فهرست مطالب سعید عظمایی

Recurrent equine uveitis (ERU) is an important eye disease that causes secondary ocular changes such as lens dislocation, glaucoma, and retinal damage as chronic inflammatory lesions become chronic, making it the most common cause of blindness in horses worldwide. Homatropin is used as a mydriatic drug with pupil dilation and ciliary muscle relaxation during acute iris inflammation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Homatropin 2% eye drops on pupil diameter and intraocular pressure (IOP) in healthy horses. For this purpose, 20 apparently healthy horses of cross breed with an age range of 5-14 years and a weight range of 310-220 kg were selected. At each stage, IOP parameters and pupil size were measured before dropping, then repeated 15, 30, 60 and 120 minutes after the last drop. Data were then analyzed using one-way ANOVA analysis. The present study showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the treatment and control groups in the studied horses to determine IOP and homatropin decreased IOP at 15, 30 and 60 minutes compared to the control group (P <0.05). In this study, the effects of homatropin on pupil diameter were not significant. A supplementary study on the efficacy of homatropin in the treatment of EUR disease in horses with this disease is recommended.

Insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH) is a chronic, recurrent, seasonal dermatitis of the horse caused by bites of insects of the genus Culicoides. Worldwide, it is the most common allergic skin disease in horses. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of IBH in the suburbian riding clubs of Tehran. 900 horses, aged between 2 to 20 years, (male or female) during a 1-year period were used in this study. The most common symptoms were papular dermatits and alopecia. IBH symptoms were mainly located at the neck, ventral trunk and the legs. Accurate diagnosis and treatment of the allergic reactions is important to improve the quality-of-life of such individuals and reduce the risk for future sting reactions.

Selenium is a component of some important selenoproteins and enzymes required for main functions in organisms as antioxidant defense, reduction of inflammation, thyroid hormone production, DNA synthesis, fertility, reproduction and killing cancer cells (by reducing the blood supply to tumors). This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic and inorganic selenium (Se) supplementation on serum Se status. 21 healthy mix breed horses 5-8 years of age were randomly divided into three groups, control without Se (CTRL), non-organic bolus (INORG) and organic Se (ORG) and in one of the horse riding clubs in Tehran province. Animals were located in control and treatment groups. Control group received only routine equine diet (were fed a typical alfalfa, grain and straw yields) for 28 days. First treatment group received routine diet plus premix (included 1 mg sodium selenite/day) and a second group was supplemented with 1 mg commercially available –enriched yeast (O-Sel). Blood samples (5ml) were taken by venoject tube from jugular vein on day 0, 14 and 28. Serum selenium levels were measured by atomic absorption method and serum glutathione peroxidase was measured using a biochemical kit. Serum activity of glutathione peroxidase showed a significant difference between the two treatment groups compared to control group (p≤ 0.05). Mean serum Se concentration on d 14 and 28 was greater (P<0.006) for Se-supplemented horses compared with CTRL horses, and tended (P<0.004) to be greater in ORG vs. INORG on d 28. The results of present study showed that use of selenium premix increased blood sera according to results and organic supplementation in horse appeared more efficient and the enzyme glutathione peroxidase could be a good indicator for assessing selenium status in the study groups.

The Schirmer tear test (STT) is widely used in both human and veterinary ophthalmology. Two types of STTs have been developed: STT I and STT II.

The purpose of this research was to determine the reference value for measuring tear production of the Caspian horse by using the Schirmer tear test strip.

Twenty apparently healthy male and female Caspian horses, aged between 2 and 15 years old and weighing between 192±32 Kg were selected. After physical examination and reviewing the horse's health history and assuring their health, the Schirmer tear test was performed. To produce a higher volume of tears in horses, compared to other animal species, we used the Schirmer tear strip (Schirmer‐ Eickemeyer®, Germany), for 30 seconds instead of one minute in the lower conjunctival sac. In this study, we investigated the effect of age and gender on tear production in the Caspian horse, as well as the comparison between the left and right eyes tear production.

The study shows that the results of STT I in the study animals illustrated the mean±SD STT I value was 23.38±3.6 mm/min (range, 15–30 mm/30s). Based on the results of this study, the variants of age and gender had no significant effects on the STT1 results in the Caspian horses. No significant difference was noted between the amount of tear production in the left and right eyes.

Considering the importance of rapid diagnosis of dry eye syndrome and preventing its subsequent disorders such as Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca, the results of this study can be used as the reference value in the future to measure the amount of moisture of caspian horses of the Caspian horse.

Assessment intraocular pressure is crucial parameter for a complete ophthalmic exam as it contributes to the diagnosis of ocular diseases.

The study is aimed to determine the referable value for intraocular pressure by using rebound tonometer in Caspian horse.

In this regard, 20 apparently healthy Caspian horses, both male and female aged between 2 and 15 years old and weighted between 150 and 200 kg were selected. The normal condition of eyes indirectly was examined by ophthalmoscopy. The measurement of the intraocular pressure was done by CARE tonometer TONOVET Mark made in Finland.

The total mean and standard deviation of the results obtained from the study of intraocular pressure amount in 20 Caspian horses were calculated as 32.9 ± 6.7 mm/Hg. No significant effect of sex and between right and left eyes on IOP change was found (P>0.05).

Given the importance of diagnosis of glaucoma as soon as possible and the prevention of subsequent disorders in the future, in the study the obtained results can be used as a natural reference to measure the intraocular pressure of Caspian horses.

 

Selenium has an important role in the metabolism of thyroid hormones because it is necessary in the conversion ofthyroxine (T4) to its active form triiodothyronine (T3). For this conversion, selenoenzymes which are mainly located in the liver and kidneys are necessary. This study was conducted to determine the effects of organic and inorganic selenium (Se) supplementation on serumic levels of thyroid hormones in mixed breed horses. For this purpose, 10 healthy mixed breed horses 4-5 years of age were randomly divided into two equal groups. The first treatment group received routine diet plus premix (1 mg sodium selenite/day) for 12 days and the second group was supplemented similarly with 1 mg commercially available yeast enriched organic selenium (O-Sel). Blood samples were taken by venoject tubes from the jugular vein on days 0, 3, 6 and 12. Serumic selenium concentrations were measured using atomic absorption and serum thyroid hormones were measured by spectrophotometer. After selenium supplementation, mean serum T3 levels increased significantly in both treatment groups (p<0.05) while T4 concentrations decreased. According to the results, administration of limited amounts of selenium can increase the active form of thyroid hormones with a positive impact on the performance of the horse.

A 3-year-old, 300 kg body weight Caspian pony stallion has been referred to large animal clinic of faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences of Science and Research Branch of Islamic Azad University with urinary incontinence, tenesmus, hematuria, general weakness, dehydration and disquiet. After physical examination and transvaginal ultrasonography, a hyperechoic mass was observed in the bladder. The patient was prepared for cystotomy from ventral midline celiotomy approach. The bladder was incised and a relatively large (type II) and rigid urolith was found. It was removed gently from mucosa and sent it to laboratory. Based on laboratory analysis, the composition of urolith included 50% Calcium oxalate, 30% Calcium and 5% Ammonium was reported. After 10 days and appropriate postoperative care, signs of recovery were observed. The correct diagnosis of urolithiasis with early and standard surgical intervention may prevent urinary blockage and problems in Caspian Miniature horses.