زهره نصرآبادی

Neuropathic pain is one of the common, important, and irritating complications in diabetes.  Despite the importance of this pain, there is still no effective treatment for that. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of evening primrose oil and gabapentin on neuropathic pain in patients with type 2 diabetes. This triple-blind clinical trial was performed on 70 patients with diabetic neuropathy who obtained score 2 from the Michigan Questionnaire and referred to the Department of Endocrinology at Khayyam clinic affiliated to Hakim Hospital in  Neyshabour from December 2017 to May 2018. The participants were divided into two groups of 35 people. The intervention group was treated with a capsule of evening primrose oil orally  (1000 mg) twice daily for three months and gabapentin (300 mg) daily. On the other hand, the control group was treated with gabapentin (300 mg) and placebo. The neuropathy pain severity was measured before and after the end of three-month intervention using Michigan and McGill Pain Questionnaires. Data analysis was performed in SPSS software (version 21) through Fisher's exact test, ANCOVA, multilevel logistic regression, Mann Whitney U test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and the Chi-square tests. P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. According to the results obtained from the McGill questionnaire, the mean scores of neuropathy before the intervention were obtained at 10.12±0.57 and 9.85±0.65 in the intervention and control groups, respectively. However,  the mean scores of neuropathy after the intervention were estimated at 6.18±0.48 and 8.31±0.60 in the intervention and control groups, respectively, which was statistically significant (P<0.02). Evening primrose oil is effective in reducing neuropathic pain in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, this can be a supplementary treatment for reducing pain associated with diabetic neuropathy.

Ribosomal DNA (rDNA) genes contain signature structures which are unique for groups of organisms. Considering their great number in cells and their protected areas, they render ideal targets for specific nucleic acid probes. The present study aimed to investigate the capability of some specific regions of 23S rDNA gene as a DNA target for differentiation and screening of Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, and Shigella dysenteriae. Bacterial reference strains used in this study were E. coli, S. enterica and Sh. dysenteriae that were provided by the centers for microbial culture collection (CMCC) at Pasture Institute of Iran. DNA extraction was performed by boiling method. Alignment of the 23S rDNA sequences of bacterial species was performed by using AlignX (a component of Vector NTI Advance 11.0) and areas displaying sequence divergence among species were used for designing universal primers and individual bacteria specific probe. The universal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of each bacterial species showed bands of approximately 880 bp to be being equivalent to the fragment size of 23S rDNA gene. Different size bands of 23S rDNA probes were produced and included 228 bp for E. coli, 444 bp for S. enterica, and 776 bp for Sh. dysenteriae. Comparative sequence analysis of variable and specific regions of 23S rDNA genes among the studied bacterial species showed that we were able to amplify specific target among universal region for the detection of many enteric pathogenic bacteria.