سجاد برزگر

Telling lie was common everywhere especially in Iran in time of Naser al-Din Shah. However the social influences of this phenomenon were not studies sufficiently, as a result the question of the present paper is: What are the bases of lying, especially its prevalence in the time of Naser al-Din Shah? Autocratic nature of Qajar government and megalomaniac and oppressive politicians led to the prevalence of lying in Naseri era. Achieving the reasons of telling lies in order for preventing this phenomenon in social domain would be an important goal. The present paper has applied analytical – descriptive method in historical research to reach the answer of the raised question, which is based on finding data from primary resources in order to examine them within the analytical framework of the process of changes, after collecting and processing information. The findings indicate that the autocratic Qajar government, deliberately or unintentionally, exacerbated moral iniquities including flattery, lying, delusion and superstitions in the bulk of government and all over the society, in order to vindicate the legitimacy of the ruling system, escalating determinism, eliminating the productive personnel and comforting the mental pressure of defeat.

Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are one of the most important problems in advanced and industrialized countries particularly in manufacturing companies. The main objective of this study is to determine work- related musculoskeletal disorders and its related risk factors among Seymareh hydropower plant workers. Determination of disorders and its relevant factors are one the most leading basis for musculoskeletal disorder prevention programs in future. This cross sectional study was done in a Seymareh hydropower plant located in Illam. All 215 workers in hydropower plant were examined. Workers were divided into 11 working groups. To perform the study, ergonomic assessment tools such as QEC (Quick Exposure Check) and validated Nordic Questionnaire were used. The results of Nordic Questionnaire and assessment tool showed that there was a significant difference between the prevalence of the MSDs in the upper limbs and the age groups (P = 0.007). A significant difference exists between job groups and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs (P = 0.01). No significant difference was found between marital status and the risk of musculoskeletal disorders in the upper limbs such as shoulder, arms, back, neck, wrist and hands (P = 0.770). MSDs symptoms increased with increasing workers age and work experience. Several workers experienced high level of exposure to ergonomic risk factors in their workplaces.

Cities of Iran, during the seventh century (A.H), enjoyed relative prosperity before their devastation by Mongol invasion. Battles with the nomadic people of Mongol blocked the former growth and prosperity of these cities. Besides destroying the economic basis of big cities, the urban life and civil relations underwent profound changes in the Ilkhanid era.The Ilkhanids, during an era of their governance,practiced a different religion than that of their due subjects. Thereby, institutions that previously hadreligious functions and duties in the society were damaged profoundly. For instance, Hisbahinstitution, which was responsible for enforcing Islamic law, experienced a period of Fetratuntil a MuslimIlkhan was put in charge of it. The period of Fetrat took a long time and reached its end when Gazan Khan converted to Islam. Gazan and his advisor, Khaje Rashid Aldin, tried to enforce the Islamic law and restore the society to its previous status. Therefore, they brought about many reforms and enforced new rules based on Islamic traditions. They made Hisbah responsible for performing such duties. However, the findings of this study show that despite significant supports from the government, especially after the issuance of decrees and regulations, the Hisbah failed to reach remarkable success in implementation of the rules.

With the beginning of Qajars’ reign in Iran, they developed a style of Governance practices in which the numerous Qajar princes were appointed as the governors of various regions of the country. Mohammad Ali Mirza Dowlatshah was one of those princes. Mohammad Ali Mirza along with his family took power in the western region of Iran.The presence of this family in power left political, social and cultural consequences. Those consequences, especially during Dowlatshah era, were influenced by his competition with Abbas Mirza for crown. In addition to its political outcomes, the rivalry of Dowlatshah with Abbas Mirza caused positive social consequences in the western region of country. Those consequences were evident in the progress and improvement of people’s life especially in Kermanshah.In this paper, with the historical research method and a descriptive analytical approach based on library sources and documents, the political and social consequences of the two princes’ competition have been studied.

The extended use of nanoparticles has increased and public concern about possible adverse health effects of exposure to this substance is growing. This study was conducted to assess the cytotoxic effects of different concentrations of MgO nanoparticles on human blood mononuclear cells. In this laboratory trial study, suspensions of blood mononuclear cells were prepared from 10 young healthy men and then were incubated with different concentrations of the nanoparticles (1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 1500 µg/ml) at 37 °c, and finally the percent of dead cells were measured by MTT assay after 6 and 24 hours of incubation. Positive and negative controls were also applied. According to the results, the minimum and maximum death rate for 1 and 1500 µg/ml after 6 hours exposure was 30.9% and 44.7%, whereas for 24 hrs. Incubation was 26.5% and 64.4%, respectively. A significant difference was found in percent of dead cells in 1000 µg/ml. The highest toxicity of nanoparticles was found after 24 hrs. from 500 µg/ml and afterward. Significant difference was also found between the exposed cells and control group (p<0.05). This study showed that the toxicity of human blood mononuclear cells are dependent on both concentration and incubation time. In addition, LC50 was determined for 600 µg/ml just for 24 hours exposure.

Regarding the increasing use of silicon dioxide nanoparticles in medical biotechnology and probable side effects and diseases resulting from its usage, this study was performed to assess the toxic effects of different concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles on human blood mononuclear leukocytes using the MTT assay. In this laboratory trial study, we prepared suspensions of blood mononuclear cells from 10 young healthy men and also different concentrations of the nanoparticles (1, 10, 100, 500, 1000 and 1500µg/mL). The cells were then incubated with these nanoparticles for 24 hours at 37 °c, and finally the percent of dead cells were measured by MTT assay kit using spectrophotometer reading at 490 nm after 6 and 24 hours of incubation. Positive and negative controls and blanking were applied, too. A significant difference was found in percent of dead cells between the different concentrations of SiO2 nanoparticles and also between the exposed cells and control group (p<0.05). There was increasing cytotoxicity in 6 hours as well as 24 hours exposure with higher concentrations of the nanoparticles. Cytotoxicity after 24 hours exposure to 10 µg/mL of nanoparticles was about 6 times that of the 1 µg/mL. This study showed for the first time that SiO2 with a concentration of 1 µg/mL has cytotoxicity on human blood mononuclear cells. Cytotoxic effects of this nanoparticle are time- and concentration-dependent.