was selected as a sampling unit. One data set including 200 leaves collected from 10 trees. Results showed that population density of aphid galls in the south of tree, was significantly higher than other directions. The spatial distribution pattern of aphid galls using Taylor's method, index of dispersion and Lloyd's mean crowding was regular. Moreover, there was no significant relationship using linear regression between the temperature and relative humidity with the number of galls. Correlation between length and width of galls with number of aphids was calculated. There was significant positive correlation between number of aphids and the length / width of galls.

The effect of ten soybean cultivars, Glycine max (L.) (including, ‘Clark’, ‘Sahar’, ‘JK’, ‘032’, ‘033’, ‘Williams’, ‘L17’, ‘Zane’, ‘Gorgan3’ and ‘DPX’) on developmental parameters and reproduction of the lima bean pod borer, Etiella zinckenella Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), was studied at 25±1°C, 60±5% RH and a photoperiod of 16:8 h (L:D). The larval period ranged from 13.42±0.10 days on ‘Clark’ to 16.28±0.14 days on ‘033’. The female and male lifespans were longest on ‘032’ (55.84±0.27 and 56.80±0.10 days) and shortest on ‘Clark’ (51.18±0.11 and 52±0.13 days), respectively. The oviposition period was longest on ‘Clark’ (15.46±0.19 days) and shortest on ‘Gorgan3’ (9.52±0.13 days). The mean number of eggs laid per female was significantly different among the cultivars, ranging from 11.21±0.22 eggs (on ‘JK’) to 16.16±0.56 eggs (on ‘Clark’). Based on development and reproduction parameters, it can be concluded that ‘Clark’, ‘Zane’, ‘Williams’, ‘L17’ and ‘033’ might be the susceptible host plants and ‘DPX’, ‘Sahar’, ‘032’, ‘JK’ and ‘Gorgan3’ might be the partially resistant host plants for E. zinckenella.