سلیمان خرمالی

Canola Pollen beetle Meligethes aeneus F. (Coleoptera: Nitudilidae) is an important pest of productive phase of oilseed rape Brassica napus in north of Iran (Mazandaran and Golestan provinces). Adults and their larvae feed on pollens and buds and hence causing damage. In order to introduce new insecticides for chemical control of this pest, this project was carried out in a RCBD with seven treatments and three replications in Mazandaran (Neka) and Golestan (Gonbad-e Kavous) in 2011. The treatments were Biscaya (Thiacloprid OD 24%), as a new insecticide with three doses (0.25, 0.3, 0.35 L/ha), diazinon EC60% (1.5 l/ha), Confidor (Imidacloprid SC 35%) (1 l/ha), phosalon (Zolone EC35%) (3 l/ha) and control (water spraying). Insecticide application was carried out when in average 7 beetles per plants were counted during green to yellow bud stage of the crop. Sampling and counting of the beetles were done 1 day before and 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after treatment by random selection of the main raceme of 10 plants from each plot. Data were analyzed with SAS software, the means were compared using Duncan and the pest mortality was calculated by Henderson-Tilton formula. The results show that the efficacy of the treatments level is significant differences between the treatments on the 1%. Mean comparison of efficacy percentage of the insecticides in Mazandaran and Golestan showed that Biscaya 0.350 l/ha with 78.11±2.01 and 84.36±1.72% efficacy, respectively, ranked as first group. Imidacloprid 1 l/ha, thiacloprid 0.300 l/ha, thiacloprid 0.250 l/ha, Diazinon 1.5 l/ha and Zolone 3 l/ha were grouped afterward, respectively.

The damage of two bugs was observed in wheat fields of Galikesh in May, 2015. Both species belong to Miridae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera). One of the collected bugs was wingless and it is similar to ants. This species was identified as Myrmecophyes (Myrmecophyes) alacer Horváth. Thisinsect was observed in wheat fields of Farsian and neighboring villages. It was often observed at the margin of wheat fields and on some grass weeds. The damage of this bug has been observed as small white spots on leaf surface, specially at tip of wheat leaves. The other mirid bug, Grypocoris (Grypocoris) golestanicus Heiss, usually collected in the margins of wheat fields of Terjinly village. Its damage was almost same as the previous bug. This is the first association of these two mirid bugs in wheat field in Iran.

Birds, in particular larks are damaging to oilseed rape leaves (in autumn and winter seasons). In the present research, oilseed rape fields were visited after growing leaves in line transects along their longest diagonals in Golestan, Mazandaran and Ardebil (Moghan) provinces and the following factors were registered: land size area (hectare), cultivation of adjacent fields, existence of trees, bird species and their numbers. When detecting a damaged patch (at least 5%−10% of oilseed rape plants had bird damage signs), cardinal and intercardinal directions in the farm, distance to the farm's edge and center, distance (m) to hedge, river/stream/canal and road were noted and the following characteristics were measured in a 1 × 1 m plot: number of oilseed rape plants, number of oilseed rape plants having bird damage signs, and number of lark faeces. According to the results, bird damage rate in 129 damage patches was averaged at 46.43% ± 1.87 that the highest bird damage rate was found in Golestan province (52.82% ± 2.39). According to statistical analyses, bird damage rate was significantly different among these three regions, damage rate of different bird species in Golestan and Mazandaran provinces, presence of trees around the farm in Golestan and Moghan, position of bird damage patch (P 0.05). According to the results obtained, in order to reduce bird damage rate, it is recommended to: sowing oilseed rape in early autumn and before the arrival of migrating Eurasian Skylarks, cultivation of oilseed rape and wheat farms very close together, and cultivation of oilseed rape near roads.

In order to choose the most suitable pesticide against,Creontidades pallidus, an experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with three replications and six treatments inGolestan province in 2003 and 2004. Plot size was 8 by 7.2 meter (nine 80 meter long rows spaced 80 centimeters apart). At each sampling, 10 randomly-selected plants were shaken into the net.. At the peak of bug activity in cotton fields, the experiment was done, and one day before and 2,5,7,10 and 14 days after pesticides aplication, number of pests were counted.In two-year combined analysis, although,the effect of location by treatment interaction was significant for the traits, there were not any significant differences between locations. There was not any significant difference between pesticide for pest reduction rate at 2nd and 5th day after pesticides application, but treatment means for raw data was singinificantly different from the check.Based on two-year results, Danitol and Chess at Agricultural Research Station of Gonbad and Cotton Research Station of Hashem –Abad, respectivly had the highest effect on pest reduction(67.69 and 75.92 percent reduction, respectively). According to the conbined analysis of the data, Chess, Danitol, Metasystox, Admiral, Confidor were ranked first to five with 67.60, 63.21, 57.51, 54.13 and 34.51 percent reduction, respectively.

Lesser grain borer, Rhyzopertha dominica F. is one the most important pests in Golestan province. One of the method to reduce the pest damage is using resistant cultivars. In this experiment the effect of eight cultivars and lines of wheat such as Kouhdasht, Zagros, Morvarid, Darya, Pastor, Line 17 and N-80-19, on number of live and dead adults and populatioin growth rate of lesser grain borer was studied. One hundred gram of wheat was placed in a crystal container and 10 adults were put on each container and kept under stored condition. Sampling was done every each 7 to 10 days intervals. Data were analyzied using SAS program in split-plot in time design. Analysis of variance showed that number of a live adults and population growth rate in wheat cultivars were significantly different (p

The soybean pod borer, Helicoverpa armigera (Lep.: Noctuidae) is the most important pest of soybean crop. Its larva feeds on young leaves, terminal and apical buds and pods of the crop and causes damage. In order to introduce new insecticides for chemical control of this pest, present experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block Design with seven treatments in three replications in Mazandaran, Ardabil (Moghan) and Golestan provinces in 2011. The treatments included chlorfluazuron (Atabron® EC 5%), with three doses (500 ml/ha, 75 ml/ha and 1000 ml/ha) as a new insecticide, indoxacarb SC15 (250ml/ha), thiodicarb (1000g/ha), profenofos (2500ml/ha) and control (sprayed with plain water). Insecticide application was carried out when most of the pest eggs were hatched and very young larvae started feeding on the crop. Sampling and counting of the pest larvae were performed 1 day before and 3, 7, and 14 days after the treatments by randomly selecting 10 plants from four middle rows in each plot. Data were analyzed with SAS software, the means were compared using Duncan and the larval mortality was calculated by Henderson-Tilton formula. The results show that there is a significant difference in the percent efficacy among the treatments. The results of all three provinces are similar. The mean comparison of percent lethality based on Duncan test showed that the least larval lethality percentage occurred on the day three after the treatment. Mean comparison of percent efficacy of the tested pesticides in provinces of Ardabil, Mazandaran and Golestan showed that Chlorfluazuron (1000ml/ha) with 89.3%, 74.67%, and 60.05% and indoxacarb SC15 (250ml/ha) with 87.57%, 77.73% and 57.68% ranked first in the group. Chlorfluazuron, 750 ml/ha (83.69%, 60.87%, 35.86%), Chlorfluazuron, 500 ml/ha (75.42%, 53.1%, 40.93%), thiodicarb (75.69%, 45.33%, 34.81%) and profenofos (68.64%, 35.17%, 31.85%) were ranked in the next groups respectively. Chlorfluazuron (1000ml/ha) and Indoxacarb SC15 (250ml/ha) showed the highest efficacy against the larvae and therefore both of them could be recommended for the chemical control of H. armigera in soybean fields.

Lesser grain boror Rhizoperta dominica in widly distributed in the world wide. Its caused damage to stored product pests, specially on wheat. Damage of this pests, terminating to decrease seed weight and Viability The averege of damage and feeding rate of above pest was studied with eight lines and cultivar such as: Kouhdasht, Zagros, Morvarid, Darya, Pastor, Line 17 and N-80-19. Experiment was down as randomly complete black design with explications in laboratory canditions. A hundred grams of wheat plased in a crystal container and with 10 adult ware put on each container and them, bottle door will cover with net. seed weight, Viability Pure varietis in two stage, before pests at end to meas used expsmate. Analysis of variances has been shown all characteristics of wheat varietis todamege and feeding of Lesser grain boror wese not signiticant differences. comparison average of varieties of wheat Viability and seed weight before experimant, has not shown signiticant differences, but effect to feeding and damege of Lesser grain boror to Viability and wheat varietis has been decrease of except Morvarid variety. Morvarid variety least decrease Viability (10.34). and decrease un purity of seed (12.84) and less percantage decrease seed weight (13.07). Morvarid variety with weight of hectoliters (66.50). Darya variety with more percentage decrease weight (21.97) and more percentage decrease un purity was (21.94),but with more weight Hectoliter (67.32) after experimant and more percantage of decrease of Viability (27.33) belong to pastoor variety. These bore, feeding and damage of Lesser grain boror, these was lesse effect on Viability and physical characteristics of Morvarid seed variety and resistance (possible used that in programm of IPM) Darya varietys and Pastor was more effect feeding of pests, and it was mor on resistance variety in between other varietys has been investigcated.

In study on parasitoid wasps of stored food product pests and host distribution at eastern part of Golestan Province in 2010, totally 7 species belonging 5 Family on 10 stored food products collected and identified as bellow: Anisopteromalus calandrae (Howard, 1881) (Pteromalidae) Anisopteromalus mollis Ruschka, 1912 (Pteromalidae) Cephalonomia tarsalis (Ashmead, 1893) (Bethylidae) Cephalonomia waterstoni (Gahan, 1931) (Bethylidae) Habrobracon hebetor (Say, 1836) (Braconidae) Theocolax elegans (Westwood, 1874) (Pteromalidae) Venturia canescens (Gravenhorst, 1829) (Ichneumonidae)