سارا مردیها

Today, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization is considered as a major regional organization in order to pursue trade liberalization among it’s members. Since Iran is now an observer state in the Shanghai Convention and is at the stage of its accession to the treaty, the purpose of this study is to assess the potential economic impacts of Iran's membership in the SCO using the Global Simulation model (GSIM). Accordingly, four scenarios including 25%, 50% and 75% reduction in tariff rates (incomplete liberalization) and 100% eliminatiom (full liberalization) in tariff rates are considered. The effects of tariff liberalization are estimated at 13 major export commodities in both scenarios. Research findings suggest that joining Iran into the Shanghai organization and eliminating tariff rates will increase the net welfare and cause trade creation in the Iran and Shanghai bloc. However, the welfare effects and the degree of trade creation in full liberalization are more than incomplete liberalization.Therefore, it is possible to consider Iran’s membership in the Shanghai agreement as a useful convergence.

Wellbeing as a multidimensional concept has been noticed by many economists and politicians in recent years. In most studies, only the combination of non-economic indicators have been used in order to measure wellbeing while constructing the indicator that includes all geographic, economic and human aspects can help us to study the countries development procedure. The aim of this study is constructing a wellbeing indicator for all developing countries with regard aforementioned aspects.In this study, we attempt to construct a composite indicator based on 8 sub indexes by using factor-analysis and objective method. This indicator has been calculated annually for 88 developing countries for the period 2000-2008.Based on the results, African countries have the lowest wellbeing score among selected developing countries. Also the results show an improvement of wellbeing indicator in Turkey, China and Brazil in recent years. In addition, this indicator had been increased for Iran during aforesaid period, but between the four-year periods 2005-2008, the rate of this growth process has been decreased.

Due to the rapid modernization process، we can see the inefficiency and obsolescence of urban textures in Isfahan alike the most Iran’s cities. Hence، renovation development of old textures should be one of the main goals in modernization of Isfahan. Analyzing the widespread dimensions of housing and identifying the ranking ways of different attributes of residential units by consumers is the most important step for being successful in housing projects. Since housing attributes are the non-marketed goods، we need to use non-market evaluation method to evaluate them. In this paper Choice Experiment Method (CEM) has been used to evaluate and determine the consumer willingness to pay for various housing attributes. For this purpose، one of the old textures of Isfahan was selected and a sample of households living in that area was randomly drawn with 120 observations. Data was collected using choice experiment questionnaires and analyzed using STATA and EXCEL softwares. The results show that choice of residential unit is a function of 7 attributes including land area، quality and type of materials used in residential units، neighborhood security، access to major city centers، exemption from charge payments for construction، the amount of loan paid for construction and price of residential unit. Based on the results، the most effective variable is the land area; and residents have a high willingness to pay for this attribute rather than the other attributes.

Determining the real value of natural ecosystems, due to their significant function and ecosystem services and necessity of the best management for make use of them, has a great importance. Recently, natural resource economists have studied ecosystem value of natural resources and its role in human welfare. These studies have made a considerable progress in valuation of environmental as well as ecological services that an ecosystem can offer. Therefore this study tries to determine recreational value of Najvan Park and measure of individual’s willingness to pay (WTP) based on contingent valuation method (CVM) and dichotomous choices (DC). Logit model was used for measuring of individual WTP. The model parameters were estimated based on the maximum likelihood (ML) method. Moreover, the marginal effects of the changes in involved variables in considered model were determined using by factor for calculating of marginal effects. The results showed that individual preservation WTP in Najvan Park is directly related to income and education while it is negatively related tobid, age and the number of family member. The calculation of the expectancy of WTP using logit model led to 8,983 Rials monthly WTP per person.