فهرست مطالب زهره مختاری

Mina`i pottery produced in the late Seljuk and Khwarezmshahi periods under the supervision of pottery masters and painters, is more diverse and magnificent in terms of design and portrait than the previous works. In this group of pottery, human figures have a special place and are often seen in pottery. Various geometric patterns have been used in the apparel of these motifs, which has made enamel pottery very remarkable in terms of the application of geometric designs. The purpose of this article is to study and identify the types of geometric ornaments in the apparel of human figures in the mentioned pottery. In order ro achive this goal, the main research question is: How are the geometric patterns in the apparel of human figures in mina`i in terms of variety in structure and position of drawing? This research is descriptive and the method was based on library studies (Internet sites, reputable museums, etc.), preparation of images and analysis of mina`i pottery. The sampling method is based on the available samples and the variety of geometric patterns in the apparel of the human figures. The results show that almost all of the apparels of figures in enamel pottery use geometric patterns, especially node, which include a variety of about 30 nodes. “Shesh Va Toke” is one of the most frequent geometric pattern. The results show that there is not much difference between the knots used in men and women’s apparel, and it seems that the artist’s purpose is emphasizing on geometric arrays, using these decorations on clothes, and creating different patterns of plant designs on clothing which accomplished this goal beautifully and skillfully.

Color variation and rainbow-like look in Mina`i glaze have made this glaze one of the most attractive ornaments. The glaze includes a wide range of yellow, blue, green, brown, purple, black, white and red hues which is occasionally accompanied with gilding and Zarrin fam. The Minaʹi glaze, as art and science, has always historically and technically been of interest to scholars and artists. This art is based on the science of alchemy. In the field of pottery science, known as alchemy in the past, there are limited resources. In this area, there are two reliable sources in Persian language with titles “Arayes al-Jawahir and Nafayes al-Tayeb” by Abolqasem Kashani and “Javaher Name Nezami” by Mohammad ibn Abi al-Barakat Johari Neyshaburi. In the "Arayes al-Jawahir and Nafayes al-Tayeb" book, there are references to Minaʹi glazes and according to Abolqasem Kashani, its other names are “seven colors” and “two firing glaze”. Another book is Javaher Name Nazami which was written in 592 AH, and probably is the oldest and the closest Persian source to the golden age of Iranian pottery, including years of pottery and Mina’i glaze production.The production year of this ornamental style of pottery, according to the existing inscriptions on ceramic works, dates back to the late sixth century and the early seventh century. Simultaneous with the era, Mohammad Neishaburi has presented a precious text in the fourth chapter of his book titled “the variety of colors using on glassware and ewer types Qashy, Isfahani, Shamy and Chinese and otherwise”. He has written on various combinations and explanations about this technique which they used in pottery and glassware in the past. The colors include golden, yellow, red, black, silver, blue, green and white as well as other colors. Among the compositions, two types of yellow with the title “Lune zard” are observed which appear to be different hues of yellow. The following question is raised that what is the result of the empirical experiments of the two different combinations presented in Javaher Name Nezami with the title “lune zard”, and how are they manifested on Minaʹi pottery? The purpose of this research is to study and compare the yellow color compounds in this book and the experimental results of their manufacture as well as the visual comparison of the colors obtained with the colors used in the pottery of this era in order to verify the accuracy of these compounds, both through testing and through visual matching to samples of Mina`i pottery.In the present research, two different combinations of yellow were selected from the Javaher Name Nezami book and analyzed with the aim of matching them. In the research process, the compounds presented in the text of Javaher Name Nezami book were equated with modern materials and vocabulary after studying the structure. Based on the data and findings from validated books, the existing compounds were tested experimentally and in vitro. The two compounds were combined with non-industrial vinegar after extensive abrasion and applied with a brush on a body covered with alkali-boron glaze .Then, they were heated at four temperatures in the oxidation kiln: 550, 500, 580 and 630 ° C (It should be noted that all tests are the same in terms of type of ingredients, type of kiln and method of manufacture). This study is a combinational research; part of its theoretical foundations are based on a descriptive method, and in empirical parts expresses information about the accuracy of the yellow color compounds by using experimental method and visual comparison of obtained yellow hues with samples of Minaʹi pottery with a descriptive-analytical method. The primary data in descriptive parts of research were collected through library research, with emphasis on the Javaher Name Nezami book and ancient texts. Pictures of Mina`i pottery are collected from domestic and foreign museums, and information in the experimental part of the research through observation. In the end, this research has been evaluated qualitatively. The results of the experiments show two different yellow hues in two different combinations in military jewelry; yellow- olive and yellow- orange. The colors were obtained at temperatures of 580 and 630 ° C in oxidation environment using overglaze method similar to Mina’i glaze of the Seljuks and the Khwarazmian. Comparing the colors obtained from the experiments and samples of the Minaʹi pottery from the 6th and the 7th centuries AH, suggests similarities, indicating that the information in the book is correct, and with correct factors and materials including the precise selection and replacement of materials with modern ones, observing the proportions presented in the text, the choice of the appropriate base for the glaze, providing the environment and the conditions of oxidation as well as the appropriate temperature in accordance with this ancient text, different color combinations similar to the Minaʹi pottery of the 6th and the 7th centuries are produced.

Acorn and inulin flours could be used in preparation of the gluten free baked products due to their high nutritional value and health benefits. In this study, the acorn flour at five levels (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 %) and inulin at four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15%) were used in formulation of the rice based cake batter, in order to enrich the final product. Physicochemical properties (moisture content, density and color) and rheological properties of the cake batter were investigated. The obtained results showed that the using upper percentages of the acorn flour and inulin results in the lower lightness and higher redness and yellowness in the color of the samples. A higher moisture content and lower density was shown in the samples containing the higher amount of acorn flour and inulin. The results of the rheological analysis revealed that the samples had the shear thinning (pseudoplastic) behavior. Herschel Bulkley and power low models represented that the effect of inulinand acorn flour, consistency coefficient (k) increased and flow behavior index (n) decreased in the samples.

Roasting is one of the important processing methods which is widely used in the nut industry to improve the flavor, color, texture and overall acceptability. In this study, four different roasting methods (superheated steam, hot-air, frying and infrared) were applied to roast wild almond kernels. Effect of processing conditions including air and oil temperatures (160 and 180°C), infrared power (200 W, 300 W) during roasting (15, 25 and 35 min) on moisture content, chemical properties, color and sensory properties were investigated. The results showed that increasing the temperature in hot air roasting, infrared power and roasting time decreased pH and the moisture content. The highest moisture content and acidity was for superheated steam and infrared roasting, respectively. Frying roasting showed the highest total acceptance while infrared roasting (300 W and 35 time) showed the minimum acceptance. Finally, infrared (200 W, 15 min), hot-air (160 ͦ C, 15 min) and frying (160 ͦ C, 25 min) were the recommendable processes for the wild almond roasting.

Potteries known as “Minai” are one of the valuable types of potteries remained from middle Islamic era, which were produced between 575 and 616 AH in middle of Islamic civilization, in the late period of Seljuk and Khwarazmshahi era in Iran. Such potteries were found in works obtained from Ray, Kashan, Saveh, and in a limited number in Nishapur and Tabriz that in terms of motifs and their composition on surface of the potteries have a great importance regarding the visual relations and high visual creativity. The question raised in this study is that what are the visual features of the motif and composition of the Mina`i ware, which has a different style than before and after potteries? The current study attempts to visually analyze the motifs and compositions of the pottery which will lead to introduction, recognition, reaching and discovering the common patterns of compositions and propositions and explaining various categorization of Minai ware. The study is carried out based on the library studies, documents, and science authentic websites, by using analytical-descriptive method. The results show that the motifs of the Minai ware decorated in five categories of humans, animals, herbaceous, geometric and written mofits, and organized in six types of index compositions on the surface of Minai ware. The main spiritual of the Islamic ornaments is mostly reflected in the motifs of geometric, herbaceous, and inscriptions, and human and animal motifs are derived from the historical and literary stories such as Ferdowsi Shahnameh.

Wide and massive group of pottery productions that its number is over thousands are represented with starting Islamic civilization. Pottery industry in Islamic civilization manifests itself in high level of innovation in pattern and technique that sometime in the technical point of view was very complex. One of most magnificent type of pottery that it is in historical domain from end of the Saljoughi, Kharazm Shahi and early Ilkhani, is Mina’i wares. Motifs in this type of pottery have drawn using multi colored Mina that in some cases they are panached with Gilding gold work and highlighting, underlying stonepaste and with over glaze technique. The variety of colors and iridescence of Mina’i glaze had made this glaze one of the most attractive decorative arrangement in the past and present. Studying on Mina’i potteries including hidden their techniques that a larg number of them are protected in domestic and foreign museums, always are attracted the attention of researchers; but yet because of lack of resources they are not well known. A large chapter of our information about Mina’i glaze is through the information that our predecessors have inherited in writing for ours. Javaher nameh of Nezami is including valuable heritage that historically is closest source to the time of production and popularity of Mina’i ceramics. This book that has been written by Jowhari Neyshabouri and has been edited by Iraj Afshar, is one of oldest book in Persian language about issue related to jewelry and stones, metals, alloys and types of Mina that has been written in four article.
In the fourth article of this book, titled “Mina and Talavihat” 26 sample of valuable compounds have presented in sector of “the variety of colors using on Glassware and ewer types Qashy, Isfahani, Shamy and chinese and otherwise. In fact the question that arise in this research is that is it possible to reproduce this style of the decoration based on the composition presented in Javaher nameh of Nezami? In addition to brief introduction of Mina’i pottery and Javaher nameh of Nizami, Basis of this research is recognition of presented composition and material and empirical and practical tests this writing information in order to comment about Authenticity of its presentation and to achieve critical information to reproduce this type of glaze decoration. Due to the high volume of sample in this book, only six kind of presented compositions were tested. Samples are selected by descriptive method and based on color variation and access to the material used. This research is practical and presented compositions were tested in experimental method. Results indicate that selected compositions of Javaher nameh can obtained red, black, tow type of yellow, silver and one unknown color through the technique of over glaze and third firing in the oxidation state. It should be note that one unknown color that due to unreadability of its color in Javaher Nameh face with a blank, during the experiments became dark red that it can be the correct alternative for that in this context.

Platelet function disorders are common in the world population but in our country except for severe cases، they are not well investigated due to limited diagnostic tools. In recent two years we aimed to assess platelet function tests in referral patients suspected of platelet function disorders، in the special reference coagulation laboratory of Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization، as the center equipped with lumi-aggregometer. We have investigated 195 referral patients during a seven-month period، from November 2011 to May 2012، for platelet aggregation and ATP release response for highly suspected patients with four platelet agonists ADP، collagen، arachidonic acid and ristocetin and a luciferin-luciferase reagent. Results were analyzed by SPSS version 16. Among 195 referred patients، 90 cases (46. 1%) had an abnormality in platelet count or function. Abnormal cases fall within the categories of low platelet count with normal function (8. 2%)، ATP release (secretion) defect (6. 7%)، Glanzman''s thrombastenia (4. 6%)، Bernard Solier Syndrome (2%)، acquired platelet defect (1. 5%)، afibrinogenemia (0. 5%)، and uncategorized platelet function disorders (22. 6%). The other 105 remaining patients showed a quiet normal result. The present study is the first simultaneous analysis of platelet function and secretion disorders. In order to guess the true prevalence of these disorders، more wider and comprehensive studies، the use of more complete panels of agonists and ATP release assessment in all patients with an abnormal aggregometry pattern have been suggested for future studies.