سارا سلیمانی

Nowadays, the increasing pressure of urbanization and the diversity of social preferences have led to the loss of human peace and the disconnection between man and nature. One of the ways to reconnect people with nature is to pay more attention to green and blue spaces (rivers, streams, and green areas) through planned architectural and urban design solutions. Therefore, this study aims to determine the relationship between nature (view and access to nature) and Sanandji citizens’ mental health and use ART and SRT theories to find a solution to revitalize the landscape of the Qeshlaq River. The current research is based on the nature of practical objectives and follows a quantitative-qualitative approach. According to the research objectives, 254 questionnaires, including scales of contact time, frequency of visits, and the short form of mental health scale (WHO-5), were distributed to the target population in two periods based on the available population samples. In addition to the questionnaire, a structured interview was used to substantiate the results of the questionnaire and to highlight the problems of the Qeshlaq River environment. To analyze the data according to the type of variables, statistical tests were used in SPSS software version 27. The results of this study showed a significant but inverse relationship between the contact time/frequency of visits and the level of mental health. The most common reasons cited were lack of amenities and services, environmental issues, and lack of access to riverscapes. However, the relationship between mental health and access to nature was significant and positive. Finally, the results of this study provide guidelines for revitalizing riverscapes using two theories, ART and SRT.

Urban areas are responsible for two-thirds of the world’s primary energy consumption, which contributes significantly to urban heat islands (UHI) (Keirstead et al., 2012). UHIs are a major environmental issue, characterized by higher urban temperatures due to concentrated human activities. This study examines the cooling effects of Chitgar Lake on its surrounding urban area, aiming to mitigate future heating issues in Tehran by exploring how urban lakes can influence UHI. Specifically, it analyzes the role of urban geometric configurations in mitigating heat around lakes, which serve as urban open spaces.
Theoretical Framework
Urban planners utilize indicators like Floor Area Ratio (FAR), Surface Coverage (SC), and Building Height (H) to regulate urban forms. FAR relates to building volume, while SC denotes the proportion of built surfaces, indicating building permeability. Figure 1 illustrates the calculation of FAR and SC.
Figure 1: Illustration of Urban Planning Indicators - FAR and SC.
Among urban morphology elements, water bodies (e.g., rivers and lakes) significantly impact urban heat islands (Sarralde et al., 2015). The cooling effect of urban water bodies results from two main mechanisms: (a) evaporation, and (b) latent heat absorption, both of which lower surrounding temperatures compared to areas without water.

This research compares two time periods—before and after the construction of Chitgar Lake—to assess the lake’s cooling effects on its surroundings. Two critical thermal conditions were selected from each period: one representing the environment after the lake’s construction and another before it. Meteorological data from these periods were analyzed, and simulations were conducted using the ENVI-met modeling software. The Physiological Equivalent Temperature (PET) was subsequently calculated with Biomet software (Wang et al., 2021).
Figure 2: Research Process Diagram (a) and Sample Model Descriptions (b).

Comparison of Conditions Pre- and Post-Lake Construction: Simulation data reveal a general temperature decrease in the area following Chitgar Lake’s construction. Model A, representing the current urban fabric, acts as a heat absorber. Although it generates a warmer atmosphere, the shadowed areas remain cooler, providing enhanced thermal comfort. In Model A, humidity intensifies during pre-dawn hours, gradually decreasing as sunlight increases.
Impact of Height-to-Width Ratio: Taller buildings deepen urban valleys (H/W > 1), casting longer shadows that lower temperatures and improve thermal comfort. However, these deep valleys tend to retain moisture due to limited sunlight and airflow. In contrast, shorter valleys (H/W < 1) permit more sunlight and airflow, leading to reduced humidity but higher temperatures, resulting in less favorable thermal comfort.
Comparison of Urban Form Layout: Analyzing the SB-1 and SB-2 models showed that increasing building height and reducing surface coverage (SC) lead to temperature reductions due to higher FAR (increased density). Larger cross-sectional areas hinder wind flow, retaining humidity in street valleys. The urban form model with the best thermal comfort index was CC-2, characterized by high humidity and optimal thermal conditions. Conversely, SB-1, with a high occupancy coefficient and high permeability, exhibited the most critical thermal state, acting as a heat absorber with elevated temperatures.

This study demonstrates that urban open spaces with natural cooling elements, such as water bodies, along with wind flow and shading, significantly improve thermal comfort during hot summer days. Models show that urban spaces allowing natural factors to penetrate are of higher quality. As building height increases and urban valleys deepen, extended shadows help lower temperatures and create areas with balanced thermal comfort. Streets oriented from northeast to southwest, and to a lesser degree east-west, experience the lowest temperatures while maintaining high humidity, which improves thermal comfort through lake-enhanced wind flow.
Additionally, denser urban street valleys with low permeability hinder wind flow, contributing to inadequate thermal comfort. This study found that modifying urban form, building orientation, and the height-to-width ratio can enhance urban valley permeability, reducing thermal pollution effects and lowering cooling energy demands.

The tourism industry has now flourished significantly around the world, providing an opportunity for many countries to settle their issues, particularly economic problems, and above all boost up one's situation through its exploitation. In view of the competitiveness of the tourism industry, the key to success in meeting tourist expectations is to develop new products and services; thus, it is of utmost importance to reflect on creative tourism indicators, and plan for this purpose. In this sense, utilizing the power of deprived areas, mostly villages, has been one of the major approaches adopted by Iran's government for eliminating deprivation, generating the drivers of development, and fulfilling the goals of the 20-Year Vision Plan in tourism over the years. From this perspective, Hawraman in Kurdistan Province has been one of the tourism targets. This historical region, famous for its special culture, customs, and traditions, was inscribed on the World Heritage List by the World Heritage Committee of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) in its 44th meeting as the 26th tangible cultural heritage of Iran. At present, the development policies applied for tourism have given rise to numerous environmental and sociocultural challenges in this region. In addition, the sluggish economy has resulted in indiscriminate cultivation, damaging its pristine nature, including the mountain slopes and hills. Even though upstream law and regulations regarding the preservation of natural resources have been implemented, it seems that the economic problems have led to a kind of disregard and unrestrained natural resource extraction. Altogether, the local architecture texture and structure as well as the mountainous environment, pristine nature, historical and cultural landscapes, and other factors, such as customs and the local culture along with the historical background in Hawraman can set the stage for creative tourism. However, transforming the attractions in this region into creative tourism products requires much more attention and expert initiatives. In this context, characterizing creative tourism indicators in Hawraman can be among the essential measures. Against this background, the present study aimed to identify and prioritize the indicators associated with the development of creative tourism in Hawraman, and then raise some solutions and suggestions for this purpose. Considering the significant growth and development of creative tourism and the potentials of the historical and cultural landscapes in Hawraman, the study results can thus lay the foundations for decision-making in this region.
To meet the objectives of this applied study, a descriptive-analytical research design was used. In keeping with the research subject and the indicators investigated here, documentary methods and field studies, including interviews and questionnaires, were further employed to collect the data. The sample size was then determined, based on the maximum-possible-number of samples technique. Therefore, 56 tourism experts in the Cultural Heritage, Tourism, and Handicraft Organization of Kurdistan Province and Hawraman World Heritage site together with professors were selected by random sampling, and provided with the necessary information to complete the questionnaires in the process of their distribution. The questionnaire items were also developed based on a five-point Likert-type scale. As well, Cronbach's alpha was examined to measure the reliability of the research instrument by 0.865. To check the normality of the data, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was utilized, and the partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was employed to test the research hypotheses. Then, the Friedman test in the SPSS Statistics V22.0 was used to prioritize the indicators.
According to the study results, Hawraman has the potentials for development of tourism with special interests, including creative tourism. In this respect, the indicators of experience and interaction, local heritage, awareness-raising and information-giving, authenticity, economic support for creative tourism, service quality, and public participation are much more operational in the development of creative tourism in this region. Accordingly, the possibility of being subjected to varied lifestyles by the hosts for the tourists can inspire creative interaction and experience, thereby encouraging regional tourism. The natural attractions as the native heritage of Hawraman also contribute to the development of creative tourism. Moreover, awareness-raising and information-giving are among other indicators of creative tourism in this region. The pristine landscapes, the architectural identity of the region, as well as its stepped architectural and physical structure can thus have a profound impact on the authenticity of the region as the next indicator. In this line, support for creative tourism is one of the other significant indicators. Therefore, the relevance of the activities to the local culture in this region can be among the indicators of creative tourism and economic growth. Besides, the establishment of handicrafts training centers can help improve the economic status of the locals, since it teaches local arts and brings income for the residents. In terms of service quality, roads and transportation are also among the main indicators. Some other factors such as the cleanliness of the surrounding environment and preserving the nature, enhancing the infrastructure, and providing accommodation services, such as hotels, guesthouses, and ecotourism residences, and public transportation are effective in augmenting the quality of tourism services and facilities for the development of creative tourism in this context. In conclusion, public participation is one of the other indicators of creative tourism development in Hawraman, which needs further consideration.

Problem statement: 

Establishing fitting relationships between users and physical spaces is among the contemporary challenges for architects in a way that the success rates associated with the functional plans of environments are typically assessed based on the structure-behavior connection. As stated by Barker (1968), the high harmony between the physical and social components, also called synomorphy, gives birth to more efficient spaces. Investigating associations between physical environments and behavioral patterns in public spaces has been thus of utmost importance as it helps reach a better understanding of the relationships between humans and their needs as expressed by a diverse set of behaviors in an environment. Against this background, this study reflected on two commercial centers as behavior settings to evaluate the effects of their distinctive physical structures on users’ behavior formation.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the synomorphy between physical structures and environmental behaviors in the Traditional Bazaar and Golestan Shopping Center, as a manifestation of contemporary commercial centers, in the city of Kermanshah, Iran. The study attempted to fulfill this goal by answering this question:How are the functions of commercial centers, traditional and contemporary, improved with emphasis on Barker’s Theory of Behavior Settings (TBS, 1968)?

Utilizing a qualitative approach and a descriptive-analytical, field-based, unsimulated research design, this applied study was fulfilled at certain intervals.

The study results revealed that the Traditional Bazaar had a much more appropriate function thanks to its stronger structure-behavior synomorphy, and was even quicker to respond to users’ behavioral patterns, granting the prospect of minimizing the diversity of such patterns and undermining the market plan, attributable to the threats and weaknesses. Reflecting on Golestan Shopping Center, the structure-behavior relationship was assessed to be uncomplimentary, so more constructive steps needed to be taken to boost its functions based on the suggestions raised here.

The purpose of writing this article is to investigate the prediction of antisocial behavior based on parental personality traits and parental depression. Antisocial behaviors are widely seen in different societies today. These behaviors include actions that conflict with social rules and values and generally cause opposition and destruction of social relationships. In the field of psychology and behavioral sciences, many researches have been conducted to investigate the cause of antisocial behavior, especially in children and adolescents. Some personality traits of parents can be related to antisocial behavior of children and teenagers. For example, parents who have traits such as lack of anger control, failure to provide support and supervision, inability to solve problems, and deficits in social skills may produce children who are prone to antisocial behavior. Parental depression can also lead to negative consequences for the behavior of children and adolescents. Parents experiencing depression may be less able to provide support and supervision and may be less able to meet their children's social and psychological needs in general. This may increase the likelihood of antisocial behavior in children. Therefore, due to the importance of this issue, the prediction of antisocial behavior based on personality traits and parental depression was investigated, and at the end of the article, suggestions related to this issue were presented.

One of the most important factors in improving the condition of the elderly is the feeling of self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of theory-based educational intervention on self-efficacy and activity daily living of older people living in nursing homes in Isfahan city

The present study is an intervention study that was conducted in 1400 on 128 elderly people living in elderly care centers in Isfahan city. The samples were included in the study by cluster sampling method. The intervention group received interventions in four sessions. Data collection tool was self-efficacy everyday activities questionnaire and activity daily living questionnaire. Self-efficacy and activity daily living levels were measured in three stages before, one week and two months after the intervention. SPSS 16 and repeated measures analysis of variance and analysis of covariance tests were used to analyze the data.

The statistically significant difference was observed in the mean scores of self-efficacy in performing daily and difficult life activities in the stages of one week and two months after the intervention (P <0.001). The intervention group showed significantly higher self-efficacy and activities of daily living level one week and two months after the intervention compared to the control group (P <0.001).

Educational intervention based on Banduras theory, could improve the sense of self-efficacy of the elderly living in nursing homes. Also, the interventions improved the level of activity daily living in the older people in the centers.

The suitability of cultural spaces as a public space is an important issue to be considered. The need for presence in space for all groups, regardless of gender, age, occupation, etc is essential. Given the high value of women in society, and given that women constitute half of society and are considered as the family axis, they should be spiritually and physically well-off. Women, in addition to being themselves active in all aspects, they educate active groups. This paper investigates the factors affecting the presence of Kurdish women in cultural spaces.The research method is a descriptive-analytical approach and data were gathered through field studies and a questionnaire tool and Data were analyzed by SPSS software. The statistical population of this paper is women and men (70% of the statistical population were women) who are associated with Fajr art and Cultural Complex of Sanandaj. The factors affecting the presence of women in public spaces, and in particular cultural spaces, cover a wide range of physical, social, cultural and economical constraints. The most important influencing factors are indicators of the need for such places and patriarchy and appropriate access to these spaces for citizens. Need feeling means that the existing cultural complex is not responder to their needs. Therefore, the relationship between the effective factors and the needs and conditions of women is examined and finally recommendations are made to reduce the impact of these factors.

In this study, the temperature data of central Iran stations in different months and hot, cold and passing seasons were investigated from a statistical point of view. The results showed that the presence of an upward trend in the cold season in eleven stations was confirmed and rejected in two stations. The highest slope of trend line in this season is estimated in Qom, Daran, Arak and Natanz stations with values of +0.53 and +0.52 degrees per 10 years. The lowest amount in this season was allocated to Isfahan station with a value of +0.17 degrees per ten years. In the passing season, the existence of an upward trend in one station has been confirmed and rejected in 11 stations. The highest slope of trend line in this season was estimated in Qom station with values of +0.40 degrees per 10 years. In the warm season, except in Yazd, Isfahan, Garmsar, Bafgh, Robat posht badam, Kashan, Khor va byabank, Naeen, Shahreza, Ardestan, Golpaygan and Kabotar abad stations, which is the slope of the descending line, in the rest of the stations, the uptrend has been confirmed. An upward trend in Shahrod, Ghom, Natanz and Daran stations has been confirmed and rejected in Arak and Semnan stations that the highest slope of trend line belongs to Dararn and Gom stations with values of +0.30 and +0.27 degrees per ten years. It seems that the existence of confirmed upward trend in the warm and transit seasons caused by climate change and the disturbance of environmental conditions governing the stations, causes in the decades ahead in the residential areas of Qom, Daran, Shahroud and Natanz, the conditions of life comfort to be out of balance and its residents in the use of conventional cooling ventilation such as water coolers to use Cooling ventilation such as gas chlorine, which imposes a high cost on households for energy consumption, should be turned on.

Today,, creativity has become one of the hot topics in the field of children's development and has gained special importance in psychological studies and environmental design. Research emphasizes the impact of the child's environment on the development of his creativity. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between creativity and educational environment for children aged 2 to 10 years and identify and explain the environmental components affecting creativity, using an approach based on recognizing the physical and mental dimensions of the child and his needs as a user of the architectural environment. is. The present qualitative research, using exploratory method and qualitative content analysis, has identified the basic variables in the researches on the relationship between environment and children's creativity and has tried to investigate and summarize the relationships between them with logical reasoning. Since the results of this study are based on an analytical approach based on the theories of researchers and the results of previous research, it can be considered a qualitative meta-analysis. The results of this study show that the environment with characteristics such as sociability, sense of space, flexibility, diversity and complexity, security, stimulation, readability and communication with nature is effective in increasing children's creativity. Also, if the educational environment is designed in a way that the principles of environmental psychology related to the physical and mental condition of the child are observed, a suitable platform will be created for the flourishing and strengthening of the child's creativity.

Paraquat is mainly used as a herbicide and its toxicity is through the increase of reactive oxygen species, in this study, we investigated the effect of N-acetyl cysteine and vitamin D on the oxidative toxicity of Liver tissue in sub-acute toxicity with paraquat.
In this experimental study, 36 male albino Wistar 8 weeks old were randomly divided into 6 groups: 1) control group ; 2, 3) control received Vit D 2 μg/kg/day or NAC 6.25 mg/kg/day Intraperitoneal injection (IP) ; 4) received paraquat 5 mg/kg/day (IP) ; 5 and 6) received paraquat treated with Vit D 2 μg/kg/day or NAC 6.25 mg/kg/day For 7 days. At the end of the study, serum and Liver tissue collected. Total antioxidant capacity (TAC), lipid peroxidation (LPO), total thiol groups (TTG), ALT and AST levels in Liver tissue were evaluated. Also liver histopathological evaluation was performed.
In paraquat-poisoned groups, liver tissue damage, LPO, ALT, AST were increased, and TAC, TTG decreased significantly in comparison with the healthy control group. In treated groups, there was a significant decrease in Liver injury, LPO and liver enzymes in comparison with paraquat group, and TAC and TTG levels significantly increased.
Vit D and NAC decreased oxidative toxic stress, and tissue damage in the Liver caused by paraquat poisoning.

Structures effectively serve the art of architecture and architects must be able to create their works in ways that benefit from structure. In recent decades architecture moves with increasing acceleration towards a closer relationship with the structures and movements based on High Tech developed in this area. The main goal of these movements is the convergence of engineering and architecture. The architects such as Santiago Calatrava, Norman Foster, Richard Rogers, Renzo Piano and Frank Gehry in recent years, with the ability to use structural systems were able to design and implement structural buildings. In addition to these developments, architectural education has also changed a lot. The most important changes include the revision of the syllabi structural and qualitative and quantitative improvements in the Faculties of Architecture. Through these revisions, the modern theories of teaching and learning are used. New ideas about architectural education in recent years, in this case refers to an architectural structure which has changed significantly; therefore, the improvements in its education is required. This question raises here: what kind of knowledge is required, how it can be gained, and through which method it can be transferred to new professionals. In this context, and to change the course of studies, sustained efforts have been made for reshaping the structure of the educational process, examining accepted ideas, and seeking the views of the future. Necessary structure training for students of architecture, schools of architecture and major challenges faced with the process of preparing students for professional activity. Higher education system in Iran is now in a new phase after its long experience in the world. Bachelor and Master Courses have their own definitions at this system. Although the period of training professionals to learn a profession such as architecture is short, but with proper planning, the students after completing the course are the architects that after gaining experience in the labor market they will cause improving architecture but while many critics believe that architecture schools are educating students who are powerless in terms of technical architecture to do a lot of activities, including structural issues. Various methods which are in the field of education in many schools of architecture are structures used, for most students they seem inadequate and the students just looking to earn a passing grade in this course. Now the structure of educational structures, in particular for students of architecture seems inadequate. Training is done for traditional engineering methods based on this approach increasingly inefficient. The teaching of structures in architecture classes programs faces another vital problem. Understanding structures is fundamental in teaching to architecture, but the “content” that is now using are highly unsuitable for lots of architecture students. Many architecture teachers to effectively teach structures, using extremely quantitative and abstract teaching methods and materials copied completely from engineering programs that is highly inappropriate for the lots of architecture students. Architectural educational programs has been examined extensively over the last decade, with almost universal understanding that the nation’s universities are producing graduates who are technically not prepared for the professional architecture. Poor technical preparation is the result of some basic problems. First, the structures curriculum, teaching methods, and instructional tools are borrowed completely from engineering programs with some modification. The next, in most architecture programs the structures curriculum is taught separately from the remainder of the architecture courses. Structures instruction is rarely, if ever, fully integrated into the broader architecture curriculum. In particular, creative structural design and application is omitted from most architecture design studio courses. Improving the technical abilities of architecture graduates has several important ramifications for the practice of architecture and society as a whole. However, this research is concerning to the content of structure programs (theory and pedagogy) to better meet the architecture student’s needs and improve the understanding and application of basic structural engineering and technology principles. In this research we emphasis on transferring of learning because point of school learning is to be able to transfer what is learned in courses to professional architecture. To achieve these goals, the study is a survey research method (Delphi) and content analysis was used according to the study population. The results show that in formulating advanced architectural education, if you start teaching structures from the early architectural education and correcting the course in structures carried out, using teaching methods based on the principle of convergence of structures and architecture and with an emphasis on teaching non-abstract concepts to understand the structures, can improve structural architecture students.

Identity Crisis is one of the most important issues in today’s global society. Fading sense of identity is not limited to the field of architecture as it is evident in social and cultural areas. Architectural experts believe that, there is the Identity Crisis in Contemporary Architecture. Architecture is one of the symbols identities of each civilization. Iran has great traditional architecture. In this paper, the indices of the Islamic architecture and urbanism identity in Uraman Kurdistan region, at the western region of Iran, have been studied. Uraman, as one of the most important sections of Kurdistan is the origin of architecture in Iran (because of its special architecture). This study is performed by insisting on the ground, valuable mountain architecture structure and effective factors on theoretical basics, construction and traditional building materials at rural section. In the west and north sides of Iran in the mountain range branching from Zagros, there are structures which are counted as art and architecture experience of Iranian. This art are from the ancient age and shows the beginning of great history in Uraman. The simple technique and art which are created by the human behaviors with Islamic ideologies are recognized as architectural features in this district. In Kurdistan, There are simple amazing context which can be counted as real features architecture of this district. The features have contained the identity of the architecture while they need to be recognized. The framework of this research is Uraman village in Kurdistan province located in the west district of Iran, close to Zagros range. In traditional and rural societies, the pattern is guaranty of continuation of traditional architecture. This Pattern is outcome of cooperation between different generations in continuum years. The existing cooperation and common spiritual needs and many other related problems have caused creation of privet houses, public and social buildings with the special patterns. Knowing patterns and their continuation will elaborate the architectural principals and characteristic of the region during years. The correct knowledge of this type of architecture with the combination of new structural development will recognize the national and religious identity and prevent the recent identity crisis in architecture. Practical orientations on needs are the main characteristics of this village architecture and because of lacking enough fields for building, the houses have constructed in many steps. The dispute between human and nature is visible in these areas. The beautiful, firm and elevated structure of houses have been built by cutting mountain stones. Other features of the Islamic architecture in Uraman is the value and placement of the mosque while based on the Islamic texture planning, mosque is known as a valuable center of spiritual and has been built in city or village in some city spaces like Bazaar and public building around it. In the small texture the mosque amazingly has played such a role. Although the lack of flat ground in the village which led to a linier structure, it has been built in the best central location of the village. In the Uraman region construction architecture has less interference with the nature forms and all buildings have been built according to the slope and topography of the region. Architectural identity of the area reflects the principles and values of the fundamental principles of Islamic architecture and Persian effects in architecture and urban planning. In this paper special architectural features of the Iranian identity of the region of Kurdistan and especially rural architecture in Uraman are presented. In this context, the approach is to analyze the impact of the architecture principles and Islamic values and recognize of identity formation in Uraman architecture with an emphasis on residential structures. Results show that: new patterns of native and traditional materials, new materials and building products in construction industry can be achieved by combining technology and art Residential houses are designed and constructed consistent with the climate while this is the appropriate model of architecture over times. Today, sustainable architecture can be used in line with the principles of the new materials and traditional architecture. Regarding to our findings, some suggestions for future studies in this field were presented.

In this study, part of the native Iranian architecture of the Sistan region in terms of climate issues, techniques used in the construction of buildings and difficult environmental (climatic) issues are studied. Today, in sustainable architecture, the greatest attention is paid to climatic, environmental and green architecture issues alongside matters related to traditional and old architecture on a local and global level. Advanced technologies in construction and use of new materials in architecture has, on the one hand, created the suitable conditions for realizing exotic ideas and projects for architects and designers. These challenges and the need for paying attention to valuable elements of local traditional architecture indicate the necessity of undertaking research on climatic conditions and sustainable architecture. This research deals with parts of traditional Iranian architecture in the Sistan region in terms of climate, the techniques used in construction and difficult environmental conditions (climate) based on modern theories of sustainable architecture. The research question deals with the factors, climatic conditions and characteristics of architectural structures of Sistan region (indigenous and ancient) which can be utilized in modern Iranian architecture and be of use in contemporary design issues of climate architecture. The research methodology was based on two parts: a descriptive approach and field studies in part one and a comparison of the theoretical and climatic components of sustainable architecture with the structural elements of local Sistan architecture forms part two. In traditional Iranian architecture, discussions always focus on valuable strategies and methods of providing adequate living conditions in buildings. Different and variable climatic and geographic conditions throughout this land have forced architects with their innovative principles to provide the best and most appropriate ways of buildings adapting to climatic conditions. Since past-times, the use of natural and inexhaustible forces such as the sun and wind has commonly been used in Iran to improve the bio-thermal conditions of living spaces. These forces results in buildings saving fuel consumption and more importantly enhancing the quality, comfort and hygiene of residential environments. The research results indicate that centuries-old use of Kharkhona, Dorche, Kolak, Surak were suitable climatic solutions that are defined as a component of indigenous architectural principles in this region to combat the harsh climate and facilitate good living conditions. With little change in the structure of contemporary architecture, these solutions can be used to achieve sustainable architecture.

The Forumadophiolitic rocks as a part of Iran marginal microcontinentophiolites have been situated in the western part of Sabzevarophiolite. Field study shows extrusive sequence in this area with Late Cretaceous in age. This sequence has included basaltic pillow lavas with radiolarian chert related to Late Turonian-Santonian، in contrast to Coniacian- Late Campanian age، when this sequence has composed of basaltic pillow lavas in lower - middle part and various tuffs in upper part. Sheet flows، hyaloclasticbreccias and pelagic limestone are intercalations between lavas and tuffs. Abundantly، pillow lavas with phyric texture are most predominant feature contrast with sheet flows. Whereas enrichment of LILE and depletion of some HFSE (Nb، Ta) exhibit subduction environment (island arcs) for pillow lavas of Forumad، and different enrichment in LREE to HREE displays unhomogenous mantle in the generation of them; the presence of two magmatic nature in lavas (tholeiitic and calc-alkaline)، their positions in tectonomagmatic diagrams and clear enrichment of Th element in Late Turonian –Santonian lavas which are generally exhibition of ophiolitic extrusive sequence in Forumad area have been generated in a supra-subduction environment and back-arc basin.

Aims and T he present study has been performed to design a guideline for acute pain management after orthopedic surgeries, and also this study has a role in improving patient satisfaction and quality of life, and at the same time aiding hospital to reach a higher level of available pain control service. In this study which is a developmental research, first of all the databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Elsevier, and Springer were searched on the key words such as Orthopedic Surgery, Acute Post-Operative Pain, Acute Pain Management, and Post-Operative Pain Management in the last five years. Articles in the form of Clinical trial, systematic review and meta-analysis about acute pain control after orthopedic surgery, with high quality were entered into the study. The evaluation of quality of articles was done by Jadad Score questionnaire, which is one of the most reliable questionnaires in the world for evaluating the quality of articles. Articles receiving a score less than 4 were excluded from the study. The clinical care guideline was designed based on Stetler model in evidence-based approaches. Seventy seven articles in the field of analgesia after orthopedic surgery were selected. Within these articles, 51 with a score> 4 according to Jadad questionnaire were assessed in the expert panel sessions. Three sessions were organized and finally the guideline was approved by the members attending the sessions. Multi-modal approach to pain management after orthopedic surgery, is one of the most valid protocols based on recent evidence. The Preemptive dosing of analgesic drugs, particularly non steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as Celecoxib, was especially effective in the articles.

Today، the world is in its ultra-technologic era that most of the businesses are moving towards being electronic. Banking industry is one of the pioneers in this arena. Accordingly، one of the banking success requirements is the customers’ trust towards the electronic banking. The aim of this study is to investigate the traditional and virtual dimensions of electronic banking to create trust in customers. The traditional dimensions in this study include the size and reputation of the bank and the virtual dimensions include the website features of the bank (received safety about the website، considering the privacy limits، usefulness، and the ease of using). In order to investigate the presented model in this research the structural equations have been applied. The obtained results have showed that there is not a significant relationship between the electronic banking traditional dimensions and the customers’ trust، while the website features have had positive significant effect on creating the trust towards the electronic banking.

Burnout is a psychological syndrome in nursing due to prolonged close contact with other people. Social support is one of the major factors inhibiting the negative effects of stress. This study was performed in order to determine the burnout and the social support for nurses and also the relationship between these variables.
This cross-sectional study was performed on 114 nurses working in hospitals of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. For collecting the data, valid and reliable questionnaires of social support McCain and Marklyn and Burnout Inventory Maslach and Jackson were used. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 17 and Chi-square test.
86% of nurses stated that they had been received the average social support from their colleagues, head nurses and their supervisors. 67.5% of them had a burnout. 34.2% of them expressed levels of burnout in emotional exhaustion in the moderate level, and more than half of the nurses reported low levels of depersonalization and inadequacy. There was a statistically significant relationship between social support and burnout (p=0.01).
Due to high levels of burnout in nurses and not being ideal the amount of social support received from colleagues and a positive impact that this support could have on the performance of nurses, it is necessary to consider arrangements to reduce the burnout and increase the receiving of social support.

Enhancing nursing students'' critical thinking is a challenge faced by nursing educators. This study is aimed at determining the effect of clinical concept mapping using nursing process on discipline based critical thinking of 4th year nursing students. In this quasi-experimental study، a convenient sample of 32 nursing students participated. They were randomly assigned to two groups. The control group was involved just in the usual clinical practice، while the experimental group participated in a one day workshop on clinical concept mapping using nursing process during their usual clinical practice. They were also asked to provide at least two clinical concept maps during their clinical practice. On the 10th week of their clinical practice a post-test was done using a specially designed package consisting of fourteen vignettes and three open response opportunity for measurement of seventeen dimensions of critical thinking in nursing (under two categories of cognitive critical thinking skills and mind habits). Students of both groups were required to write about how they would use a designated critical thinking habit or skill to act in a certain way. The students'' responses were evaluated by two raters based on identification of critical thinking، justification and quality (appropriateness of the responses with regard to their level of education) of the student''s response. The mean scores of both groups were compared by Mann-Whitney test. Result of the study revealed a significant difference (p<0. 001) between the two groups'' cognitive critical thinking scores: Experimental group mean score (20. 14±13. 62) vs the control group mean score (6. 41± 6. 52). The results also revealed a significant difference (p<0. 005) in the scores of mind habits: Experimental group mean score (23. 68±20. 58) vs the control group mean score (6. 30± 5. 51). Two groups of study were also significantly different from each other in 11 out of 17 dimensions of critical thinking (p<. 01). Teaching and application of clinical concept mapping leads to improvement of critical thinking abilities in nursing students. However، further studies are recommended to generalize this result to nursing students in their earlier stage of education.

Herbal medicine usage is prevalent among world people from a long time ago and, It has been five times from 90th to 97th in the USA. According to increasing usage of herbal drugs and investigating the knowledge, beliefs and function of patients to herbal drugs, this research was done.Experimental: It is a descriptive, cross sectional study which carried on 30 patients who referred to one of the clinic centers that researchers have referred to this center and have filled out questionnaires that consist of demographic and knowledge, beliefs, and function of patients to herbal medicines. Then data analyzed with SPSS version 15. Range of woman age was 19-47 y/o with mean 30±8 and rang age of men was 22-50 y/o with mean 27.4±12. About 23.3% are under diploma, 63.3% are diploma and higher, 10% are graduate and higher. The results show that 63.3% of patients had knowledge about herbal medicines and 93.3% of them expressed that recognize special herbal medicines for some disease. Also, 73.3% expressed that herbal medicine use is safe and 96.7% believed herbal medicines. About 30% of them believed that medicinal herbs must be bought from pharmacy. In addition, 93.3% expressed that medicinal herbs use is not limited to Iran. The most prevalent herbs respectively are: thyme (63.3%), borage (56.6%), mint juice (36.6%), four seeds (23.33%), Fumitory juice (20%), camels-thorn juice, green tea, London rocket seeds (16.6%), and lavender (13.33%). The most cause of herbal medicine use is stomach illness, sweating, common cold, relaxing, kidney stones and menstrual disorders.Industrial and practical recommendations: Because 93.3% of the patient referring to clinics used herbal drugs and regarded them safe, giving useful and comprehensive information about herbal drugs and increasing the knowledge of herbalists to prevent from medicinal introduction in order to boost the awareness, belief and function of patients and finally their heath, is so necessary.