زهرا اشعری

Ignorance of the narrators is one of the disadvantages of the hadiths. Some scholars have considered the unknownness of the narrator as a problem and have rejected hadiths because of this problem. In this regard, the Algerian muhaddith is one of the scholars of the Safavid era with a moderate akhbar profession, who tried to fix this problem with many methods and discovered ignorance from the narrators as far as he could. The present research is trying to investigate the methods used by Seyed Jazayeri to discover the personality of unknown narrators in order to determine what methods this scholar used for identification. Getting to know the methods of discovering the personality of unknown narrators will make many narrators to be identified and authenticated, and as a result, many narrations will be returned to the cycle of authenticity. Among the methods of Nematollah Jazayeriin discovering the ignorance of the narrators, we can include "Using the opinions of the later scholars"; "Relying on the corrections of Allameh Halli"; He pointed out "Being on the way of Sheikhin and ruling on its authenticity" and "The number of narrations by the owners of Arbaah books from an unknown person"..

ntroduction: his study is a test of a model related to conscience development in early childhood. Researchers have studied that tow developmental bases, child's temperament and educational environment, how have relation together. This paper studies the model that links the early mother-child relationships, children’s temperament trait of effortful control, and their empathy and rule-compatible conduct, two aspects of child conscience. In play study, we used N=515 preschool students. In a developmental chain, effortful control was posited as a mediator of the links between mother-child relationship and children’s conscience. Effortful control is consisted of attention focusing, inhibitory control, low-intensity pleasure and perceptual sensitivity.  Mother–child relationship is consisted of conflicts, closeness and dependence. We used path analyses method and 24 paths analyzed in this model. Based on the fitting coefficients, exceptone path, the model considered suitable. Structural modeling analyses, with effortful control as a mediator, supported relationship across mother-child interaction and empathy and rule-compatible conduct of pre-school's children. Effortful control has not mediation role in effect of dependence of mother-child on rule-compatible conduct. Findings of this study shows the importance of agency and effortful control of pre-school's children for effective interaction with mother in the irmoral internalization.

Morality is one of the most dominant educational domains that is correspondent on human agency. Because requests responsibility about moral acting or disengagement. For knowing how to apply education in moral fild, it is nessesery being illustrate agency capacities of human. human agency is one of the significant dimensions of Social - cognitive learning theory that Albert Bandura is the theoretician of that. In this new approach, human capacity for moral agency founded on a sense of personal identity, moral standards, and behavioral regulation through self-sanctions. In this bases, Human is not subdued on environment. He is a Medium linkage between his behavioral and environment with his cognitive abilities.This article investigates conseptual challenges in moral agency in view of internal ambiguity and oppositions in this theory. These issues are: Forming the internal standards of moral agency with the external source, socialization of morality in conflict with individual agency, Conflict concepts of causation and moral agency, Conflict claim holistic view of the morality with the ambiguity of emotional ingredients.

This paper addresses the issue of spiritual training from the perspective of Allameh Tabatabaie. The paper has two sections; in the first, the concept of spiritual training has been addressed. the methodology used in this section is progressive analysis; that is, after the investigation and adaptation of the presuppositions from the philosophical and Islamic approach by Alameh, the meaning of spirituality is analyzed and then the concept of spiritual training is inferred; in this perspective, spiritual training consists of directing the process of abstraction of self, compatible with godly nature which is achieved through reinforcement of tendency, acquisition of knowledge and contiguous practice. In such a way, the aims of spiritual training would show the cognitive, tendencial, and practical dimensions. In the second section, some of the principles And methods of spiritual trainings using the Franna induction has been developed; principles and methods such as the principle of dissimilarity of God to other creatures, and the praising form of Zhekr, purification of thought, and concentration on an imagery form, internalization principle, and the repetitious form of practice