فهرست مطالب رویا پیروی مینایی

The concentration of fluoride in drinking water resources is very important in people's health issue. One of the main resources of fluoride intake for people is drinking water. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the fluoride concentration in rural drinking water resources of Bardaskan County using geographic information system.
In this descriptive/cross-sectional study, the samples were collected from 30 drinking water resources in Bardaskan in 1393 and fluoride concentration was determined. In order to interpolation of fluoride concentration, the Kriging, Radial Basis Functions, Local Polynomial Interpolation and Global Polynomial Interpolation methods were used. The best interpolation method was determined RMSE. The zoning maps were prepared using geostatistical methods in GIS software.
The mean concentration of fluoride in studied resources was 0.562 ± 0.058 mg/L. The minimum and maximum concentrations of fluoride were 0.06 and 1.43 mg/L, respectively. According to the zoning maps, the fluoride concentration was higher in the center of studied area than the overall mean. The simple Kriging method with RMSE of 0.16916 was the best method for zoning of fluoride in the studied area.
Based on the results of present study, the fluoride concentration in drinking water resources is in desirable level and there is no concern regarding the fluoride concentration in drinking water.

Heavy metals are one of the compounds that can enter the water sources through different ways. Consumption of heavy metals in amounts that exceed standard levels is associate with risks such as toxicity and carcinogenesis and development of disease.. This study was carried out to determine heavy metals concentration (Cr،Cd &Pb) in Mashhad drinking water and its comparison with national and international standards.

This cross study was done in spring and summer 2011، samples were collected from different points of urban drinking water network according to the standard methods، and tested by atomic absorption spectrophotometeric method. Health centers were selected as sampling stations because they cover the entire city. Data were analysed by SPSS and One-way ANOVA، Paired t- test and One sample t- test on the significant level p<0. 05.

Cadmium (Cd) and Chrome (Cr) concentrations did not exceed national and international standards، only Lead (Pb) concentration was slightly higher than standard level in some areas and its mean difference in spring and summer was significant (p=0. 03)، while this difference was not significant for Cr and Cd. There was no significant correlation between the metals concentrations and water sources.

It seems the old water pipes can lead to an increase in metals concentrations particularly Pb in some areas of the city since that Cr&Cd concentrations in whole and Pb concentration in major areas were lower than the standard. There for، due to cumulative effects of these metals، it is necessary to conduct needful measures by responsible agencies.

Background and Bread waste is consumed as a food in the livestock, and can cause considerable harm to human and animal beings if they are moldy. Since health volunteers can convey health knowledge to people in a simple and intelligible language, the present study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge of health volunteers about the necessity of moldy bread separation from other bread waste and the effect of education on their knowledge in the Abkooh Sugar Factory of Mashhad. Methods and Materials: In this interventional experimental study, 39 active health volunteers at the health center of Abkooh Sugar Factory of Mashhad, Iran participated and were recruited by non-probability convenient sampling, and were randomly assigned into the experimental group (n=21) and control group (n=18). Relevant data were collected through questionnaire and training was performed by providing a CD (educational video) for the experimental group. After a two-month training period, data were collected again. Data of before and after training were analyzed in SPSS 16 using paired t-test and mean± SD (p<0.05). After training, the scores of volunteers in the intervention group raised from 22.86±4.8 to 26.36±4.9; and paired t-test showed a significant difference between their scores before and after education (p=0.03). Also, their perceived self-efficacy on the necessity of separation of moldy bread from other bread waste was significantly different across the two groups (p=0.023). The results indicated the effect of education on the knowledge of health volunteers about the necessity of moldy bread separation from other bread waste.