فهرست مطالب سجاد شمشیری

Sprawl growth of the cities has different environmental impacts. This process leads to destruction of suburban agricultural land and marginal orchards. The devastation of suburb area not only influenced the area, but also it has different impacts on whole city. Sarab Qanbar gardens which located in the southern city of Kermanshah, is largely degraded as a result of urban Sprawl growth. While area protection is compulsory necessity due to the ecological services which provided by this area.

Landscape ecology framework were used to develop the area in order to achieve the mentioned goal. Therefore, first the appropriate landscape metrics were used. In the next stage, patches and corridors have been identified and analyzed based on field surveys. Ecological redesign was the final stage.

The strategic design plan of the area was designed, which has been done based on strategic planning. Strategies were classified in four groups of protective, defensive, offensive and opportunistic. Each class determined based on patch and corridors characteristics and their interaction with context.  Finally, actions and strategic plan were purposed protection and development of the area.

The expansion of the city has led to the creation of disturbance patches in the region, On the other hand, natural patches tend to be crushed, Natural corridors face serious challenges. While the spread of disturbing corridors leads to changes in the structure of the landscape and the ecological fracture has intensified. The continuation of this process will lead to the destruction of these lands, which will have many consequences. Effective environmental design can be providing a proper framework based on the landscape ecology by defining the city's proper functions, it will protect these natural arenas.

Usually environmental science and geography researcher use OLS model for variable spatial relations analyzing. This model has some lacks and shortagea in spatial outcome especially in local scale. In recent years, GWR model are used by some scientists for analyzing the relation of spatial variables in local scale. In this article, for analyzing and comparison of these models, land use change (as dependent variable) are assessed in relation with drawdown and withdrawal of groundwater resources (as independent variable) in years of 2001-2011 in Khanmirza Plain (Chaharmahal va bakhtiari province). In order to study the models efficiency, the Standardized residual variation's coefficient, Spatial Local dependencies, Morn’s Index, Corrected Akaike Information Criterion and Local coefficient of determinationwere used. Result indicate that based on Standardized residual coefficient of variation, GWR model has better ability to adopt data on variables respect to OLS. The findings of the research showed that based on the standardized coefficient of variations, GWR model has the ability to adapt data than OLS. Also, based on the results of the explanation coefficient on the variables of the research, GWR model creates a favorable local fit between regression and sample points. Based on Morrow index, GWR pattern represents the least similarity of the amount and location in the adjacent positions of the data samples and prows the performance of GWR model in providing spatial outputs relative to the OLS pattern

Urbanization and urban development is accompanied by serious challenges. Achieving sustainability in this environment is very difficult due to the diversity of interest groups. Among this, occurred a small but effective movement during the same conflict evolved in urban environments, a reflection of the aspects of sustainable development are considered. Community Garden endogenous movement, micro and limit the role and function at different scales is extremely diverse. Therefore to serve in the process of sustainable urban development. In this context, in attempts to analyze the literature survey, a systematic method based on lifecycle affected by attempts to investigate the nature, role and functions of the community gardens. Community-based survey shows that gardens are the multiple functions that reflect a range of strategies win – win. Community Garden are very affordable but very effective tool for urban administrators(economic, social, environmental) that can provide multiple functions will play their role in improving the quality of urban life.community gardens is clear example of achieve great changes in small movement, based on Chaos Theory that emphasizes the minimum conveniences.

1- Planning and urban design characteristic in third millennium, planning on in base of nature keeping and principles of sustainable development respecting in all activities are related to the urban problems. Urban nature, such as parks is essential to quality of life human as a social service provider and a key component of sustainable development. Undoubtedly today the traditional concept of green space and their role in metropolitan areas has been changed and an environment with full of trees and green object, have been defined new functions to create. Urban Agricultural Park as a new type of park is one of the applicable ideas in the city's development. In the park, citizens will experience a kind of social relationships health and the economy participation. Asadabad city is one of the cities in the Hamadan province, suffers from a lack of green and various space. So designing and implementing of various spaces with the definition of new applications is strongly felt in this city. For this purpose, the idea of design urban agricultural park was introduced in Asadabad city.
Given that public participation and training to learn about planting and harvesting will be the most important elements in this plan we decided to select space western area of Sayyed Jamaleddin Asadabadi University. This area currently do not have any particular economic use and because of natural spring it does not exist water problem in the future.
2- Planning strategies and designing of urban agriculture
According to mentioned object abut urban agricultural and the principles derived from international experiences in the community garden, designed area should be based on the principles of sustainable development.
3- Physical plan and determining of uses in the Community Garden
In physical planning program, we try to determine user and achieve aims of Community Garden. In general, this type of garden is for educational purposes, research, recreation, outdoor recreation for people and professionals. Users of this type of garden, are consist of individuals, professors and students, and those interested in the agriculture and tourism.
4- Strategic Plan
In generally strategic plan includes strategies for designer how to deal with different parts and surrounding area of the Community Garden. In other words, strategic plan will help us to reach the mentioned goals. According to the current situation and defined physical plan, the area can be divide 7 Terrace (Figure 3): Terrace 1. This Terrace are Including market sales and exhibition of cultivated agricultural products Terrace
2. This Terrace are Including Educational farm, office building, prayer rooms, toilets and composting workshops Terrace
3. This Terrace are Including area of public green space with a playground for children Terrace
4. This Terrace are Including single-family farming plots Terrace
5. This Terrace are including agriculture plots Multi-family and group Terrace
6. This Terrace are Including Greenhouse production of the Faculty of Agriculture Terrace
7. This Terrace are Including farm cultivation of medicinal herbs and plants of the Faculty of Agriculture
5- The main feature of the campus intended to build Community Garden, is its location provide access to citizens, also due to their placement at the beginning of Kermanshah-Hamedan way can also be used for passengers. This park by creating use of waste lands of campus, can use the participation of university professors and college students in the management and operation of the park. In addition it can be used as a place to spend some practical lessons by college students and training for agricultural subjects to the people that have an important role. Companionship of people in all these activities lead individuate to have better relation with nature in the city. A significant part of activities defined in this park can be made employment and income.

Tourism industry is a the new economic, social and ecological opportunities due to the world needs today is growing strongly.One of the fundamental factors in dealing with the natural environment, particularly tourism industry, is a quality of landscape. Visual characteristics of the landscape attributed to identity and sense of place which could be helped to people to enjoy of natural and the artificial environment as well as lead to fundraising and economic and social development. The present study evaluated the landscape of Park Sarab Gznhleh, Songhor. This Park could be considered as spectacular and recreation because of its location and proximity to the city of the Songhor. Landscape evaluation of Sarab Gznhleh Songhor has been done in three stages: (i) identifying of the landscape types and their zoning in the park (three zones); (ii) data analysis of results based on of Hassel matrix and (iii) conclusion and suggesting of guideline. Generally, this study requires the following actions for increasing demand of recreational of Sarab Gznhleh Songhor: regard to natural condition of water (springs and river) in the park; modification of existing plants and its suitability for lighting system; use a various species of plants, especially native plants in virginal and sloping spaces; proper distribution of park furniture; preparing convenient and safe places for families; development of play equipment and sports facilities for all age groups in the park.

Most of Iranian cities are located beside productive lands which are proper for gardening and agricultural activities. Therefore, there exist many gardens and farmlands in marginal areas. Development of cities has decreased the rural quality of these lands. Obviously, under these circumstances we must take a more sensitive responsibility for the value of marginal areas. On the other hand, with the increase in population of cities like Kermanshah and in the resident’s demand for green and open spaces for spending leisure times and making social interactions, the need for developing new spaces proper for spending leisure times in marginal areas is strongly felt in the city. The role that gardens and farmlands have in respect of recreation and aesthetic might prevent the acts of construction in these areas. In this study, by applying landscape ecology for establishing new activities and practices, we firstly evaluate the existing condition of gardens in Sarab-e-Ghanbar. Then the region is zonation visually. Identification of these zone is made to implement practical solutions for improving total condition of the region as well as to determine features, potentials and issues related to each zone. Finally, with developing aims for design and organize, these studies are made in the form of a strategic plan.

Due to mountainous climate and density of trees and gardens of Kermanshah, this city has been considered as a green city in Iran. But, over time these have lost its gardens with the development of urbanization. Sarab Ghanbar is located at the southern area of Kermanshah. These gardens have widespread in the region, and can be affect ecological condition. But this region has destroyed, like other gardens in Kermanshah. In recent years, environmental issues including pollutions, dust, traffic congestion, climate change and drought, are serious threats for Kermanshah. So, it is necessary to protect the gardens. In this study, with survey of aerial photographs of Sarab Ghanbar in different years and overlay them, It was found that more two-thirds within 50 years destroyed and has become building (Approximately the area of gardens in different years was: 340 hectares in 1955, 216 hectare in 1972, 115 hectares in 2010). Hence, the need to know the cause of land use change and offer optimal solutions for efficient use of gardens is very important. Usually, city is a system very sensitive facing the any change, so any change without consideration of context and relation between the city and its environment can be undesirable and unpredictable results. For understanding how this system works, we need to model that can create the functional and structural relationship between elements of the system. Therefore, to analyze the factors of current conditions of gardens, the DPSIR model is used.