ریحانه داودی

Abstract
Initiation rites are rituals a person goes through to achieve inner growth and maturity, and while getting rid of his former self, he/she can step into the next stage of his life with a refined personality and a new sublime perspective. The story of Khosrow and Shirin, according to Nizami’s narrative, displays many symbols and rituals of initiation. This descriptive-analytical research aims to identify and explain the symbols and rituals of orientation in Nizami’s Khosrow and Shirin. Based on the findings of the research, all kinds of initiation and familiarization rituals, such as vows and prayers, naming, ritual nursing, education, travel, testing, austerity, seclusion, ritual washing, secret learning, and funeral and burial in three stages—break, transition and attachment—can be seen in the four stages of the life (birth, maturity, marriage/kingdom and death) of the two heroes of this story, Khosrow and Shirin.

spouse abuse is one of the most common crimes in every society. It caused lots of concerns in society among families, politicians and the others. While, earning social life skills makes people more powerful in front of problems. This research is seeking to determine the relationship between life skills and wife abuse in couples referred to family courts in Tehran. This is a descriptive study. 280 patients (140 couples) whom referred to family courts in Tehran were selected by using a quota sampling. The questionnaire included demographic characteristics, life skills questionnaire and a wife abuse questionnaire, content validity and reliability method (r = 0 / 88) test-retest method have been used, respectively. The results have shown that there is a significant relationship between life skills and spouse abuse (P <005). couples must be trained before marriage; training life skills reduces the rate of wife abuse.