سلمان قاسم نیا

The theory of human nature in addition to its part in the solution of problems in the field of religious beliefs, may be helpful in solution of other problems including historical ones. One disputable problem between Sunnis and Shiites lies in hadith writing. On the one hand, most Sunni scholars, basing their view on narratives and logical arguments, believe that hadith writing had not happened until the end of the first century of Hijrah. On the other hand, there are some criticisms based on logical arguments and transmitted reasons put forth by Shia scholars and thinkers. This study tries to show the vitality of hadith writing during prophetic period with a reliance on human natural feature using an analytical approach. Human’s truth and perfection seeking features and serve as reasons for the urgency of hadith inscription. Human’s oblivion, however, doubles the importance.

The Question of the existential relationship between the Quranic words and concepts to the essence of revelation and the how of their validity has been raised in theology. This paper is an attempt to analyze the truth of revelation as an existential issue, using documentary research and philosophical explanations of Professor Tabatabaei and Javadi Amoli in describing a rational process for understanding Divine word with regard to the end of Divine act. As is concluded, revelation and Divine word is an action by God; as by Divine word is intended human guidance, it is necessary for him/her to understand it. So, revelation, from its essence to its being perceived and expressed would be a single reality and the Prophet`s soul would be a middle agent in the process of revelation

One of the aspects of Quran’s literal miracle is text structure and special melody of words and verses. This reflects in words in intra-textual and extra-textual views; outward melody of Quran is outcome of “letter’s features and kind of pronouncement”, “pretty combination of letters and iᶜrab”, “letter’s extension”, “increase or elimination of letter”, “wise combination of words”, “role of verses’ spacing”, and “special style of Quran”. However inward melody of Quran is resulted from high correlation between word and meaning. Thus, just as structural features of Quran’s words effect on formation of melody text, melody of words effects on words meaning too. Quran’s melody in the process of performance inclusive of inward and outward melody appears depending on reciter’s features, abilities, and his knowledge of formulas, tone, and other aspects of recitation of Quran. Thus, based on achievements of this essay, we can call inward and outward melody of Quran’s words intrinsic melody, and the one rising from reciter’s feature accidental melody of Quran.

Decrees of Divine law consist of rules and regulations revealed by God for human being to attain bliss. Governmental Decrees in Islam include such executive and detailed orders that Islamic rulers following Sharia and general principles of religion infer in order to manage Islamic society with respect to nation’s best interests which ultimately lead to bliss. Belief in such a will for righteous Faqih, being rooted in his fundamental ideas including his special perspective on politics and its extent in Islamic decrees, his special perspective on government and its necessity and importance in Islamic system of thought and his view of a ruling model at the time of absence, was significantly emphasized by Imam Khomeini after Islamic revolution.

Greatest resurrection is one of those theological issues on which all Islamic sects have reached an agreement. The learning associated with this issue is considerable in regard to its extensiveness, conceptual breadth, and place and quality of event. Using a rational and divine approach, the current research has studied the greater resurrection from views and analyses of Shiite and Sunni rationalist thinkers, Sadr a-Din Shirazi and Fakhr al-Din al-Razi respectively. For the same reason, in line with the truth of interpretation of “Greater Resurrection” in the earliest stage of the major day of reckoning and generalizing it to the whole station of the day in a conceptual analysis, attentiveness to incorporeity of soul, animate instinct and human perception and Quranic and traditional evidences, eases understanding the necessity and breadth of resurrection in rational explanation. For instance, the fact that earth begins to talk on resurrection, as stated in Quran’s explicit words, is among divine evidences submitting proof on breadth of resurrection. Too, in spite of the fact that rational explanations concerning the place of greater resurrection are inadequate, some Quranic verses and traditions have insinuated that the resurrection occurs in the same earth while changed in characteristics of its form. Also, due to the emergence of human carnal qualities and characteristics arising from his free will and dutifulness, the quality of occurrence of the greater resurrection is emphasized, although this quality concerning animals, plants and inanimate bodies is not explained satisfactorily

Pathology of religious epistemology-that is recognition of the problems damaging the religious conception and belief - is a newly established discussion, though some of its representations could be found among the works of ancient scholars. As a religious thinker and contemplating on Islamic resources, while Allameh Tabatabaie recognizes the problems in religious epistemology, he confronts with them and consequently, he has proposed various methods for correct conception of religion. Enumerating the most important problems in religious epistemology in two sections of principles and methods of understanding religion and emphasizing on this divine scientist􀀇s opinions, the present paper not only has analyzed the type of the problems and their damaging effects on religious epistemology but also has investigated his strategies to conflict with these damages. For him, the way of avoiding the problems such as relativism, eclecticism, innovation, superstition, lack of integrity, interpretation to opinions, and separating religion from social and individual life is the Holistic Definite Reason and its focus is on the Holy Quran.

Given analyses on shakila in Quranic commentaries lead us to philosopher`s statement on human species form. So viewed, perceptions are regarded as the main element for making and transforming shakila and partial cause for its function. This paper, relying on Quranic commentaries and philosophical works, has studied Allameh Tabataba’I and Fakhr Razi`s views in the field comparatively. In this way, the meaning of shakila has been presented and, then, it has been proved that shakila is the same as what is meant by species form in philosophy. Again the cases of human soul`s actions and passions have been proved to include all perceptions.

In the fourth verse of the chapter tariq, human soul has been known to have a guard. Commentators, however, have presented different views knowing human soul and its guard respectively as: 1- human spirit and Divine angles, 2- all creatures and God, 3- animal power and human spirit. As one of the fundamental causes for disagreement lies in the philosophical tendencies of the commentators, this paper, introducing different views in the field, has focused on Sadra and Tabatabaei`s views. As is understood, the former`s view on the guard as an agent and the latter`s on it as the genus are particularly distinct from others.