فهرست مطالب سارا ویسی

Chahrisseh magmatic rocks are located in the northeast Isfahan, in the Sanandaj-Sirjan structural zone and parallel to the Qom-Zefre fault. These magmatic masses are located in a continuous section of Permian-Triassic sediments and rarely enter the Early Triassic beds. These rocks contain anhydrous ferromagnesium minerals (olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase), hydrous ferromagnesium minerals (amphibole and biotite) in addition to secondary minerals (chlorite, epidote and actinolite). Based on petrographic studies and geochemical analysis of minerals, these magmatic rocks are among the ultramafic lamprophyres with alkaline nature. Different methods of temperature-barometry of minerals show two completely different ranges of pressure and temperature (the first range of temperature 1000 to 1100 ° C and pressure 16 to 20 kbar and the second range of temperature 900 to 1000 ° C and pressure 6 to 13 kbar) which corresponds to the porphyric texture of the rocks. The chemical properties of primary minerals indicate the formation and placement of alkaline lamprophyres in the intercontinental environment. On the other hand, the presence of crustal xenoliths and xenocrysts provides evidence of the effect of crustal contamination. Therefore, it seems that in the short period of time from the end of the Paleozoic to the beginning of the Mesozoic, following the operation of the technical phase of Hercinian, alkaline lamprophyres form in a continental environment and digested parts of the continental crust during ascending to the earthchr('39')s surface.

This article is an attempt by the analytical method to study two meta-narrative "religious" and "political" and then challenge them in the framework of Derridas Deconstruction, so Derrida against a version of Christianity that it provided in the text mind founder, sole custodians of traditional institutions and the formal introduction of the screw, recounting concepts such as "gift", "sacrifice", "forgiveness," "messianism" and that Christianity has always belong to the classic discourse. Deconstruction also the narrative that the survival of "liberal democracy" and its political system based on the Soviet Union and the collapse of communism after the collapse, as the end of history, the last stage of human ideological evolution and the final form of government as a screw attempts to in presenting its weaknesses and limitations, giving new meaning to the concept of "friendship" based on the unbreakable brotherhood, unconditional and universal, promising practices new policy as a "community without community" and democracy as original " democracy to come "is.

The present paper is an attempt that pointing Babel Tower as the symbol of the violence and domination of the Semites and attempt to challenge this attitude and policy by the Innovative concept of friendship in a descriptive-analytical manner. Derrida considers the efforts of the Sami to build the tower, thereby preserving their descent and language, as their attempt to create meaning; and by his deconstruction approach, fights this type of imperialism. Derrida by giving a new meaning to the concept of "friendship" based on the brotherhood, responsibility to the other, gift, hospitality, forgiveness- which are unbreakable, unconditional and universal- heralds a new and original form of politics and government named "democracy to come". Derrida considers the collapse of the Babel Tower by God, the symbol of the end of tyranny and injustice, and the beginning of a move toward equality and freedom.

Talking about controversy and conflict over scarce resources among individuals as well as states is an issue that has long been of interest to scholars and experts of economics, politics, psychology, biology, etc .This is clearly evident especially in view of the realism school and thinkers such as Thucydides, Hobbes, Machiavelli and Followers such as Morgenthau, Waltz, Kissinger, etc. Anarchic international System, state-centered, effort to obtain, maintain and increase the power, rationality and calculation of cost-benefit, struggle to survive and self-reliance are The most important characteristics and components of the realist school in international relations. In this school, states as like as individuals, are looking for their own interests and thus evaluate profits and damages at every actions. Then, if the benefits overtake theirs losses, they will go to war. Since international system is considered as competitive and anarchic, then, chaos, tension, crisis and insecurity will frequently occur around the world. This paper studies the impact of the challenges and opportunities resulting from climate change on the creation and spread of regional crisis between states around the world. It attempts to answer a basic question namely "What will be the future impact of climate change, particularly in the regional-scale crisis?" The hypothesis that has been proposed in response to the question is: "challenges and opportunities rising from climate change first allow the renewal and intensification of chronic conflicts and crisis in tropical areas around the equator, and on the other hand will create the formation of new tensions and crisis in areas near the north and south poles."
With regard to the purpose of this research that is "analyzing the impact of climate change and its challenges and opportunities on regional crisis", method used in this paper, is descriptive and analytical, which is completed by tables, charts, maps, Statistics and numbers. Also it is done in the framework of realism theory.
Findings suggest the recent increase in greenhouse gas emissions resulting from both rapid population growths and the intensification of economic and industrial activities has caused climate change on a global scale. Temperature rise, sea level rise and change in precipitations, which are the main consequences of climate change, have been faced human with challenges and some new opportunities. Today, for example the shortage of fresh water and food resources, the outbreak of infectious diseases and migration are challenges which especially have been involved tropical and developing countries around the equator such as southern, northern and central Africa, southern sections of north America (Mexico and Central America), northern zone of south America and red sea into the Middle East and Mesopotamia, where it connects with Central Asia, including Turkey, Iran, Kazakhstan and western sector of South Asia, East Asia, north of the Tibetan highlands, in Xinjiang and the Gobi desert. In contrast, it is anticipated that in the coming decades, melting massive icebergs and permanent glaciers and also the reduction of extreme cold in the polar regions, particularly the Arctic will prepare new opportunities and favorable conditions (such as the extraction of valuable mineral sources, undiscovered energy reserves, animals, food, and also the provision of access to virgin lands and new communication ways) for living in these areas. Developed countries located around the North Pole, such as northern sector of North America and Nordic countries such as Denmark (Greenland), Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland, Canada and the United States (Alaska) will benefit more than other states in Central Asia such as Mongolia, Siberia, Xinjiang, Tibet and northern china and Russia and areas previously governed by the Soviet Union. Obviously these challenges and opportunities each will result to the intensification of existing hostilities, conflicts and tensions and will cause a new series of hostilities between states, with varying degrees of severity, amplitude and depth. Thus, regional changes will been gendered and international security will face the new challenges with serious threats.
Although it seems that the type and intensity of conflicts and wars caused by climate change in different regions is not the same and especially countries located in the Arctic regions benefit of the opportunities and benefits of global warming more than other regions, Yet, Whatever the temperature increaser, the threats and damages greater and the opportunities less. So these threats and damages will not remain an opportunity to take advantages of opportunities, and eventually most of the world will involve in crisis and then tensions will be universal, and some regions will be safe of its lethal effects and consequences.
In fact, the occurrence of natural disasters such as the devastating earthquake in Bam in 2003, the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, American Katrina Hurricane in 2005, the Myanmar Cyclone in 2008, Pakistan floods, record heat wave in Russia, Vesuvius activity in Iceland, Congo, Guatemala, Ecuador and Philippines, all in 2010 and the recent earthquake and then tsunami in Japan in 2011 proved that even developed countries cannot be resistant against the threats of climate change. These are just a few examples of natural disasters that have occurred as a result of global warming and have transformed concept of security in the 21st century into a new concept. Because today, unlike the past, the concept of security in the international system is not defined with boundaries, ranges and borders, and it is not only supported by military also the threat against it comes from our own not others. So fight against this enemy and eliminate this threat, will require broad cooperation between states. It is especially necessary that superpower and developing states cancel many theirs large industrial and commercial projects. Otherwise, you should look forward crises and conflicts resulting from climate change in most regions of the world by and by.

This study which is descriptive – analytic tries to discus Economical Expansion’s Criteria in Traditions of Shia’s Imam (pbuh). The question is: ‘’is it possible to expand economics based on Traditions of Shia’s Imam (pbuh)?’’ in general, good vision toward World (blaming poverty, arranging a good life and blaming hoarding), importance of working and economical activities, blaming unemployment and laziness, believing equality of human being and the importance of Women, rationality, scientism and releasing superstition, freedom of thought, blaming flattery, discipline and professionalism, rights of property and supporting manufacturers by Shia’s Imam (pbuh) are not only deny economical expansion but also try to encourage people and society.

This paper tries to discuss the nature of Iran and Saudi Arabia''s competition in Syria by employing descriptive-analytical approach. Saudi Arabia believes that Iranian action in Syria is associated with the project of Shiite Crescent¡ Thus they will see Iran as a threat for their future influence in the region. Thus¡ the main research question is what is Semantic significance of Syrian crisis for two competing discourses? The proposed hypothesis in this paper is that the perusing contradictory objective and interests by two involving parties are the main grounds leading to hostility between two nations. Findings show that conflict between two nations is grounded in contradictory objectives held by two parties in the region as a whole and in Syria in particular. Findings also show that¡ based on power politics framework¡ each of two nations try to increase and solidify their power and that of their allies in the region and be the dominant force.

The Plio-Quaternary volcanic cones in N-Qorveh have been comprised of three volcanic facies includings: pumiceous pyroclastics, fall-out scoria deposits and lava flows. The scoria clasts form the main volume of the cones. Because of this, we call them as “scoria cones”. Two types of enclaves are found in the scoria ejecta that are felsic or crustal xenoliths and mafic enclaves. Based on the type and abundances of the minerals, the latter enclaves are subdivided into three types: mica-apatite-hornblende (MAH), mica-apatite-olivine (MAO), and hornblende-apatite-pyroxene (HAP). Because of the textural and compositional similarities between minerals of the mafic enclaves and lava flows and scoria clasts, it must be stated that the mafic enclaves had been the cumulates that brought up the surface by the Strombolian-type explosive eruptions. Moreover, because of high-Mg contents in the mafic minerals and also the co-existences of volatile-bearing and volatile-free minerals, it can be stated that the forming magma of the scoria cones had been produced by the partial melting of the upper mantle due to the mantle metasomatism.

In spite of numerous disagreements regarding the identity and nature of Ahl Ḥaqq, we may clearly see the Shiite foundations in creeds and beliefs of the believers of Ahl Ḥaqq. However, they may be studied as extremist Shiites due to some excesses such as divinity of many religious leaders, especially Imam Ali. Today, Ahl Ḥaqq's creed – whose followers mostly settle in western parts of Iran, especially Kermanshah province – is linked to ideas such as sacredness, embodiment, divinity, certain religious rites, certain formulas and spiritual prayers in Jam-Khānas, holding rites such as sar-sepurdan and jowz sar-shekastan, a certain form of fasting, sacrifice and vow, mystic music and samā' dance, keeping scriptures in houses, and unshaved moustaches of men.

in the past, to assess the national power was emphasized on the sensing material and intangible resources, but now in addition to these resources, another concept called social capital is in the spotlight. Social capital with its main components, namely trust and interaction, facilitates cooperation and solidarity in order to gain mutual benefit and common interests. Thus, the more social capital, the more solidarity and national power. In result, the state appear with greater power and authority in order to pursue its own interests and foreign policy objectives in international arena.

Alawites are among Shia groups that due to oppressions and disrespects that Sunni Muslims leveled against them, particularly during Othmanids government, have impelled to live in hidden forts in the mountains of present-day Syria under bad social and economic conditions. After World War I and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and starting the period of the French protectorate they were greatly favored in such a manner that allowed them to enter very soon in the army, security organizations, the Bath party and even they could establish an independent state under the support of France during 1936-1922. After the independence of Syria in 1944 these backgrounds helped them gain the authority by some coups and come out of the protectorate conditions and finally establish a secular government in 1971 presided over by General Hafiz Asad. Today they see the fundamental Muslim movements and groups such as Ikhvan al-Muslimin, Hamas, and Hizb Allah as a menace to their existence. On the other hand the waves of the recent anti dictatorship movements raised in the Arab world has reached Syria which is considered, especially beside its anti-oppression features, a movement of the majority Sunni Muslims against the minority Alawites.

Despite the founders of the modern Turkey tried to establish secularism in the country and in spite of their anti-Islamist activities, we currently see once again a serious confrontation between Islam and secularism in the country. In order to gain women’s support as half of Turkey’s population, different factions involved in the challenge see themselves obliged to discuss the issue of veiling and to take positions towards it. In fact, women represent a significant portion of the plans and policies advanced by the militants on both sides of the spectrum including the Islamists and seculars in Turkey. With continued presence of the Justice and Development Party in office and pursuing Islamist policies on the one hand and the adjustment of secular space dominating the society on the other, it is predicted that we would see the rise of Islamist trend and consequently women’s increased presence particularly veiled women in the Turkish social and political scenes.

In order to explain the concept of justice and its place in international arena, John Rawls formulates the principles that are arisen from international convention which can be reasonably and unanimously acceptable by all states, as a common and fair base. In examining the foreign policy of liberal democratic states, he measures and evaluates the relations of those states with other states, only with respect to the observance of mentioned principles on behalf of them. Thus, the relations of liberal democratic states with other liberal democracies (the so-called decent states) can happen freely and equally in all areas while those relations with the burdened states on the one hand and the outlaw states on the other are simply imaginable only in forms of economic assistance and just war respectively. In Rawls's viewpoint, this will be real meaning of justice in international arena. This concept today has provided the necessary theoretical foundations to justify the unilateral and arbitrary behavior of world powers in international arena.