سعیده علیزاده سالطه

Taking into account Iran's unique meteorological and biological characteristics due to its geographic position. This has contributed to the variety and abundance of plant species cultivated there. The Artemisia species, which are among Iran's most valuable plants, are members of the Asteraceae family and are found across the country in reasonably large numbers. Antioxidants now play an indisputable role in the food, pharmaceutical, and healthcare industries. Given that the antioxidant capability is greatly influenced by the kind of solvent used, the technique used to extract the plants that were harvested from each location, as well as other factors like the weather, altitude, and light. The substantial antioxidant activity of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and their protective significance in cancer illnesses are caused by these compounds' regenerative properties.

In this work, Artemisia aucheri, a medicinal plant, was gathered from Semnan, Mazandaran, and Isfahan in Iran, and the antioxidant activity of these ecotypes was assessed. In this study, the quantity of total phenol and flavonoids in polar (ethanol) and non-polar (ethyl acetate) extracts, as well as the proportion and diversity of essential oil components, were assessed. Antioxidant content was also determined using the DPPH and FRAP techniques.

The most active antioxidant is found in the Semnan ecotype. The polar solvent of ethanol showed the strongest inhibition whereas the non-polar solvent of ethyl acetate shown stronger reducing activity, proving the importance of the extraction solvent on antioxidant activity in various processes. The non-polar extract (ethyl acetate) from the Mazandaran ecotype had the greatest flavonoid concentration, while the polar extract (ethanol) from the Isfahan ecotype had the highest phenolic content. The ethanolic extract performed the best when assessing total phenol. The most crucial elements of essential oils are oxidized monoterpenes. Oxygenated monoterpenes are present in 54.82% of the Semnan ecotype, 38.81% of the Mazandaran ecotype, and 24.41% of the Isfahan ecotype. In comparison to other ecotypes, the Semnan ecotype exhibited the most oxygenated monoterpene compounds and the greatest number of essential oil-containing compounds.

These findings suggest that A. aucheri possesses abundant natural antioxidant sources and is useful in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. A key aspect is the act of extraction, which is focused on the extraction's goal. The solvent used during extraction significantly affects the outcomes. Regarding the chemical makeup of the compounds, the solvent's polarity directly affects the solutes that are extracted. Since phenolic chemicals are more attracted to polar solvents, they are found in plant samples. The kind of flavonoids found in plants and their degree of polarity determine the variation in the quantity of flavonoid content between polar and non-polar extracts. On the other hand, a variety of ecological, genetic, regional, and dietary variables may have contributed to the variation in phenolic contents, essential oils, and antioxidant chemicals found in the three analyzed ecotypes.

Muscari and Bellvalia are related ornamental bulbous plants that grow natively in several areas of Iran. These species are highly used as potted and outdoor ornamental plants. Also, these plants have been used as edible species in some regions, but they are not common in Iran. These ornamental plants have the potential to be introduced as valuable edible genotypes and enter the process of domestication and commercial production. Besides ornamental uses, these plants are used primarily as mucilage and filler in cooking. Moreover, various phenolic and saponin compounds affect flavor, too. In the present study, the physicochemical properties of three species of Muscari, including comosum, botryoides, and neglectum, and one species of Bellevalia from native places were evaluated. These antioxidant capacity, total phenol, and total content of saponin, mucilage, alkaloids, and steroids in leaf and bulb extracts were examined. By evaluating the various metabolites of proposed plants, it can be concluded that M. comosum is a suitable genotype for entering the domestication process and as a parent for hybridization. Also, the lesser-known genotype, Bellevalia paradox, in addition to being an ornamental plant, has valuable nutritional properties, and further studies on this genotype will have an appropriate approach.

Background & ObjectiveThe aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of nanosuperabsorbent treatments and biofertilizers on some morphophysiological characteristics, yield and yield components of Spring Canola seed under different levels of irrigation.Methods & MaterialsThe field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 as a factorial split plot based on a randomized complete block design in 3 replications. The treatments include irrigation at three levels (irrigation after evaporation of 70, 120 and 170 mm of evaporation from the Class A pan in the main plots) and nanosuperabsorbent treatments at two levels (0 and 45 kg/ha) and fertilizer treatments at four levels: control, Chitosan, growth-stimulating bacteria and chitosan + growth-stimulating bacteria were factorially placed in sub-plots.ResultsNitrogen and phosphorus content, leaf water percentage, green cover percentage, chlorophyll content, plant height, number of branches and leaves per plant, number of seeds per plant, number of seeds per plant, biological yield and consequently grain yield decreased, but the temperature Canola leaves increased. The application of fertilizer treatments, especially the combined treatment of biofertilizers + nano-superabsorbent under all irrigation levels, led to the improvement of these traits and rape seed yield, especially under severe stress. ConclusionImprovement of morphophysiological traits and product components ultimately increased seed yield. Therefore, it can be concluded that the combined application of nanosuperabsorbent with biofertilizers can be an effective method to improve grain yield under drought stress conditions.

Secondary metabolites have a complex structure which is produced by chemical bio-synthesis. Therefor, they are mostly extracted from wild or cultivated plants. The essences are natural, complex and volatile secondary metabolites which are mostly produced in medicinal and aromatic plants. Peppermint (Mentha piperita L.), a hybrid from M. aquatica and M. spicata, is an herbaceous and perennial plant belonging to Lamiaceae family.  It is widely cultivated in temperate regions of Europe, Asia, America, India and Mediterranean countries due to its commercial value and unique odor.

In order to investigate the influence of putrescine treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, and salicylic acid treatment at three levels including 0, 0.1 and 1 mM, on the yield performance and essence components of peppermint, a field factorial experiment was performed based on complete blocks design with three replications at Research Station of Tabriz University during 2019. Peppermint seedling were prepared from Agricultural Jihad Organization of Bostan Abad and cultivated at a distance of 30×30 cm. Foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine was carried out twice during vegetative stage of plants (with one week interval). Harvesting and bio-chemical assessments were done at stage of 25 % flowering. The essential oil of peppermint was assessed to identify its main components.   

The results of the current study showed that the average yield of essential oil in plants treated with 1 mM salicylic acid was significantly increased compared to the control. A total of 24 compounds were identified in the essential oil of peppermint aerial parts. The main components of the essential oil were included menthone, menthol, L-menthol and 1,8-cineole. Menthone and menthol constituted 26.14 and 23.21 % of essential oil, respectively. Different concentrations of salicylic acid and putrescine increased the production rate of menthone, menthol, l-menthol and methyl acetate compounds in the essential oil compared to the control. The concentration of 1 mM salicylic acid had the greatest effect on the production of essential oil compounds. The correlation results between essential oil compounds showed that menthone has a positive and significant correlation with methyl acetate. Similarly, foliar application of salicylic acid (10 mM) and indole-3-acetic acid (1.5 mg L-1) increased the content of main component of peppermint and lemon balm. In the other study, foliar application of lemon balm plants with salicylic acid and putrescine caused a considerable increase in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes content which was in line with obtained results of the present study.      

The plant growth regulators used in this research increased the yield and composition of the essential oil of aerial parts of peppermint, which shows that both salicylic acid and putrescine have a high potential in increasing the potency and chemical composition of the essential oil in the peppermint plant and probably in other aromatic crops. Therefore, foliar application of salicylic acid and putrescine during vegetative growth of peppermint could be introduced as influential technique to improve qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this aromatic and medicinal plant.

Medicinal plants have long had a special place in the traditional ‎agricultural system of Iran and the use of these plants as medicine to prevent and treat diseases has been considered by ‎traditional medicine experts since ancient times. Medicinal plants with rich sources of secondary metabolites provide the ‎basic active ingredients of many medicines. Although the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is genetically controlled, ‎but their construction is strongly influenced by environmental factors. One of the important climatic factors that affect the ‎distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the plant is ‎the lack of available water. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seems to show little resistance to water stress. For this reason, there is a need for protective mechanisms for the ‎basil plant against stress due to water shortage. Plants are able to reduce or eliminate the effects of water shortage ‎stress by coexisting with a number of soil microorganisms. ‎Coexistence relationship plant with T. harzianum fungi is one of the ways to reduce dehydration ‎in plants. These mushrooms by altering some of the root properties and absorbing nutrients in the host plants, they reduce ‎the destructive effects of water shortage stress. Observing the positive effect of these fungi in increasing the absorption of nutrients from the soil, improving plant water relations, increasing water use efficiency in plants and finally increasing plant resistance to water deficit stresses on the one hand and on the other hand. The existence of water crises in different countries has prompted researchers to further study this aspect of the symbiotic relationship between the host plant and Trichoderma harzianum. ‎

Present study was performed to investigate the effect of T. harzianum on the antioxidant content of Ocimum basilicum under water deficit stress. It is also intended to evaluate the effects of an endophytic fungi namely T. harzianum on the shoot yield, photosynthetic pigments, content and yield of essential oil from O. ‎basilicum under water deficit stress. All experiments were performed as the factorial based on completely randomized design blocks with three replications in greenhouse condition. The experimental factors were the different irrigation regimes including 100, 75, 50 and 25% of field capacity and two concentrations of the T. harzianum (106 and 109 CFU/ml). At the beginning of flowering, water deficit stress was applied at four levels of 25, 50, 75 and the control treatment (100 percent) of field capacity until three weeks later. The application of water stress was such that the pots were weighed daily and the moisture deficiency in each treatment was removed by watering the pots until reaching the desired treatment level. After applying the stress, sampling and measuring traits were done at the full flower stage. After the plants reach the full flowering period, various traits including plant height, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight yield of the plant (as the economic yield of basil) and fresh and dry weight yield of roots per square meter, chlorophyll a, b, total (T), carotenoid, colonization percentage, yield and essential oil content were measured in all the plants in the pots.

Increasing the level of water stress reduced the economic performance of basil (O. basilicum). Coexistence with Trichoderma reduced the destructive effects of dehydration on the plant. With the application of dehydration stress, the essential oil content increased in mild and moderate stresses, but the yield of essential oil did not differ significantly from the control and plant height, number of leaves and plant pigments decreased under dehydration stress. According to the experimental results, it can be said that Trichoderma with a population density of 106 (spores per ml of inoculum) had a better effect on most growth indices, while the effect Trichoderma with a population density of 109 (spores per milliliter of inoculum) on important traits such as shoot fresh weight yield (212.2 g), percentage (0.7%) and essential oil yield It was higher. According to the obtained results, it can be stated that inoculation of basil with Trichoderma increased the percentage and yield of essential oil in both water stress and non-stress conditions, and considering that in cultivation of plants the goal is to increase the effective substance. It is in these plants.

Finally, the results indicated that the use of Trichoderma mushroom in comparison with the control (without inoculation with the fungus) under water stress conditions has the ability to improve plant growth and leads to an increase in plant efficiency under water stress conditions.

Among the valuable plants of Iran, the Artemisia species belongs to the Asteraceae family, which is relatively widely distributed in different parts of Iran. Considering that the antioxidant potential is significantly dependent on the nature of the solvent, the extraction method of the plant collected from each region also depends on many parameters such as weather, altitude, and light. In this study, wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) was collected from three different regions of Iran and the antioxidant potential of these ecotypes was evaluated. In this research, the medicinal properties, including the antioxidant content (by DPPH and FRAP assays), flavonoid content (TFC), and total phenol (TPC) were evaluated in polar (ethanol) and semi polar (ethyl acetate) extracts, and the percentage and variety of essential oil compounds were evaluated. The Gilan ecotype has the most antioxidants, The Semnan ecotype showed the least antioxidant inhibition, and the non-polar solvent ethyl acetate showed a higher regenerating activity, which indicates that the type of solvent used in extraction is very effective for antioxidant activity. The AC values of the ecotypes ranged from 78.65 to 92.58 % extract (by DPPH assay) and from 11.76 to 18.88 Mmol Fe (by FRAP assay) respectively. Gilan ecotype has the highest phenolic content in polar extract, and the Golestan ecotype showed the highest flavonoid content in non-polar extract. Semnan ecotype had the most oxygenated monoterpene compounds, and the most composition in essential oil among other ecotypes. Golestan ecotype had the highest percentage of essential oil among other ecotypes. The diversity of phenolic contents, essential oil, and antioxidant compounds observed in the three studied ecotypes can be due to various ecological, genetic, geographical, and nutritional factors.

Germination, growth, yield and quality of crops are determined by seed material, which can be ‎‎improved by pre-planting treatments with the participation of various physical factors including ‎‎electric field, magnetic field, laser radiation and microwave radiation. Stimulation before sowing ‎seeds with a magnetic field includes a constant magnetic field generated by permanent magnets ‎and electromagnets, as well as a variable magnetic field. The variable magnetic field is generated ‎by specially designed electromagnets. The biological behavior of seeds, roots, pollen grains and ‎buds of some plants changes under electromagnetic fields. For this reason, studies have been ‎conducted on the side effects of this field on the germination response and seedling growth and ‎yield in some plants. Plant cells have a negative charge that can absorb positively charged ions. ‎Cytochemical studies have shown that root cells exposed to a weak magnetic field compared to ‎control cells show a state of calcium saturation in the cytoplasm of all their organs. Magnetic ‎fields affect both the activity of ions and the polarization of bipolar molecules in living cells. The ‎magnetic field also stimulates cell metabolism and mitosis in cells. Meristematic plants become ‎plants. Variable magnetic fields, if used properly, have a great stimulatory effect on cell ‎proliferation and the growth of plants and fungi. According to studies, the use of ‎electromagnetic field may also affect the seed germination of medicinal plants and improve seed ‎germination, but taking into account that the intensity and duration of these pretreatments It can ‎have different effects in different seeds, it is better to do studies with different intensities and ‎durations of these treatments before recommending these methods for commune failure. Due to ‎the great medicinal properties of Echinacea and the lack of information about the effect of these ‎treatments on germination of this species, the aim of this study was to investigate the germination ‎of Echinacea seeds after electromagnetic field treatments.Therefore, the aim of the ‎present study ‎was to investigate the germination of Echinacea seeds after electromagnetic field ‎treatments. ‎

In order to investigate the intensity of 100 ms and the duration of the magnetic field on the ‎germination components of Echinacea seeds in the laboratory of production and processing of ‎medicinal plants, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz in a completely randomized design ‎with three replications in 2015 Done. Experimental treatments included a constant magnetic field ‎strength (100 ms) and the duration of exposing the seeds to a constant magnetic field for 5, 10, ‎‎15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50 and 55 minutes and control treatment (without magnetic field ‎exposure). The dried seeds were placed in batches of 75 in a thin transparent plastic tube between ‎the poles of the magnet with a constant magnetic field strength and time required, and then ‎placed in batches of 25 in each petri dish. To apply the magnetic field, a magnetic field inductor ‎was used, which consisted of a pair of magnets with the ability to adjust the distance from each ‎other. The two magnets were embedded in the machine so that they were attracted to each other. ‎The distance between the two magnets was adjusted by measuring the intensity of the magnetic ‎field with a teslamter device so that the magnitude of the magnetic field was 100 milliseconds. ‎First, the seeds were disinfected by soaking in 10% sodium hypochlorite for three minutes and ‎then washed several times using distilled water to remove residual sodium hypochlorite from the ‎seed surface. In this experiment, after applying the treatments, 25 seeds of each treatment were ‎placed in three replications in a nine-centimeter dish with a Whatman filter paper. The petri ‎dishes were then placed in a germinator at 22 ° C for 12 hours for germination for 15 days. The ‎number of germinated seeds (2 mm rootlet exit was considered as germination criterion) was ‎counted and recorded daily. On the last day, to obtain the length of the root and stem, first the ‎root was separated from the stem and their length was measured with a ruler, as well as the fresh ‎weight of the root and stem. Which was calculated by the scales with an accuracy of 0.001 and ‎then to obtain the dry weight of the samples, after weighing, they were placed in an oven at 70 ° ‎C for 24 hours and finally the weight Their dryness was calculated by a scale with an accuracy of ‎‎0.001. Also, ratio of root length to stem length, ratio of root dry weight to fresh weight of root ‎and ratio of dry weight of stem to fresh weight of stem Was calculated. The following equations ‎were used to determine the germination rate (GS) and germination percentage (G%).‎

The results of analysis of variance showed: root dry weight, shoot dry weight, germination rate, ‎ratio of root dry weight to fresh root weight and ratio of stem dry weight to fresh weight of stem ‎At the level of 1% probability and fresh weight of stem, root length, germination percentage and ‎ratio of root length to stem length were significant at 5% probability level and fresh weight of ‎root And shoot length was not significant. Comparison of means showed that the highest fresh ‎weight of shoots in 15 minutes treatment (exposure to magnetic field), highest dry weight of ‎shoots and shoots, root-shoot length, germination percentage And germination rate and ratio of ‎root length to stem length in 15 minutes treatment (exposure to magnetic field) and maximum ‎root dry weight to root fresh weight and stem dry weight to Stem fresh weight in 20 minutes ‎treatment (magnetic field exposure) and the lowest amount of root and stem fresh weight, root ‎dry weight, root length, ratio of root length to Stem length and shoot to dry weight ratio of shoot ‎to fresh weight in 50 minutes (exposure to magnetic field), minimum shoot dry weight and shoot ‎length in 30 minutes (exposure Magnetic field exposure), the lowest percentage and germination ‎rate in 20 minutes treatment (magnetic field exposure) and the lowest ratio of root dry weight to ‎fresh root germ weight in control (without exposure Magnetic field) was observed. Based on the ‎results obtained from the comparison of means, 10 minutes of treatment (magnetic field ‎exposure) had the greatest effect on the measurement components compared to the control.The ‎magnetic field not only allows water to penetrate the seed faster, but also affects the rate of ‎enzymatic reactions. Increased water absorption in the first stage caused the inflammation of the ‎seeds to be affected by the magnetic field, which resulted in an increase in their fresh weight. ‎The magnetic field reduces the surface tension and viscosity of water, as well as the latent heat ‎of vaporization, which eventually leads to rapid evaporation of water. These three phenomena are ‎related to the power of action designated as hydrogen bonding. Changes in these indices lead to ‎faster penetration of water into the seeds, causing faster and more effective germination of seeds.‎

‎‏ ‏Mycorrhiz species are factors that improve plant growth and yield. The ‎effects of these fungi are ‎exerted by altering some of the root properties and absorbing nutrients in the ‎host plants under water ‎stress conditions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative and ‎qualitative yield of basil in ‎greenhouse conditions under the influence of different levels of soil ‎moisture and three species of ‎mycorrhiza on morphological or agronomic traits, plant pigments, ‎percentage and Essential oil function. ‎

Methods & Materials:

 The experiment was factorial with a randomized complete block design with ‎three replications in ‎‎greenhouse conditions. Experimental factors include soil moisture at four levels of ‎‎25 (severe stress), 50 ‎‎(moderate stress), 75 (mild stress) and 100 (no stress) percent of field capacity, ‎three species of ‎mycorrhiza fungi Clarodeoglomus etunicatum (Glomus etunicatum), Funneliformis ‎mosseae (Glomus mosseae), Rhizophagus irregularis (Glomus intraradices) and control treatment.‎

‎According to the results, increasing the level of water stress reduced the performance of the ‎aerial part ‎yield, as the economic performance of basil, but coexistence with mycorrhizae reduced the ‎destructive ‎effects of water stress. Different species of mycorrhiz had positive effects on increasing ‎plant ‎pigments. ‎

According to the experimental results, it can be said that F. mosseae‏ ‏compared to other ‎species had a greater effect in improving the adverse effects of dehydration stress in most of the ‎evaluated traits. While the effect of G. intraradicse on the percentage and yield of essential oil was ‎higher than F. mosseae.

Taking advantage of the symbiotic relationship between plants and Trichoderma fungi is one of the ways to reduce water stress in plants. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effect of Trichoderma fungus on the antioxidant properties of the basil medicinal plant (Ocimum basilicum L.) under water stress conditions.

This experiment was carried out in the greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture Sciences of Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources and laboratory studies in the basic and general laboratories of Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources (University of Tabriz) in 2019 in a factorial manner based on a randomized complete block design with three repetitions. The treatments included different levels of water deficit stress, including severe stress (25% of field capacity), moderate stress (50% of field capacity), mild stress (75% of field capacity), and no stress (100% of field capacity). Each pot contained a commercial mushroom species Trichoderma harzianum Na-lac with concentrations of 109 and 106 spores per milliliter as the inoculum.

The results showed that the amount of malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase, antioxidant activity and total flavonoid increased with the application of dehydration stress. The concentration of 106 spores per milliliter had a better impact on improving the mentioned indicators. Based on this, Trichoderma fungus proves effective when improving the antioxidant status of plants under drought stress and can prevent the effects of oxidative stress in plants by reducing the oxygen free radicals produced.

The results indicated that the use of Trichoderma mushroom in comparison with the control (without inoculation with the mushroom) can be a suitable tool to improve the physiological traits and antioxidant activities in the conditions drought stress.

 Medicinal plants have long had a special role in the traditional ‎agricultural system of Iran and the use of these plants as medicine to prevent and treat diseases has been considered by ‎traditional medicine experts since ancient times. Medicinal plants with rich sources of secondary metabolites provide the ‎basic active ingredients of many medicines. Although the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is genetically controlled, ‎but their construction is strongly influenced by environmental factors. One of the important climatic factors that affect the ‎distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the plant is ‎the lack of available water. Basil seems to show little resistance to water stress. For this reason, there is a need for protective mechanisms for the ‎basil plant against stress due to water shortage. Plants are able to reduce or eliminate the effects of water shortage ‎stress by coexisting with a number of soil microorganisms. Inoculation of the plants with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been exploited as an applicable strategy for reducing detrimental effects of water deficit stress. Present study was performed to evaluate the effects of three AMF on some physiological responses of Ocimum basilicum under water deficit stress.

 The pot experiments were conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design blocks with three replications. The experimental factors were three AMF namely Glomus etunicatum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and various soil moisture including severe stress, moderate stress, mild stress. Water stress was applied from the beginning to the end of flowering stage. After flowering stage, plants ‎were harvested and traits such as total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant ‎capacity (DPPH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and peroxidase enzymes were measured. To analyze the data, first the test of data normality and uniformity of variance within the treatment was performed and confirmed. The mean of treatments was compared by Duncan test at the level of 5% probability. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used to analyze the data and Excel software was used to draw the graphs.

 The results of analysis of variance of the effect of mycorrhiza fungus and soil moisture on the studied parameters show that the effect of different levels of soil moisture on all traits was significant. The results of analysis of variance also showed that the effect of mycorrhiza on phenol and total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, catalase and peroxidase and malondialdehyde was significant at the level of one percent probability. According to the results of analysis of variance, the interaction effect of mycorrhiza on soil moisture on antioxidant activity was significant at 5% probability level and on total phenols and flavonoids, malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase at 1% probability level. Results showed that AMFs improve activity of catalase and peroxidase, antioxidant capacity and total phenols which led to decrease malondialdehyde content. Antioxidants as physiologically active compounds play an important role in plant resistance to stress. Increased oxygen species due to dehydration stress are a warning sign for plants and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The plant's defense system increases the production of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize toxic oxygen forms, and fungi improve the intensity of this increase, which may be due to the chemical structure of the metal isoenzymes copper, zinc, and manganese. Factors sent to make antioxidant enzymes also contain the elements zinc and calcium. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the absorption of nutrients by sending more hormonal factors and increasing the activity of enzymes, all of which can be effective in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

 When plants are exposed to dehydration stress, reactive oxygen species in them increase. The expression of antioxidant genes and the activity of antioxidants to eliminate reactive oxygen species are increased and the antioxidant defense system is improved and the tolerance to dehydration stress in the plant is increased. Scientists believe that peroxidase is involved in metabolic processes such as hormone catabolism, defense against pathogens, phenol oxidation, binding to cell structural proteins and cell wall polysaccharides. Present study revealed that application of AMFs can be good strategy for reducing harmful effects of water deficit stress in plants. Research has also shown that impregnating seeds with mycorrhiza increases antioxidants and reduces the amount of reactive oxygen species, a characteristic of resistance induction that occurs by this antagonist.   ‎
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 Marigold (Calendula officinalis) is an herbaceous plant belonging to the family Asteraceae. C. officinalis is always one of the most widely used medicinal plants and is widely cultivated for its extract in traditional and herbal medicine especially in Iran. Marigold extract has medicinal effects such as wound healing, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, immune stimulating, anti-tumor and anti-AIDS. To achieve the higher yield and quality in this plant, it’s necessary to have enough nutrition. Fulvic acid stimulates plant metabolism, increases enzyme activity as a catalyst in plant respiration, and increases nutrient efficiency and cell pore permeability. On the other hand, triacanthanol is a type of alcohol with a 30-carbon chain and is found naturally in plant epicotyledonous waxes. The use of triacanthanol increases plant dry weight and reduces the content of sugar, amino acids and protein.
 In order to evaluate the effect of fulvic acid and triacantanol and their interactions on some characteristics of C. officinalis, a factorial experiment with 16 treatments and 3 replications was conducted at greenhouse. Experimental treatments consisted of four levels of fulvic acid (0, 0.5, 1, 2 mg / l) as the first factor and four levels of triacantanol (0, 10-5, 5.5×10-4, 10-4 M) as the second factor. Treatments were sprayed on the plant three times in the form of foliar spray. Physiological factors were measured during the growing season and after applying the treatments. Finally, at the end of the growing season, plants were sampled to measure the parameters. Yield and fresh and dry weight (at flowering stage and in the form of fully opened flowers), shoot height with a ruler, number of leaves and leaf area were measured with a leaf gauge. Number of flowers by counting the number of flowers from the time of the first flower to the end of the experiment without taking into account the unopened buds, the time required for flowering (early flowering, late flowering) in terms of days by noting the date of the day At the time of emergence, the first flower in each treatment was examined. Acetone at 100% was used to measure photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids) and their absorption was measured at 470, 644.8 and 661.6 nm by spectrophotemeter. The measurement of total phenol was performed using a covalent folate reagent in the absorption spectrum of 765 nm in a spectrophotometer. The flavonoid content of all extracts was measured by aluminum chloride colorimetric method. The absorbance of the samples was read at 415 nm by spectrophotometer. Quercetin was used as the standard to obtain the calibration curve. The flavonoid content of the samples was reported as mg quercetin per 100 g fresh plant weight. DPPH free radical scavenger was used to measure antioxidant activity. The absorbance of the samples was read at 517 nm using a spectrophotometer.
Based on the results of this study, it was observed that the foliar application of 10-4 M triacantanol led to an increase in flower yield, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, number of flowers, flower height, antioxidant activity, and flavonoid content. On the other hand, the application of 10-5 M triacantanol increased the percentage of evergreen dry matter and phenol content more than the other concentrations. Among the different concentrations of fulvic acid tested, the concentration of 2 mg/l showed the greatest positive impact on the number of leaves, leaf area, fresh weight, dry weight, dry matter percentage, antioxidant activity, and total flavonoid content. Overall, the application of 10-4 M triacantanol and 2 mg/l fulvic acid as a leaf treatment significantly improved most of the measured traits in comparison to the control treatment. It is worth noting that plants treated with 2 mg/l fulvic acid flowered later than the other treatments, and there was a significant interaction between triacanthanol and fulvic acid on flower yield and height.
 The results of this study in response to the use of the triacantanol and fulvic acid indicate that the use of these two compounds in foliar spraying can be very useful to achieve sustainable production and achieve organic farming. Triacanthanol promotes growth by regulating many of the genes involved in photosynthesis The use of fulvic acid increases the permeability of the cell membrane and better penetration of nutrients from the membrane. Also, soil permeability to nitrogen uptake increases by plant roots.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and fulvic acid foli-ar use on some growth responses and essential oil content of thyme.

A factorial experiment as completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first and second factors included: fulvic acid (0,1,1.5,2 mg/l) and salicylic acid (0,10,50,100 µM). After spray-ing and harvesting, the following factors were evaluated; fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic pigments, flavonoids, total antioxidants activity, and essential oil content of the aerial parts.

Foliar treatments significantly influenced plant height, fresh and dry weight biomass as well as chlorophyll b content. Also, salicylic acid had a significant effect on yield traits such as fresh weight, total antioxidant activity, flavonoids and essential oil content. The interactions of salicylic acid and fulvic acid on fresh and dry weight also showed a significant effect. The highest total antioxidants activity and flavo-noids were obtained at 100 µM salicylic acid. The highest essential oil content was obtained at of 50 µM salicylic acid.

In order to produce the highest yield of the plant, the application of 50 μM concentrations of salicylic acid and fulvic acid with a concentration of 1.5 mg/l seems appropriate. Also, to achieve the highest essential oil content of shoots and leaves, a concentration of 50 μM salicylic acid is recommend-ed.

The present study was performed to investigate the allelopathic properties of some medicinal plants on the growth, propagation and germination of sauce parasite seeds.

In the first stage, 18 plants cultivated in the garden of medicinal plants were infected with sauce seeds and the degree of infection or resistance to this parasite was investigated. Then 7 selected plants were cultured and infected. In the other part of the experiment, 4 types of aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts were prepared from 4 dodder-resistant medicinal plants and tested on seed germination in 4 concentrations by culturing in pteridish. Essential oil analysis of the tested herbs was performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The levels of phenol and flavonoids in the extracts were also evaluated.

Among these plants, chamomile and male hops showed 100% contamination and most cultivated plants showed no contamination. Among the cultivated plants, Rosa, hops, hyssop and sage showed the highest resistance to contamination of the sauce. Among the used extracts, hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts at a concentration of 15% of rosemary and hops showed the greatest inhibitory effect on germination of sauce seeds. The amount of phenol and total flavonoids in the hydroalcoholic extract of these two plants was the highest.

Hydroalcoholic extracts of rosemary and hops prevent the germination of the sauce and also cultivation of these plants around gardens and fields can prevent further spread of the dodder.Key words: Cuscuta, hydroalcoholic extract, aqueous extract, Humulus, Rosa damascena

A two-year experiment was performed to evaluate the efficacies of nano-superabsorbent and bio-fertilizers on the field performance of rapeseed under different levels of irrigation in 2018 and 2019. The experiment was arranged as the split-plot factorial based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Three irrigation levels (I1, I2, I3: irrigation after 70, 120, and 170 mm evaporation from class A pan, respectively) were arranged in main plots and factorial combination of two levels of nano-superabsorbent (0 and 45 kg ha-1) and four levels of bio-fertilizers (control, Azotobacter and Enterobacter, chitosan, and bacteria + chitosan) in sub-plots. The activities of antioxidant enzymes, hydrogen peroxide, osmolytes, and malondialdehyde content were increased under I2 and I3. This reaction led to a decline in leaf water content, membrane stability index, leaf protein content, and yield-related traits. Application of bio-fertilizers especially chitosan + plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) with and without nano-superabsorbent increased antioxidant enzymes activities. Utilization of nano-superabsorbent decreased the activity of these enzymes. The lack of reduction in these traits by application of nano-superabsorbent + bio-fertilizers indicates that the additive effect of chitosan + bacteria is more than the reduction effect of nano-superabsorbent on these enzymes' activity. The utilization of nano-superabsorbent with bio-fertilizers increased these enzymes’ activities through higher nitrogen retention in the soil and increased fertilizer effect. The utilization of chitosan, PGPR, and nano-superabsorbent, especially chitosan + PGPR + nano-superabsorbent, decreased proline content, however, increased soluble sugars, protein, chlorophyll, leaf water contents, and membrane stability index, and consequently, these treatments affected yield-related traits of rapeseed under water stress conditions.

Nowadays, due to the decrease in rainfall and groundwater level, the cultivation of crops with low water requirements should be given priority. Different regions of Iran, especially the region of East and West Azerbaijan, have faced a decrease in rainfall in recent years, compared to previous years. Saffron could have relatively stable production in these areas due to low water demand and suitable economic efficiency. Special properties of saffron such as low water requirement, irrigation in non-critical times, water requirement of other plants, possible operation of farms for several years after one planting, ease of transportation and storage of the product, possibility of high employment, possibility of cultivation in areas that lack industrial talents and limited agricultural water, having medicinal properties and also, suitable domestic and foreign sales market has made this plant for cultivation. On the other hand, saffron cultivation in the Iran could increase employment and non-oil exports.If we pay attention to its production and processing processes, it could provide a significant currency to the country. Today the cultivation of saffron is under development in areas such as Azerbaijan. On the other hand, due to the harmful effects of the using synthetic antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries, special attention has been paid for using of natural antioxidants. Considering the importance of compounds in saffron quality and the effect of climatic conditions in different years on the amount of secondary metabolites and antioxidant properties of this valuable plant, the present experiment were evaluated the yield and quality of saffron and compared antioxidant activity of different parts of saffron during two cropping years.

The effect of climate of Marand city of East Azarbaijan province in different years on quality and antioxidant characteristics of different parts of saffron was investigated in this region. So, the climatic factors governing this region during two consecutive years of 2014 and 2015 in terms of temperature, rainfall and humidity were studied using meteorological data. Saffron yield in the region were obtained by using a questionnaire from saffron producers in the region. Meanwhile, the amount of crocin, picocrocin and safranal and the antioxidant activity of different parts of saffron, including stigma, style, stamen and petals, were examined.

The results showed that the Marand city was classified as semi-arid in accordance the amount of crocin metabolites in 2014 (maximum: 306 mg/g in the stigma), picocrocin in 2015 (102.15 mg/g in the stigma), and Safranal in 2015 (highest: 49.95 mg/g in saffron petals) and the antioxidant activity of saffron and saffron petals were the highest in 2014 (30.43% and 88.32%, respectively). The results showed that the quality of different parts of saffron varied in different years. Due to the quality of different parts of saffron in different years, different parts could be used for exploitation.

The amount of active ingredients in the plant were not constant at all and varied according to the growth and climatic conditions and harvest time. Changes in the amount of active ingredients in the plant over consecutive years or even hours a day emphasized the importance of collecting the medicinal plant when the plant contained the maximum amount of active ingredient. The quality of saffron depended on the amount of crocin, picrocrocin and safranal compounds and antioxidant activity. These compounds varied in different organs of saffron (stigma, style, stamen‎ and petals) and over consecutive years. Bonab of Marand ‎region of East Azerbaijan is suitable for saffron cultivation due to the climate change. The quality of different saffron organs were different in consecutive years of multi-year cultivation. The highest amount of crocin in the first year of cultivation in the stigma and its antioxidant activity in the stigma and petals were the highest and in the following year the amount of picrocrocin in the stigma and safranal in the petals were the highest. Therefore, different metabolites could be harvested according to the need in the maximum number of years.

Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) of the family Lamiaceae is an aromatic perennial subshrub native to the eastern Mediterranean region and western Asia. Lemon balm is one of important medicinal crops in Iran. There are three subspecies of Melissa officinalis subsp. officinalis, subsp. inodona and subsp. altissima; however, only subsp. officinalis has a commercial value with characteristic lemony odor, which makes it favorite for cultivation in Iran. It has long been used for its soothing medicinal effects and herbal aromatic properties (Sari and Ceylan 2002) in folk therapy. Humic acid can be classified as humin, humic acid, and fulvic acid depending on its solubility at different pH. There are many complex compounds in the fulvic acid fraction; thus, the exact chemical structure is not well known. Zinc has been considered as an essential micronutrient for metabolic activities in plants. It regulates the various enzyme activities and required in biochemical reactions leading to formations of chlorophyll and carbohydrates (Auld et al., 2001). Zinc Nano-particle is used in various agricultural experiments to understand its effect on growth, germination, and various other properties. Nano-particles with smaller particle size and large surface area are expected to be the ideal material for use as Zn fertilizer in plants. Application of micronutrient in the form of Nanoparticles (NPs) is an important route to release required nutrients gradually and in a controlled way, which is essential to mitigate the problems of soil pollution caused by the excess use of chemical fertilizers. Researchers have reported the essentiality and role of zinc for plant growth and yield (Laware, and Raskar et al., 2014) Nano scale titanium dioxide (TiO2) was reported to promote growth and essential oil compounds in Dracocephalum moldavica (Gohari et al., 2020). In the present study the experiments were carried out to understand the effect of zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) and fulvic acid foliar application on Melissa officinalis L. growth and essential oil content.

The experiment was conducted in the greenhouse at Varzeghan, East Azarbayjan province, Iran (longitude 46°43' E, latitude 38°42' N, altitude 1115 m). The study was done as factorial experiment using a completely randomized design (CRD) in three replications. Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis L.) seedling were purchased from Zarrin Giah Company (Urmia, Iran). Tree plants were transplanted into each 5-kg pot containing soil. Then, planted pots irrigated with water every week. The foliar application treatments including fulvic acid (0, 10 and 25 mg/L) and ZnO NPs (0, 20 and 40 mg/L) were applied four weeks after transplanting into the pots. Control plants were irrigated with water until harvest at the same manner and treated water. All measurements (morphological parameters, SPAD, leaf area, P and K concentrations, total phenolic contentment and antioxidant capacity, essential oil content) were performed at the harvest stage. Three technical replications were set for each measurement of the parameters.

The results demonstrated that foliar application of fulvic acid and ZnO NPs could improve agronomic traits, SPAD, leaf area, P and K concentrations, total phenolic contentment and antioxidant capacity, essential oil content. These positive effects were more considerable at its moderate dose (10 mg/L and 20 mg/L fulvic acid and ZnO NPs, respectively) introducing it as the best treatment to enhancement of lemon balm performance especially its essential oil content. Gohari et al (2020) reported that application of TiO2 enhanced plant performance under salinity stress. Given that fulvic acid and ZnO NPs, individually, have promising effects on different plants processes, the idea of their combination in same time caused to its treated for doubled positive effects. To be brief, the positive response of lemon balm to fulvic acid and ZnO NPs introduces organic and nanoparticle application as a supportive approach in plant production. This positive effect is more considerable by given attention to plant essential oil with importance in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.

In this study, the effect of magnetic water on morphological properties, chlorophyll values, carotenoids, relative leaf water content, anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoids and the amount of savory essential oil was investigated. Materials &

This field experiment was performed in the layout of a randomized complete block design in three magnetic treatments (0, 0.1 and 0.2 Tesla) in four replications.

The results showed that magnetic water had a significant effect on plant height and fresh weight yield, and the number of flowers per plant at probability of 5 percent. On the other hand, magnetizing water increased the concentration of nitrogen in the plant compared to the control. The results showed that the magnetic water increased the amount of to the control. This treatment also increased the percentage of essential oil in compared to the control. In addition, magnetic water used in this experiment increased the percentage of compounds such as gamma-terpinene, alpha-terpinene, p-cymen, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene and alpha-tujene.

Using of magnetized water by solubility and absorption of elements, can lead to increase yield and essential oil composition and medicinal properties of savory.

Plant tissue culture is one of the most important techniques for the production of secondary metabolites. Plant cells are an important and appropriate source for the production of various valuable secondary metabolites. Melissa officinalis L. is an important medicinal plant with applications in treatment and alleviation of heart, nervous system, and gastrointestinal diseases, and particularly in memory enhancement and Alzheimer. This study investigated the effect of various concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg l-1) on disinfection stages, establishment, and proliferation of the lemon balm. Also, in order to study the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on establishment and proliferation of the lemon balm, explants were cultivated in murashige and skoog media containing zinc oxide nanoparticles at four different concentrations (0, 25, 50 and 75 mg L-1). Results showed that application of 200 mg l-1 zinc oxide nanoparticles significantly reduced fungal and bacterial infections and the number of healthy plantlets was more compared to the other treatments. Also, the second experiment showed that with an increase in the concentration of zinc oxide nanoparticles, the growth and proliferation decreased. Among different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles, 25 mg L-1 had the maximum effect with significant increase in chlorophyll content while 25 and 50 mg L-1 zinc oxide nanoparticle concentrations had the maximum effect on increasing carotenoid contents. According to the findings,خطای ترجمه application of zinc oxide nanoparticles at low concentration (25 mg L-1) improved water and mineral uptake and eventually resulted in an improved growth and proliferation of Melissa officinalis L. plants

This research was undertaken to assess the ameliorative effect of salicylic acid (0.5 mM) on photosystem II (PS II) in two basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties (Iranian and Italian) infested with field dodder (Cuscuta campestris Yunk.) in the greenhouse of University of Tabriz, Iran, in 2017. The treatments were arranged as factorial using randomized complete block design with four replications. Results indicated that application of salicylic acid improved the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) and performance index (PI) of basil plants infested by field dodder. The time span from F0 to Fm (TFM) and the energy necessary for the closure of all reaction centers (Sm) were significantly increased and the size of the plastoquinone pool (Area) declined in plants exposed to field dodder infestation. Application of salicylic acid increased the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters studied in both basil varieties, especially in the Italian variety.

The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) on physiological and biochemical changes of in vitro-cultured Budaguvsky 9 (Bud 9) apple cultivar under NaCl induced salinity stress. Virus-free shoots and callus  of Bud 9 apple  were cultured on MS medium containing different levels of NaCl (0, 30, 60 and 90 mM) and ALA (0, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 µM). Four weeks later phytochemical variations of regenerated plantlets with or without NaCl and/or ALA treatments were recorded.  Shoot explants and callus treated with 5-aminolevolinic acid at 2.5 to 20 µM concentrations demonstrated reduction in catalase and peroxidase and enhancement in superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase enzyme activity. The highest chlorophyll a and b values were observed at shoot explants treated with concentration of 10 μm of aminolevolinic acid. Also, salinity stress was performed an effective role on increasing the amount of anthocyanins of explants and the highest amount was obtained in 90 mM salinity stress. Increasing the intensity of salinity stress and amino acid concentration (2.5-10 μm) in culture media had synergic effect on the antioxidant activity, total phenol as well as flavonoids content of studied explants.

Plants continuously confronted with unfavorable environmental conditions such as heavy metal stress Cadmium (Cd) is currently one of the most important environmental pollutants. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is a non-essential and toxic metal rapidly taken up by roots and accumulated in various plant tissues which hamper the crop growth and productivity worldwide. The main symptoms of Cd toxicity to plants are stunting and chlorosis. Plants employ various strategies to counteract the inhibitory effect of Cd, which include cell wall binding, chelation with phytochelatins (PCs), compartmentation of Cd in vacuole and enrichment in leaf trichomes. In spite of its high phytotoxicity, Cd is easily taken up by plant roots and transported to above-ground tissues and enters into the food chain where it may pose serious threats to human health.This review has focused on recent evidevce that identifies potential mechanism that may be involved in the tolerance plant to heavy metal in envierment.

Nowadays, the use of soil-born microorganisms as biological fertilizers is considered to be a natural and most desirable solution used to maintain sustainability of agricultural soil system. Potassium releasing, nitrogen fixing and phosphate solubilizing bacteria play role in providing K, N and P to plants. In order to evaluate the effects of biofertilizers Potabarvar2 and Sinorhizobium meliloti, on physiological properties and yield of Fenugreek, a complete randomized block experiment was conducted with five treatments and three replications. Treatments included biofertilizer Potabarvar2, Sinorhizobium meliloti, inoculation with a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ檽, positive control (based on soil analysis) and negative control (no fertilization and inoculation). Physiological and morphological characteristics and concentrations of N, P and K were measured after harvest. The results showed significant effect of Sinorhizobium on morphological characteristics except internode length. Symbiotic relationship of Sinorhizobium with Fenugreek increased the uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus, however the highest potassium uptake observed with a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ檽.

Physalis is a tropical fruit, native to South America. Due to its pleasant taste and medicinal properties, it has recently found many fans in Iran, and has been considered as a valuable and expensive fruit. This research, arranged as completely randomized design with three replications, was conducted to investigate the effects of different concentrations of Thidiazuron (0, 20 and 40 mg/L) on size and some qualitative characteristics of physalis fruits. The obtained results showed that fruit size and fresh weight were significantly increased (P≤0.01) at 20 and 40 mg/L trestments as compared to the control. The electrical conductivity, total soluble solids (TSS) and lycopene content of fruits decreased with increasing concentration of Thidiazuron (P≤0.01). Also, increasing Thidiazuron concentrations from 20 to 40 mg/L led to significantly increasing (P≤0.01) fruit maturity time (7 and 11 days, respectively). On the other hand, it was observed that storage life of the fruits was significantly increased (P≤0.01) by increasing the Thidiazuron concentration. The untreated fruits showed the least shelf life (11 days) at room temperature, while fruits treated with 20 and 40 mg/L Thidiazuron had higher shelf life (22 and 28 days, respectively). Although application of Thidiazouron reduced somehow some qualitative features of the fruits at harvest time, but increased considerably the quantitative traits (fruit size and weight) and fruit shelf life.

Nowadays, the use of soil-born microorganisms as biological fertilizers is considered to be a natural and most desirable solution to maintain sustainability of agricultural soil system. Potassium releasing bacteria, nitrogen fixing and phosphorus dissolving bacteria make mentioned elements available to plants. In order to evaluate the effects of bio-fertilizers Potabarvar 2, Sinorhizobium meliloti, as well as urea fertilizer on physiological properties and yield of Fenugreek, an experiment as complete randomized block design was conducted with five treatments and three replications. Treatments included biofertilizer Potabarvar 2, S. meliloti, inoculation with a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ 2, positive control (based on soil analysis) and negative control (no fertilization and inoculation).The results showed that all morphological traits were significant at 1%. Most physiological traits except for carotenoid were significantly affected by S. meliloti, and a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ 2. Seed inoculation with biofertilizer Sinorhizobium meliloti and Potabarvar 2 lead to increase in growth and eventually shoot yield. Separate application of these biofertilizers led to better results than the integrated application. Symbiotic relationship of Sinorhizobium with Fenugreek increased physiological indices data, especially the absorption of nitrogen and phosphorus, as well as the amount of phenolic antioxidant have been significantly affected. In general, application of S. meliloti resulted in better and more effective increase in yield, quality and plant growth than fertilizer Potabarvar 2 and a mixture of Sinorhizobium㺋婭ꫯ 2.

In the present study, the effects of different concentrations of benzylamino purine (0, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg l-1) and naphthalene acetic acid (0, 0.25, 0.5 and 1 mg l1-) on direct and indirect bulblet rejected set by user of basal plate explants of four ecotypes of Psersian shallot (Lorestan, Zanjan, Sanandaj and Arak) on MS medium were investigated. The results showed that different hormonal treatments and ecotypes affected the time and percent of bulblet regeneration as well as the number, length and weight of regenerated bulblets. Moreover, direct and indirect regeneration of bulblet were different among the treatments. Application of BAP and NAA accelerated the bulblet regeneration of Persian shallot explants and the highest bulblet regeneration (82.26%) and maximum bulbllets number (14.13) were obtained by 1.5 mg g-1 BAP with 0.5 mg l-1 NAA. The explants of Arak ecotype showed the highest percent of bulblet regeneration (64.61%) and bulblets number (10.33) per each explant. The callus induction was only observed in 2 mg l-1 BAP mg l-1 NAA (75.05%) and 1 mg l-1 BAP.5 mg l-1 NAA (23.67%) treatments. The rooting of bulblet in all the studied ecotypes was obtained in hormone-free medium in the shortest time (25 after culture) in comparison with other treatments that was also accompanied with the highest percent of rooting (79.917%). According to the results the culture of Arak ecotype bulbs in medium with 1.5 mg g-1 BAP and 0.5 mg l-1 NAA is advisable for invitro bulblets production of Persian shallot.