فهرست مطالب زهرا سیف

The environmental situation of earth is getting more deteriorated, and having the importance of sustainable development and the rules governing the world trade system in mined;all countries have the right to set and implement legislative measures,to improve public health situations,safety and environmental conditions of their nationals.This right and the risks threatening the host government in trade system, brings about the issue of defending the health,safety and environmental measures against international disputes settlement authorities. Whereas HSE regulatory measures should be based on science and scientific rules, in arbitrations of disputes resulting from this measure,the role of science and its limitations are of importance.this paper tries to survey the subject that due to the limitations of science and scientific disagreements between scientists, under which circumstances and how could the scientific findings be used in HSE measures arbitrations? scrutiny’s indicate that despite the scientific limitations and scientific uncertainty in some cases, science is the main axis in moving towards sustainable development; because it provides an objective basis for the development of HSE standards. So through emphasis on the process of production of science, scientific methods and scrutiny, a measure could be formed, relying on which the validity of scientific investments could be assessed.

Propofl is an anesthetic drug which has shown many other effects in different studies. The purpose of this study has been evaluation of non-anesthetic properties of propofol in skin flap survival in rats.
Thirty two adult female white rats were randomly divided into two groups. In Group 1, anesthesia with ketamine (40mg/kg) and group 2 anesthesia with propofol (100 mg / kg) was performed intraperitoneally (IP). The skin on the back of rats (2.5 × 8 × 8 cm) was prepared aseptically. Full-thickness skin was removed in three parts and returned to the original location immediately. The skin was sutured with single interrupted pattern and nylon 0/5. Survival rate of the skin flaps were evaluated daily. Histopathological evaluation by a blind pathologist at 1, 4, 7 and 21 days was done. Interleukin 1 and 6 in blood samples before and after creation of flaps was measured at 12, 24 and 168 hours following euthanasia.
Flap survival rate at day 21 and IL-6 at day 0, 12 hour and day 1 in propofol group were significantly higher than ketamine group and IL-1 was not significantly different. The amount of collagen deposition at days 1 and 7, epithelialization at days 1 and 4, fibroblast proliferation at day 21 and vascularity at days 4, 7 and 21 in propofol group were significantly more than ketamine, but the inflammatory cells infiltration at day 7 in propofol group was less than ketamine. Pathological signs of healing were more prominent in propofol group.
It is concluded that propofol has more restorative effect on skin flap survival in comparison with ketamine, but its definite confirmation needs more precisely researches.

Climatic changes and increase of air temperature is considered as one of the important environmental issues of the world wide. Climatic changes in certain regions can be detected by studying the mean air temperature. the researches made in the world mainly indicate the gradual increase of mean air temperature. In this study, to identify the temporal changes in temperature (minimum, maximum, mean), the observations (1956-2005) of 10 meteorological stations distributed in arid and semi-arid regions were applied. In this study, linear regression method and with respect to non-linear nature of climatic elements, non parametric Mann-Kendall method was used, which shows approximately similar results. The results of the two statistical periods showed that in maximum temperature about 70% of the stations and in the mean and minimum temperature about 90% of the stations showed an annual meaningful and positive trend. Most of changes, among the five study decades, with the amount of 49% has been occurred at the third and fourth decades.. The increasing trend of temperature is more visible for monthly minimum nocturnal temperatures. Exceptionally, Birjand exhibited decreasing (negative) trend for few months.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the most important components of the water balance, it is also one of the most difficult to measure. Despite the importance of ET, methods to obtain values of ET are still limited. Conventional methods are very local, ranging from point to field scale. Estimates of the ET over the entire area, especially for irrigated areas, are essential, as these can differ substantially depending on the crop and the management applied. Today, actual and potential evapotranspiration under different conditions can be estimated by using satellites and remote sensing (RS) techniques. So that in this research, recent twenty years metrological data was assessed and based on precipitation, temperature and wind speed, three period include drought, normal and wet years (2000, 1995 and 2007 respectively) was chosen. The actual and potential evapotranspiration was estimated from a time series of NOAA-AVHRR satellite images using the SEBAL (Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land) algorithm in Abshar irrigation system in Esfahan during the three selected years. The results show that the maximum evapotranspiration (8.1 mm/day for ETa and 9.5mm/day for ETp) occurs in 2000 as a drought year. Comparing the potential evapotranspiration results of SEBAL method with Hargreaves and FAO-56 Penman-monteith methods show that, SEBAL method and conventional methods has the same results under current condition, so remote sensing techniques can estimated actual evapotranspiration and produce high spatial coverage of important terms in the water balance for large areas, but at the cost of a rather sparse temporal resolution. As water is highly manageable in irrigation systems, it is an application typically suitable to establish improvements in irrigation water management at large scale such as basin and irrigation systems.

Cloning is a term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical and legal concerns and controversies. Some international organizations have made significant efforts to establish common standards about challenges raised by human cloning. They argue that reproductive cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality and should be prohibited. Ultimately in February 2005, the legal committee recommended to the United Nation General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which member states were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning in as much as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life.