فهرست مطالب زینب لکی

In online communication, emojis are widely used and are often considered as beautiful and exciting additions to the original text. Emojis are now referred to as the "language of the online age" and "the fastest growing language in the world." In digital text messaging, it is possible to convey humor, emotion and sociality through emojis. However, the question is that in addition to the role of text beautification and transmission of emotions, is it possible to commit a crime by sending emojis? What are the challenges faced by jurisprudence in dealing with emojis as evidence? Therefore, the present article first examines the role of emojis in crimes such as intimidation and insults by recognizing different judicial examples of criminal cases and emoji-related proceedings, and then the challenges facing acceptance. Emoji evidence is evaluated in criminal proceedings.Findings show that criminal activities can be committed under the guise of emotional emoji function and their role in facilitating trust for a criminal purpose, and in particular crimes such as threatening, insulting or sexually abusing children, can be sent through Emojis occur. However, Criminal Courts In interpreting emojis and evaluating them as evidence,They face challenges such as poor expression and implication of emojis in criminal proceedings, change of platform, cultural differences in the interpretation of emojis, and instability of the psychological element in emoji-based crimes After getting acquainted with the challenges in emoji-based criminal proceedings, it has been tried to introduce solutions to these challenges in order to resolve the problems and create a unified judicial procedure.

warning citizens about the passing of preventive text messages is considered as one of the passive or passive prevention measures. Prevention and self-protection are taught to the citizens. Currently, FATA police and the Vice-President of Social Affairs and Crime Prevention of the Judiciary, with such an approach, are trying to avoid sending text messages containing warnings, the ability of citizens when It increases exposure to criminal attacks and provides opportunities to prevent crime or reduce the harmful effects of crime. Despite this, there are questions that basically, how do citizens deal with warning and preventive text messages? Is the citizens' view of these text messages learning and educational?

In this article, using a self-made questionnaire and a survey of 177 residents of Tehran, an attempt was made to determine people's views on the crime prevention messages produced and sent by the police or the social and crime prevention department. be evaluated.

The findings of the study show three types of reactions from citizens to preventive text messages. A group of citizens, while positively evaluating these text messages, increase the awareness and level of caution of citizens from the beneficial consequences of text messages. The second category, by emphasizing the negative and harmful effects of sending text messages, are against their educational and preventive consequences, and on the contrary, the bulk sending of text messages and their receipt by criminals leads to the development of criminal creativity and They consider the change and development of criminal methods, and finally, the third category's approach is neutral towards text messages.

The present research evaluates the feedback of warning text messages among citizens, the necessity of improving the quality of preventive teachings by improving the content of text messages, creating a basic distinction between preventive warnings and promotional text messages sent to citizens and building trust in the use of these It emphasizes text messages.

This study aimed to identify the role of digital literacy and cyberspace self-care on cyber victimization which was done using a correlation method.

The study population consisted of all adolescent girls and boys 13 to 18 years old in Tehran, whom 278 adolescents were selected as samples with use of virtual snowball sampling. Participants in this study answered the online Digital Literacy Scale for Teenagers, the Cyberspace Self-Care Questionnaire, and the Cyber Stalking Victimization Questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 22.0 and Spearman correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis (enter).

Result indicated that there is significant negative relationship between digital literacy and cyberspace self-care and the dimensions of cyberspace victimization and only there is no significant relationship between information skills and sexual victimization. Also, among the predictor variables, both cyberspace self-care and digital literacy, except for the lack of predictability of information skills in all three dimensions of cyberspace victimization, are important predictors of cyberspace victimization, especially in the dimension of reputation.

The study findings underscore the importance of paying attention to the use of cyberspace by adolescents and planning and doing the strategies to reduce the effective factors related to cyberspace victimization and harm and the need for education in the field of cyberspace self-care and digital literacy by parents and education system for the safe use of this space.

The prevalence of Covid-19 infectious disease and social distance have had a profound effect on the rates of various crimes. In this article, we try to influence the current situation on the rates of some crimes such as Theft, Intentional serious bodily injury, Drug addiction, Organized fraud, Disruption of public order and comfort, Child abuse, Participation in mass conflict, Snatching and pick pocketing in Tehran province and severa l important cities of this province, namely Tehran, Damavand, Shahr-e Rey, Shahriyar, Pakdasht, Islamshahr, Varamin and Mallard should be studied. Initially, the data related to the crimes studied in this study, which were reported to the police in Tehran province in the days after the spread of the disease and the beginning of measures related to social distancing and in the period from March 2019 to the end of October 2020, were collected through official institutions. Then, the available data related to the mentioned crimes with the same period in the previous year, i.e., the beginning of July 2019 to the end of February 2019 were collected in the same province. In order to better understand how the current situation affects the crime rate, the data related to several important cities of this province were separated from each other and then both periods were compared in terms of changes in the number of crimes studied in the cities in this study. Descriptive statistics method was used to analyze the data. To compare the situation of cities and Tehran province in terms of crime before and after the corona, the index of relative growth of crime in the post-corona period compared to before the corona has been calculated. The prevalence of Covid-19 disease and the social order of social distancing have had different effects on different crimes. During the outbreak of this disease, all the crimes studied in the present study in Tehran province decreased and only the crime of drug addiction increased. The change in crime rates, both in Tehran province and in different cities of this province, varies depending on the type of crime. Findings confirm that social constraints have changed the patterns of daily activities and the opportunity structures created as a result of these changes have changed the crime rate. These findings underscore the need for public awareness of the increased risk of domestic violence, especially child abuse during outbreaks, the need to strengthen education on how to respond more effectively and safely to social emergency requests, and the encouragement of domestic violence reporting, provide facilities for faster reporting of domestic violence and child abuse, launch online social assistance services, build happy television programs, and increase alternative forms of empowering community observers.

The certainty and clarity of the criminal law is one of the requirements of the principle of legality and requires the definition of the crime with maximum clarity and accuracy by the legislature. However, the open texture criminalization and the widespread and criminal-administrative of the actus reus implies a shift away from adhering to the requirements of the principle of legality. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, the present study seeks to answer the questions that what are the contexts of degradation of the principle of legality and the tendency of legislators to legislative ambiguity and the sharing of law and administrative-executive approvals in explaining the components of crime? Findings show that today, Influenced by the ideas of the negation of absolutism such as postmodernism and pragmatism, criminal law moves toward relativism, flexibility, and socialization.. Also, new developments such as the expansion of the realm of criminal law in the light of the emergence of crimes outside the core of criminal law, such ‌as preventive and technical crimes, with features like uncertainty and specialization and technicality, It has paved the way for the swamping and the regulation of criminal law. A change that is increasingly leading to Legislative parallelism and violations of the transparency and certainty of the law, as well as a fair warning to citizens. Finally, in order to strike a balance between the dynamics of criminal law and the rule of law, observance of criteria such as the definition of terms (legislative terminology) in the text of the law in order to determine the policy of administrative officials and Also, determining the validity period of delegating the authority to define crime to administrative-executive texts can be effective in reducing the challenges of flexibility and becoming a legal pillar. regulation of the legal element..

Contemplation on how criminal law is formulated and placed under the microscope of the legislature in the process of criminalizing, punishing and characterizing (labelling) a criminal act has an important role in improving the quality of the law. In addition to the substantive dimension, criminal law deserves attention in terms of form and application of techniques such as fiction and reference. Despite the importance of criminalization and dtermining the punishment methods and the wide consequences of these methods on the implementation of the law, the contexts of fiction application or the use of indirect punishment system, the challenges ahead and the assessment of the necessity or non-necessity of using this technique have been less studied. This article studies the effects of formation of criminal regulations on the quality and predictability of the consequence of law through using fiction and referral of punishment. It also studies criteria which can be used to reduce the theoretical and practical challenges of these techniques. Relying on a descriptive-analytical method, the article examines the grounds for the entry of these methods into the criminal legislation, through the review of 30 related criminal verdicts. The article also reviews basic challenges of using legal fiction and referring in judicial precedent. Finally, the article does not evaluate the use of legal fiction and referral of punishment as a desirable and efficient method. The article proposes the idea of ​​"unifying crimes in the light of common label or punishment in common text" and a more thoughtful interpretation of the laws of fiction or referral of punishment. According to the findings of the article, adherence to criteria such as the rules of accession, attention to the functions of criminal characterization (fair labeling) and the appropriateness of punishment, is effective in mimimumizing these methods.

The phenomenon of punitiveness of public opinion is complex and influential on policy making, which derives from varying factors. The rate and factors of this phenomenon are not the same everywhere and among individuals depending on complicated interaction between different influential factors. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of four variables on the phenomenon, namely knowledge, sex, religious beliefs and education in three cities of Tehran, Mashhad and Qom on three crimes of rape, embezzlement and establishment or membership of pyramid companies. The present study was conducted using a survey method. The study population included all people 18 years and older in three cities of Tehran, Mashhad and Qom. Were selected 180 of them as the research sample using the available sampling method. The descriptive statistics method was used to describe the data and the chi-square correlation test was used to test the questions.Findings showed that there is no significant relationship between awareness and gender variables with the tendency to punitiveness. The level of education variable also proved to have a significant relationship with the degree of punitiveness only in the case of the crime of rape. Regarding the city variable and its effect on the tendency to punitiveness, a significant relationship was found only in the crime of rape. The findings of the present study emphasize the importance of using criminal experts in legislation for various crimes, as well as the need to inform public opinion about the nature and social effects of various crimes and their punishment.

More behaviors are entering criminal responsibility by approval the law on new offenses. In some forms of criminalization and penalization, the use of various types of criminal referral techniques in identifying the crime, determining punishment, and defining the label and title of criminal, citizens and activists of the judicial system are referred to multiple criminal or non-judicial texts. Awareness to people about how to behave and coexist peacefully are legislative goals that will be undermined by the use of criminal labelling without observing the rules, principles and requirements of the legislation. The fair labeling principle is one of the fundamental principles of criminal intervention, which should always be considered by legislators in the process of constitution in order to determine the title and description of the legislator, in order to transferring the functions of the criminal label and the message of the criminal policy makers in a proportionate and realistic way to contacts. In the present study, in addition to the review of criminal referral conceptual scope as one of the most widely used methods in the process of legislation, this technique is evaluated and analyzed in the light of the fair labeling principle.

In criminal law principle is that during the final stages of the trial and verdict enforcement، the criminal indictment against the sentence be carried out. However، the abstract state of criminal law today and subjectivism are spent outside and in light of the offense and cognitive science، especially medical science، the objectivity and realism has been the tendency of Criminal Enforcement. Criminal policy developments affecting these predictions legal mechanisms، bearing the punishment of offenders with special requirements have to be temporarily exempted. Legal Medicine Organization of the intolerance Kiefer certification through the proper implementation of the policy and legislative requirements in order not to impose criminal penalties on some of the special role plays. Kiefer intolerance of jurisprudence، medicine، and economic prosperity. Legislative measures passed various laws to punish intolerance have assumed a forensic examination of the crime and the special medical criteria، in relation to tolerance or intolerance to punish offenders comment