زهره خلیلی اردلی

Increasing the volume of trade leads to lower environmental quality and in fact more CO2 emissions. In this regard, the effects of globalization and trade liberalization on the timber industry have led to economic growth. According to the subject literature following commercial liberalization, the transfer of polluting industries from countries with severe environmental policies to countries with mild environmental policies is increasing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the asylum hypothesis of wood industry pollution.

using panel data and fixed effects approach in Iran and 16 wooden trading partners, during the period 1995-2015.

In this study, panel data and software Stata were used to estimate model. The interactions of trade and per capita income have a positive coefficient of 6.50.

Our results support the pollution haven hypothesis.

Renewal of wood volume by 3P method has been suggested to replace the 100% renewal method to reduce field work and costs. In this method and following selection of sample trees from marked trees, the volume of industrial trunks and firewood in trees are field-measured. In order to evaluate and compare the full and 3P renewal methods in the Parchiva forestry plan in Mazandaran province, 1184 maple, ironwood, alder, beech and hornbeam were selected. The trees were first measured by 100% renewal method, followed by separate allocation of actual volume to industrial, cordwood and total volumes according to the procedure of 3P method. Estimation of tree volume was done by 3P method in 10 replications. The results of paired samples t-test showed a significant difference between 100% and 3P renewal methods for maple, ironwood and alder, while no significant difference was observed for beech and hornbeam (p < 0.05). An independent samples t-test also showed that volume estimation by 3P method did not reveal any significant difference on maximum and minimum error levels. The results of this study suggested the 3P method as a cost- and time-effective alternative to the full renewal method.

Today, concern about environmental degradation and conservation is a priority. In this regard, the impact of trade on the environment is an important and growing issue in current politics. International trade affects the quality of the environment with respect to the three dimensions of scale, composition and technology. The carbon dioxide emission index is used to demonstrate environmental quality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the liberalization of the wood industry on Iran's environmental quality in relation to the 16 main wood trade partners within 1995-2015. In this study, the data panel method and the Stata software were used to estimate the model. The results of the model showed that the effect of the scale of 0.08 units and the effect of the combination of 0.427 units were overcome by the technical effect. Also, the results showed that due to the liberalization of the wood industry of Iran in relation to its wood partners, the combination of the three mentioned factors amounting to 0.424 units would reduce the quality of the environment.