فهرست مطالب زهرا میری

The city of Birjand in the east of the country, due to its location in the land belt and also having the role of a border region, compared to other regions of the country due to its distance from the capital and also the use of resources in these areas and in some cases the use of inappropriate facilities and in contradiction to this issue is high Due to the widespread influx of rural people to the cities for work or life, the population has more marginalized and slum dwellers. This problem can lead to the destruction of the urban appearance, creating social damage and at the same time, it can lead to the morale of the residents and possible damage to the future of the city. In this article, an attempt has been made to find ways out or to deal with this issue or to create appropriate solutions to solve this issue and help urban residents. The study area of this research is three neighborhoods of workers, Jawadieh and Musa bin Jafar in the north and northwest of Birjand city, which are informal settlements and marginal areas. In terms of purpose, the current research is of the type of applied research; In terms of the nature and method of doing it, it is descriptive-analytical and in terms of the method of collecting information, it is using field methods in the form of presence in the neighborhood. The obtained results show that rural-to-urban migrations, the weak financial ability of the residents of the region, along with the inability to organize this situation, have caused the emergence of marginalization and the occurrence of numerous anomalies. So that there are not few of these families who suffer from suffering and deprivation. Their collection has health, recreational facilities, etc. In fact, the margin of opinion makes the city of Birjand unsafe, and if this problem is not organized, it will lead to unsolvable crises.

In order to investigate the effect of changes in irrigation cycle on yield and its components, water use efficiency, economic index of water use efficiency and net income of Zataria multiflora medicinal plant, an experiment in 2016-17 crop year, in randomized complete blocks with four levels of irrigation cycle (4, 8, 12 and 16 days), in three replications, using T-TAPE Irrigation system and was performed in Aliabad Fars region. The results showed that the effect of 8-day irrigation period was significant at 1% level on fresh weight and dry weight of plant, number of lateral branches, amount of active ingredient and harvest index and had no significant effect on plant height. The value of the final production index in relation to the depth of irrigation water for minimum irrigation (17.46 cm) was equal to 180.33 kg per centimeter of water and for maximum irrigation (75.66 cm) was 41.61 kg per cm Water came in handy. Also, in the 8-day treatment (with maximum water consumption efficiency), the values of water consumption economic index and net income were 3 and 1.5 times the executive treatment in the region (4-day cycle), respectively, and according to Stuart model, the amount The sensitivity coefficient of the plant was calculated to be 0.69. Therefore, considering the resistance and yield and capacity of thyme plant to increase the irrigation cycle in the region, the use of 8-day irrigation cycle is recommended in terms of quantity, quality and economy.

Tourism development is not an overall solution to resolve all issues but is a suitable strategy for sustainable development in the region. This study is willing to answer this question that what is the most effective factor on Kermanshah tourism development. The aim of this study is providing a perfect platform planning and offering a proper strategy for developing tourism for parishes of Kermanshah. In his study type of research is practical and modality of study is Analytical- Descriptive. Method of data collecting is field and library and after Distributing questionnaires among experts in parishes of Kermanshah, we used Quantitative Methods, Descriptive Statistics containing (mean) and Inferential statistics (One sample T-test, Kruskal-Wallis, Friedman test and factor analysis) to analyze these data. Statistical Society of study is Kermanshah Province which has 14 parishes according to Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and tourism organization. Number of experts of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and tourism organization in Kermanshah Province is 154. Accordingly, the number of experts for questionnaire completion due to Morgan table is 105 experts. In the present study, in order to analyze the ranking of tourism development areas, the exploratory factor analysis test has been used. For this purpose, the possibility of factor analysis on the research sample was first investigated using Bartlett test and KMO sampling adequacy index. In this research, KMO values equal to 0.71 were obtained for the ranking test of tourism development fields. Also, the statistical value of sphericity test was estimated to be 2323.84 with a significance level of less than 0.001. Therefore, in addition to sampling adequacy, factor analysis is also acceptable. Also, a single-sample t-test was used to review and rank the cities of the province. The results in the section of man-made attractions showed that the city of Kermanshah has a favorable situation in terms of man-made attractions.

Reference crop evapotranspiration and its accurate estimation play an essential role in irrigation planning, irrigation interval determination and in studies related to water balance modeling in each region. Valiantzas method is one of the newest methods for calculating reference evapotranspiration, the advantages of which include simple application in regional calibration and hydrological applications. In this study, in order to evaluate the accuracy of five different models of Valiantzas method, monthly reference evapotranspiration during the years 1999 to 2018, in nine meteorological stations of Lorestan province (Azna, Aleshtar, Aligudarz, Boroujerd, Poldakhtar, Khorramabad, Dorod, Kuhdasht, Noorabad) were calculated and the results were compared with the FAO-56 reference method. The results showed that based on RMSE and CRM statistics, Valiantzas 2 model and based on R2 statistics, Valiantzas 4 model recorded the best performance in estimating reference evapotranspiration. By station as well, the Valiantzas 4 model in five stations and the Valiantzas 2 model in four stations provided the most accurate performance, and as a result, the Valiantzas 4 and 2 models can be suggested for use in Lorestan province. In addition, in four stations the Valiantzas 5 model, in four stations the Valiantzas 3 model and in one station the Valiantzas 1 model by the weakest performance, indicated that they are not suitable for use in Lorestan province. In general, despite the under estimation in the reference evapotranspiration calculation, all five models of Valiantzas method had an acceptable closeness with FAO-56 method and the results of this method can be considered reliable.

the object-oriented method in preparing the land use map of Darre Rood catchment area using Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 images in a period of 30 years, from 1990 to 2019 and its effects on changes in Darre rood river discharge it placed. The images were classified into fourteen classes and the changes in the area of ​​the classes revealed that the classes of irrigated agriculture, rainfed agriculture, rocky areas, residential areas, gardens and lakes with increased area and barren lands, pastures, forest lands and riverbeds decreased They were. To find out the changes in the river flow trend, SCS method was used which was implemented in SWAT model and according to land use in 1990 and 2019 in SWAT model was determined according to the digital elevation layer of the basin and all the necessary parameters to the model. Which included soil layers and land use changes and climate data were called into the model and two separate scenarios for 1990 and 2019 were used. The results showed that with the change of land use, the amount of CN in the second scenario compared to the first scenario increased by 5% and increased from 02.70 to 5.73, which due to the change in land use in favor of the basin becomes more impermeable to rain. Compared to 1990. Also, due to the increase in the type of vegetation, the amount of deep penetration has decreased from the first scenario to the second scenario from 257.09 to 97.9.

Accurate determination of water requirement of plants plays an essential role in determining the dimensions of water facilities, irrigation planning, increasing productivity and irrigation efficiency. The most accurate and standard method of determining the water required by plants is the water balance method using a lysimeter. Purslane as a medicinal plant crops as weeds, special importance has grown in many regions of the world. Purslane many adverse conditions such as drought, salinity and lack of food is consistent. Accordingly, in order to determine crop coefficient (Kc) herb purslane and using three drainage lysimeter during a season in Shiraz. Actual daily evapotranspiration was estimated by water balance equation in lysimeter and potential evapotranspiration with grass plant 12 cm (plant source) was calculated. By dividing the actual evapotranspiration of the plant on potential evapotranspiration, crop coefficient was measured daily during the growing period studied. At the end of the season and at different stages of growth, the values related to portulaca oleracea plant coefficients including initial, developmental, middle and endpoints were 0.9, 1.1, 1.4 and 0.8, respectively. The seasonal water requirement of portulaca oleracea in the study area was 358.97 mm. The average evapotranspiration of the initial, the development, the middle and the final periods were obtained 68, 87.6, 96.11 and 107.24 mm, respectively. The general conclusion of this study is the cultivation of this low water consumption plant in arid and semi-arid regions, including Shiraz.

One of the high-risk groups for infection with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is considered medical students. In this regard, this study was designed and carried out to evaluate the status of stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disorders in the medical students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran, during the COVID-19 pandemic.

This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the first half of 2020 on medical students (clerks and interns). The information required for the study, including demographic characteristics, study year, accommodation in a dormitory or home, and levels of anxiety, stress, depression, and sleep disorders were online collected by completing the standard Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scalequestionnaire and 7-Item Insomnia Severity Index, respectively. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 16). A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

A total of 257 medical students were surveyed 55.6% of whom were female. The mean value of students’ age was 24.09±1.61 years. In this study, 171 (66.6%)  participants were interns and 105 (40.9%)were living in dormitories. Moreover, 62.3% (n=160) of the students were in contact with COVID-19 patients. After the pandemic, about 28.4%, 17.1%, 21.8%, and 20.6% of the participants were depressed, stressed, anxious, and with sleep disorders, respectively. There was no statistically significant relationship among the variables of demographics, accommodation in the dormitory, and their study year with stress, anxiety, depression, and insomnia.

The incidence of psychological complications, including anxiety, stress, depression, and insomnia, in the medical students of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences during the COVID-19 outbreak is high. In critical situations, such as the recent pandemic, appropriate prevention, early interventions, and access to mental health services are essential to prevent dysfunction and maintain the mental health of vulnerable groups.

Land-use studies, using remote sensing techniques, are vital tools for generating rational information for proper decision-making in natural resource management. (Habtamu Teka et al., 2017). Land-use change has the potential to affect land cover and vice versa. Land use change affects the biodiversity and aquatic ecosystems, and change in the watershed affects water quality, resulting in an increased runoff consumption, reduced land use, and evacuated groundwater. Therefore, land-use change information for water selection, planning, monitoring, and management is important in order to meet the change in land use due to the demand for human and welfare requirements without compromising the quality and quantity of water (Ang Kane Hawa, 2017).

The Aliabad watershed of Horand with the southwest-northeast trend is located at the geographical coordinates of the southeastern part of the eastern part of the eastern province of East Azarbaijan and the southeastern part of Horand. Including the Horand, Majidabad and Yali Yurt mountains, the Eight Shrines, the Cay Thai Castle and Mount Everest, it covers an area of ​​165278 km2. The Ali Abad River is the main river of this basin, which performs the drainage system of the area and the Dojak and Horand Rivers are the most important branches that join this river.

The data which was used in this study included Landsat images, which included TM and OLI sensors with track 168 and row 33, with a resolution of 30m between 1992 and 2017. To obtain the amount of water created by new gardens, a pure water irrigation project for Iranian crops, which has become a software called NETWAT was used. Landsat images in the pre-processing stage were used for the atmospheric and radiometric FLAASH corrections. The strongest method of atmospheric correction, and rescale operations were performed on corrected images to ensure accurate numerical calculations. Meanwhile, in the 2017 image, to increase the accuracy of the classification, the method of fusion of multinuclear images with a pancreatic image was made and the spatial resolution up to 15m improved. The processing of images to detect and determine the type of land use in two time intervals was done through supervised classification methods. Of four types of classification, the Maximom likelhood method was chosen due to a better processing and the absence of unknown pixels. Finally, the layer Land use in twelve classes was selected by selecting the number of educational specimens including the first class forests (4181 pixels), second class forests (3958 pixels), garden lands (2665 pixels), first class rangeland (32704 pixels), rangeland grade (30837 pixels), agriculture (7544 pixels), residential land (1911 pixels), shore lands (3257 pixels), blueberries (167 pixels), Bayer lands (2332 pixels), blue areas (131 pixels) and river beds (800 pixels). In addition to the necessity of using large-scale images, field observations and the use of lateral information were necessary to identify some activities at different levels of the earth (Zebiri, 92). Therefore, field observations were also needed to enhance the accuracy of the user classification. To analyze the data, ArcGIS, ENVI were used. After the processing and evaluating the accuracy of the images and examining the results of the classification, there were several ways for assessing the accuracy of the classification. The most common way was the selection of a number of pixels of the specified sample and comparing them with the classification that made these data. The ground truths were called reference data (Alawi Panah, 91: 159-152). The net irrigation project of Iran's products was from the National Project Plan (TOTEK). An optimization of the national consumption of Iranian agricultural water was carried out by the Meteorological Organization of the country and the Ministry of Jihad-e-Agriculture in collaboration with Dr. Amin Alizadeh and his research team. In order to estimate the water consumption of the basin in gardening affairs, based on the method of work, this functionality was constructed using the FAO-Penman-Monteith function and based on this function, the annual consumption of trees was calculated. Finally, the consumption of each tree was estimated as the average annual consumption.

The verification of the accuracy and results of the classification of images by the Kappa coefficient were performed and the obtained coefficient with the acceptable status showed that the classification of the images was done satisfactorily and the images could be cited for the continuation of the research. In land use maps of the AliAbad River watershed, in each of the periods of 1992 and 2017, the lands were divided into 12 classes. Based on the comparison made between the two maps, land use changes in each of the 12 classes were presented. Based on the results of two time intervals in the Aliabad Chay catchment area, it was determined that the area of ​​the cultivated lands increased by about 5.51 km2 (Table 1). In the field studies, it was concluded that the irrigation Garden lands were built on the basis of ribs by the city's people on the upstream gardens until 1992. The Pearson parametric test showed that there was a significantly positive and strong correlation between the increase in the area of ​​the gardens and the increase in the depth of the wells (0.935). It should be noted that by increasing the area of ​​gardens in the land use, the depth of the wells was increased for the extraction of water from the basin. However, the correlation between rainfall changes and depth of wells (Basin flood) was negative (-0.580). The basis of the net irrigation plan for irrigated crops in Iran, and using the produced function, the annual water demand of these products was calculated in terms of planting area (Table 1 and Table 2). (Table 1) Calculation of the water requirement of cultivated trees in the first six months with the NETWAT software Tree type April May June spring season July August September summer season Apple 8 44 91 143 151 138 103 392 Walnut 10 55 109 184 172 160 119 451 Apricot 13 52 86 151 122 117 53 292 Cherry 8 44 91 143 151 134 89 374 Average 39 115 377 621 596 549 364 1509 (Table 2) Calculation of the annual water requirement of cultivated trees with a built-in function Tree type Annual water requirement (cubic meter per sq. Km) Apple 760000 Walnut 886900 Apricot 490000 Cherry 698000 Average consumption of trees 708725 Total consumption in newly built gardens is 5.15 square kilometers 3,649,934

The study area of this research is one of the important agricultural areas of East Azarbaijan Province, and the Ali Abad Chai River is considered as the only source of water supply in the region. The classification of land use in the region, especially the increase of basin gardens, which is the most important water user in the river, was done by Maximim Likelhood method. The Pearson's parametric test was used in the SPSS software to prove that the basin's decline was caused by variation in the gardens, and the 25 year rainfall variations in the basin and the changes in the gardens were investigated with regard to the depth of the wells. There is was significant relationship between rainfall variations in the basin and the decline of the basin, but there was a significant difference between the changes in the use of gardens and the decline of the basin, and there was a very strong and positive correlation between these two variables. Therefore, it should be acknowledged that in the Aliabad watershed, if the irrigation process of the gardens is not scientific and practical and the management of water storage is not done, the flow of the river in general is disturbed in these seasons. In the warm seasons, permanent changes in geomorphologic and ecological activities will be lost and the negative effects will be felt by the inhabitants of the region.

Water shortage and qualitative decrease of water sources and soil in southern Khorasan province (in east of Iran) are the major causes of decreased production. Indiscriminate harvesting water from underground sources (the last two decades) phenomenon intrusion (interference saline aquifer in fresh water) in most of South Khorasan plains and the day after will be added to the volume of brackish water area.This decrease is produced.The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of salinity on yield, yield components and protein content of two cultivars of Ghods and Roshan, determines the efficiency of water use and the effect of changes in water quality irrigation water is use efficiency on economic indicators and net income. Factorial experiment split into two cultivars (Ghods and Bright), as main plots and three levels of salinity (S_1, S_2, S_3 and, respectively, 4.1, 5.4 and 9.6 dS⁄m ) as the sub plots with three replications at the Agricultural Research Station and the University of Birjand in the crop year 2013-2014 was carried out.The results of water use efficiency, indicating that the first product under the terms of the percentages of reduction of salinity in Ghods cultivar was more than clear Increased salinity and cultivars, both to reduce seed yield, seed weight, harvest index and biological yield significantly, only increasing salinity, by increasing the protein content of two cultivars and in the light, yield 26% and protein content was 5% higher than Ghods. Salinity decreased relative water use efficiency (WUE), but the value of all treatments, for Roshan, Ghods was over. The effects of salinity on yield indices of two wheat cultivars (VMP_(EC_W )) and (MP_(EC_W )) showed that the levels (S_1, S_2, net income 4.1 times more wheat and salinity levels S_3, Ghods wheat was 2 times. The economic indicators Water consumption also decreased with increasing salinity levels in two varieties. Due to the increasing yield and protein content higher than 26 and 5 per cent on Ghods, the figure (in terms of quantity and quality), for planting in saline condition in the region, seems more appropriate. Increasing salinity levels relative reduction in water use efficiency for both the cause and amount of the figure was more clearly. The evaluation of economic indicators, performance and revenue showed two wheat varieties that are resistant to salinity and Roshan in different salinity levels significantly higher than the net income figure, so wheat cultivation area with inadequate water cost It was more cost-effective.

Development of information technology in educational field has led to extended application of new methods of training and learning in various universities. Implementation of e-learning projects in Iran universities and evaluation of prerequisites and learner readiness to actively participate in e-learning environment require extensive studies in this regard. Accordingly, this research was conducted to evaluate the student's readiness to use of E-learning system in Zabol University of Medical Sciences.
This descriptive, analytic study was performed with cross-sectional manner in 2014-2015. Research populations were students of Zabol University of Medical Sciences that 300 persons of them were selected using classified random sampling method. The research instrument was a questionnaire that designed by the researchers. After collecting data, they were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics with SPSS statistical software.
The results of this study showed that the average of readiness indicators to use of e-learning were respectively in dimension of “access to technology” 10.92, “continuous skills and communications” 32.86, “motivation” 9.52, “the ability to learn via media” 11.17, “internet group negotiations”10.77, and “important issues to the success of e-learning” 18.23. Also, there was a significant relationship between the students’ readiness and their education grade (p=0.03).
According to the present findings, lack of technology infrastructures to use e-learning materials led to only 32/3% of students have a good evaluating grade. Therefore, it can be concluded that in order to implement and effectively use of e-learning technology, we must be improved the various dimensions examined in this study.