زهرا عادل

It is necessary to use an appropriate valuation model in order to finance and attract start-up companies in order to develop the business and successfully enter the domestic and international markets. The purpose of this study was to identify the effective factors and determine the importance and performance of each of those effective factors. This research is of applied type and descriptive-exploratory method has been done using Delphi technique. The data collection tool of this research was a questionnaire consisting of 55 questions based on the theoretical literature in the field of start-ups. The statistical population of this study is theoretical and experimental experts in the field of entrepreneurship, marketing and start-ups, 30 of whom have been selected by non-random sampling and available sampling. Using Shannon entropy technique, Chi-square test and performance-matrix matrix, the data were analyzed and analyzed, according to which variables such as company innovation levels, customer relationship, both in terms of importance and performance are in a good position to continue and variables Like the attractiveness of the idea / product, the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team is at a high level in terms of importance, but is not in a good position in terms of performance and requires more focus of relevant policy makers and executives.

Despite the remarkable uncertainty in the profitability of start-ups, their future development is highly dependent on financing and investor attraction. This research has been formed in response to the central concern of whether a suitable model for the profitability of start-ups to attract venture capitalists and financing to develop the business and successfully enter the market has been formed. To answer this concern, we studied the dimensions of the components affecting the profitability of start-ups according to the existing theoretical literature. Also, considering the issues raised and the importance of start-ups in attracting investors and financing, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: Question 1: What factors affect the profitability of start-ups? Question 2: To what extent is the profitability of start-ups dependent on the identified factors? This study is the first research to be conducted in Tehran. Its approach tries to cover 66.214% of the variance of the variables affecting the profitability of start-up companies and increase the variance of these variables to influence the factors, identify, evaluate and model the profitability of start-ups. The results of this study can pave the way for start-ups and venture capitalists in the path of financing and raising capital. Also, this research provides valuable and helpful information to relevant executives, investors, and start-ups to promote, grow and develop these companies and also help to develop the urban economy.

This research aims to add to the existing knowledge in the field of profitability of start-up companies. It is descriptive-survey research in terms of exploratory approach and in terms of data collection. It is also cross-sectional and causal in terms of the time domain. Since the level of analysis of this research is at the level of start-up companies, the statistical population of this research includes all companies located in science and technology parks of Tehran, including science and technology parks of Tehran, Universities of Sharif, Tarbiat Modares, and science and culture, campus science and technology park and Azadi Innovation Factory. According to the research analysis unit, more than 250 questionnaires were distributed, of which 168 usable questionnaires were analyzed. Also, the sampling method is done in a quota method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing 129 five-choice questions that were based on studies in the existing theoretical literature, 124 questions related to independent variables affecting the profitability of start-ups, and five questions related to the dependent variable of profit were identified and adjusted. Also, the data analysis method of this research includes exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression.

According to the results of data analysis, in response to the first question of the research, the results of exploratory factor analysis have explained six influential factors “on the profitability of start-up companies”. The first factor includes variables of transparency of financial information, including costs, attention to culture, customer attention, staff training, entrepreneurial team expertise, competent colleagues, appropriate decision making by managers, entrepreneurial team commitment and cooperation, and commitment and expertise of managers. Its constituent elements are named as the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team. The second factor includes variables of export quality of products, having a competitive advantage, good relationship with the customer, the attractiveness of the idea, having a plan and program, innovation, and having a long-term vision horizon. According to its constituent elements, the second factor is called “competitive advantage”. The third factor includes variables of access to capital, suitable space and place, liquidity, government and community support, and strategic alliance with other companies. According to its constituent elements, the third factor is named “appropriate infrastructure or platform”. The fourth factor includes variables of industry history, necessary stability, the existence of similar and suitable companies, and the existence of a suitable market for products and services, which is named “sustainability” according to its constituent elements. The fifth factor includes variables of analysis and critique of media, financing from secondary markets, and attention to other markets. The fifth factor is named “secondary marketing” according to its constituent elements. The sixth factor includes variables of economic conditions governing society, political conditions, and profitability of the company. The sixth factor is named “economic and political conditions” according to its constituent factors.

The main purpose of this study is to provide a model for the profitability of start-ups in science and technology parks to develop the urban economy because previous studies indicate that in the literature, there is not an integrated model that specifically questions profitability concerning the considerations of these companies. According to the results of data analysis, in response to the first question of the research, the results of exploratory factor analysis have explained six influential factors on the profitability of start-up companies. These factors include the following variables, which according to the specific amount and percentage of variance coverage of each factor are: the first factor: the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team, the second factor: competitive advantage, the third factor: the appropriate infrastructure or platform, The fourth factor: sustainability, the fifth factor: secondary marketing and the sixth factor: economic and political conditions. Also, based on the results obtained from regression analysis in response to the second question of the research on the impact of factors affecting the profitability of start-ups, factor 4 (sustainability) has the most significant effect on the dependent variable. Factors 3 (appropriate infrastructure or platform), 6 (economic and political conditions), 5 (secondary marketing), 2 (competitive advantage), and 1 (strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team) affect the dependent variable of profit after factor 4, respectively.

The aim of this study is to explain the factors influencing the selection of strategies for entering international markets. For this purpose, according to the literature on the types of entry, the strategies were divided into two broad categories of export and non-export strategies. In the next stage, the factors influencing the choice of strategy were identified in two categories including the company's specific factors and the barriers to entry. The statistical population of the study consisted of the directors, sales directors and marketing experts of companies trading in dried fruits in the West Azarbaijan province. According to the statistics obtained from the Chamber of Commerce, 32 companies were active in this province. Due to the limited size of the population, the whole population (i.e. directors, sales managers, and marketing experts) was selected as the sample determined based on the census sampling method. After deletion of questionnaires, were received. The data were collected from 61 questionnaires and analyzed through structural equations (i.e. the partial least squares approach) and the Smart PL S2 software. The results showed that certain factors including the company size, international experience, management characteristics, tariff barriers, geographical distance, and cultural distance affect the selection of export strategies to enter international markets. Also, product type and non-tariff barriers were found to be of no effect in this regard. These two variables, however, proved to have impacts on the choice of non-export strategies.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on anger and psychological well-being of aggressive girls. The research methodology was semi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with control group. The statistical population of study included all the prisoners in the women’s ward of the Central Prison in Ardabil, Iran, in the year 2014. Total of 30 participants with high scores on Spielbergers’ state-trait anger expression inventory were selected using simple random sampling. Participants were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups (15 persons each). The experimental group received 8 sessions of cognitive-behavioral therapy. Spielbergers’ state-trait anger expression inventory and psychological well-being questionnaire were used to gather data. Collected data was analyzed by multivariable co-variance test. Findings indicated that cognitive-behavioral therapy seemed to have an effect on anger and psychological well-being of aggressive girls, such that the participants in the experimental group showed significantly lowered levels of anger and higher psychological well-being when compared with those in the control group. Therefore, it can be concluded that cognitive-behavioral therapy seems to have a significant effect by decreasing the level of anger and to increase the psychological well-being in girls with high levels of aggressiveness.

The present study is concerned with the effectiveness of cognitive training with anIslamic approach on student's life satisfaction through the following two hypotheses: cognitive training on student's life satisfaction through an Islamic approach at the post test and follow up stages. The instrument of this study was the Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS; Diener et al., 1985) which its validity was examined (by Bayani et al., 2007) through measuring Cronbach's alpha. The research method used in this study was experimental design of pre-test, post-test, follow up and control group. The study's statistical population was defined as all students who have visited the Counseling Center of Isfahan University during the 2009-2010 academic year. Among them 30 were selected by simple random sampling and were divided into two 15-person groups of control and experiment by simple random sampling too. Since 3 persons of experiment group were not present, therefore 3 persons of control group were omitted. The Cognitive Training with an Islamic Approach Course was held in nine 45-minute sessions, two sessions per week. In order to analyze the statistical data, the covariance analysis method was used. In this study, the significance level is p<0.05. The results show that The Cognitive Training with an Islamic Approach Course enhances satisfaction with life among those students who have referred to the Counseling Center of University at the post-test and follow up stages.